The term Notional Defined Contributions or Non-financial Defined Contributions or NDC refers to type of public pension system in which contributions made by the public behave in similar way they would in most public funds. This system is implemented in several countries in Europe such as

Latvia Latvia, officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is one of the three Baltic states, along with Estonia to the north and Lithuania to the south. It borders Russia to the east and Belarus to t ...

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

and

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...

.Holzmann, Robert., Palmer, Edward. & Robalino, David. ''Nonfinancial Defined Contribution Pension Schemes in a Changing Pension World''. The World Bank, 2012. p. 31-85.

Basic idea

NDC is in many ways similar to classical PAYG pension scheme. Working age individuals contribute to the system and pay for the benefits of current retirees. However, NDCs are different when it comes to determining the size of the benefits. For each individual the amount contributed to this system is added to a pot which is appreciated by a rate of return. However, this rate is only notional one – set by the government based on some formula, in reality the money collected from contributions is used to finance current pension benefits. At the end of the contribution period workers receive

annuity In investment, an annuity is a series of payments made at equal intervals based on a contract with a lump sum of money. Insurance companies are common annuity providers and are used by clients for things like retirement or death benefits. Examples ...

based on final financial value of their lifetime contributions, their

life expectancy Human life expectancy is a statistical measure of the estimate of the average remaining years of life at a given age. The most commonly used measure is ''life expectancy at birth'' (LEB, or in demographic notation ''e''0, where '' ...

and expected

interest rate An interest rate is the amount of interest due per period, as a proportion of the amount lent, deposited, or borrowed (called the principal sum). The total interest on an amount lent or borrowed depends on the principal sum, the interest rate, ...

during the remainder of their lifetime in similar way they would in

defined contribution A defined contribution (DC) plan is a type of retirement plan in which the employer, employee or both make contributions on a regular basis. Individual accounts are set up for participants and benefits are based on the amounts credited to these a ...

scheme.

Unique Features of NDC

The most important aspect which distinguishes NDC systems from PAYG systems is the fact that both demographic and economic changes are reflected immediately. When the economy grows at a slower rate, the notional returns decrease and when life expectancy of population goes up it implicitly lowers the size of their annuity.Börsch-Supan, Axel. ''What are NDC Pension Systems? What Do They Bring to Reform Strategies''. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), 2004. To pay for future liabilities in more difficult times, country must usually maintain a liquidity reserve. Unlike in PAYG pension system, there is no guarantee that the worker can expect decent pension in his retirement, since it is based solely on his contributions and the notional rate of return. For this reason many countries introduced guaranteed minimal pension to their systems. While the reason why most countries introduce NDC pension reform is to improve financial sustainability of their old age retirement systems, NDC pension systems are similar to PAYG systems with regards to the demographic pension crisis. They are financed in the same way via contributions of current working generation and therefore are still heavily influenced by population ageing.Disney, Richard. ''Notional accounts as a pension reform strategy: An evaluation''. World Bank Pension Reform Primer, 1998.

Brief History of NDC Pension Reforms

NDC pension reform was first introduced in 1992 in Sweden to replace previous system based on defined benefits. It was legislated in 1994, but was not implemented until 1999 because of “Time-out” proposed by newly elected Social Democratic Party. Italy implemented NDC reform in 1992 (the so-called Amato reform) through several parametric changes and the calculation of benefits based on lifetime income. In 1995, a complete overhaul of the NDC system was enacted. Smaller-scale changes to the pension system occurred up to 2012. Both Italy and Sweden had similar motivation to implement reform. Both sought to reduce deficits and debt prospects as they entered the

European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational union, supranational political union, political and economic union of Member state of the European Union, member states that are Geography of the European Union, located primarily in Europe. The u ...

and

European Monetary Union The economic and monetary union (EMU) of the European Union is a group of policies aimed at converging the economies of member states of the European Union at three stages. There are three stages of the EMU, each of which consists of progress ...

, and thus had to fulfill the

Maastricht criteria The euro convergence criteria (also known as the Maastricht criteria) are the criteria European Union member states are required to meet to enter the third stage of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and adopt the euro as their currency. Th ...

. They differed slightly in the specifics though. Sweden recalculated contribution history back to 1960, whereas in Italy changes were applied gradually and were limited to those newly entering the labor. Latvia introduced reform in 1995, and implemented it in 1996. It was heavily influenced by Sweden and also sought to improve financial sustainability. However, while Sweden's main objective was fiscal sustainability, Latvia also wanted to incentivize contributions to the system. It was estimated that approximately 30-40% of earnings were unreported at the time the reform was proposed. This was expected to decrease, because NDC pension systems provide payouts based on lifetime earnings and are thus much more susceptible to misreporting of one’s income. In Poland, the NDC pension scheme was introduced in 1996. The country faced serious fiscal challenges in terms of an untenable contribution rate; i.e., 45% of gross income. The system was implemented in 1999 after a long debate regarding its various aspects. The system was perceived as a means to reduce future pension debt and motivate workers to prolong their careers.

References

{{reflist Public pension funds