Northern Pig-tailed Macaque
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The northern pig-tailed macaque (''Macaca leonina'') is a vulnerable species of
macaque The macaques () constitute a genus (''Macaca'') of gregarious Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. The 23 species of macaques inhabit ranges throughout Asia, North Africa, and Europe (in Gibraltar). Macaques are principally f ...
in the subfamily
Cercopithecidae Old World monkeys are primates in the family (biology), family Cercopithecidae (). Twenty-four genus, genera and 138 species are recognized, making it the largest primate family. Old World monkey genera include baboons (genus ''Papio''), red colo ...
. It is found in
Bangladesh Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, eighth-most populous country in the world and among the List of countries and dependencies by ...
,
Cambodia Cambodia, officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. It is bordered by Thailand to the northwest, Laos to the north, and Vietnam to the east, and has a coastline ...
,
China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
,
India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
,
Laos Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and ...
,
Myanmar Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has ...
,
Thailand Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa ...
, and
Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
. Traditionally, ''M. leonina'' was considered a
subspecies In Taxonomy (biology), biological classification, subspecies (: subspecies) is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (Morphology (biology), morpholog ...
of the
southern pig-tailed macaque The southern pig-tailed macaque (''Macaca nemestrina''), also known as the Sundaland pig-tailed macaque and the Sunda pig-tailed macaque, is a medium-sized macaque that lives in Sundaland, southern Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. It is known ...
(''M. nemestrina''), but is now classified as an individual species. In the 21st century, the pig-tailed macaque was split into the northern pig-tailed macaque species ''Macaca leonina'' and the Sundaland pig-tailed macaque species ''M. nemestrina''. This reclassification was aided by the observation of
sexual swelling Sexual swelling, sexual skin, or anogenital tumescence refers to localized engorgement of the anus and vulva region of some female primates that vary in size over the course of the menstrual cycle. Thought to be an honest signal of fertility, ma ...
s and basic attributes that distinguish the two. The northern pig-tailed macaque is
frugivorous A frugivore ( ) is an animal that thrives mostly on raw fruits or succulent fruit-like produce of plants such as roots, shoots, nuts and seeds. Approximately 20% of mammalian herbivores eat fruit. Frugivores are highly dependent on the abundance ...
and their social grouping is
matriarchal Matriarchy is a social system in which positions of power and privilege are held by women. In a broader sense it can also extend to moral authority, social privilege, and control of property. While those definitions apply in general English, ...
, where sexual dimorphic traits can distinguish males and females. Their adaptation to
omnivorous An omnivore () is an animal that regularly consumes significant quantities of both plant and animal matter. Obtaining energy and nutrients from plant and animal matter, omnivores digest carbohydrates, protein, fat, and fiber, and metabolize ...
diets occur in periods of fruit scarcity, munching on wild vegetation and crops, human foods, and small insects and mammals. Despite their adaptability, northern-pig tailed macaques experience viral threats such as the
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 The subtypes of HIV include two main subtypes, known as HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV type 2 (HIV-2). These subtypes have distinct genetic differences and are associated with different epidemiological patterns and clinical characteristics. HIV-1 e ...
, pathogenic simian immunodeficiency, and coronavirus. Human impacts are also present, such as agricultural expansions,
aquaculture Aquaculture (less commonly spelled aquiculture), also known as aquafarming, is the controlled cultivation ("farming") of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, algae and other organisms of value such as aquatic plants (e.g. Nelu ...
, transportation infrastructure, hunting and logging for meat and trophies, and the illegal
pet trade Wildlife trade refers to the exchange of products derived from non-domesticated animals or plants usually extracted from their natural environment or raised under controlled conditions. It can involve the trade of living or dead individuals, tis ...
; that result in habitat loss, forest fragmentation, and a reduced well-being.


Physical characteristics


Appearance

Physical characteristics identifiers in distinguishing the northern and the southern pig-tailed macaques. Northern pig-tailed macaques have a round greyish
pelage A fur is a soft, thick growth of hair that covers the skin of almost all mammals. It consists of a combination of oily guard hair on top and thick underfur beneath. The guard hair keeps moisture from reaching the skin; the underfur acts as an ...
from the side of their cheeks all the way around to the top of their head and beneath their chin, which is called a crown. A brown pelage patch is found on the centre of their crowns followed by white triangular forms beneath this patch and along the top of their eyes. One red stripe is found at each exterior corner of their eyes which are angled upwards and diagonally meeting at the ending point of the white triangular eye extremities. Their elongated muzzle is still shorter when compared to southern pig-tailed macaques. On their backs, for mostly males, a black streak is found at the centre; and can sometimes have a red hue towards the top and black towards the bottom. Moving downwards, their tails are composed of a thin pelage in a dark blackish hue and are shorter and skinnier than southern pig-tailed macaques. Tail shapes vary, however, the most common is a 90 degree point to the back, followed by a 45 degree, a forward and parallel, a forward arch meeting its back, pointed downwards. Beneath their tail, on their backside, there are oval shaped thick sitting pads that cover their hip bones, known as ischial callosities.


Sex differences

The northern-pig tailed macaques have sexual dimorphic traits. Body weight is the most obvious indicator to distinguish males from females, where males are found over eight kg give or take, and females below six kg. Adult males are identified with defined shoulder musculature and exhibit red coloured sexual organs, such as their penis and anus. Their tails are also found to be longer relative to females and their pelage has more darker contrast to it. Adult females are smaller in size and are found to have
sexual swelling Sexual swelling, sexual skin, or anogenital tumescence refers to localized engorgement of the anus and vulva region of some female primates that vary in size over the course of the menstrual cycle. Thought to be an honest signal of fertility, ma ...
in the same regions, yet are more vibrant red than in males. Male teenagers, known as subadult males, do not have red coloured sexual organs, yet have dropped testicles. Infants fit into the age range of five to eight weeks old and are usually found eating solid foods, yet those older than nine weeks are studied to be independent of their mothers until a certain distance is travelled. Newborns are up to four weeks old usually found feeding on breast milk, and are usually near their mother's stomachs while in motion or are cradled in their arms.


Distribution and habitat


China

The ''Macaca leonina'' can also be found in tropical forests in
southwestern China Southwestern China () is a region in the People's Republic of China. It consists of five provincial administrative regions, namely Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, and Xizang. Geography Southwestern China is a rugged and mountainous region, ...
. A study conducted in the Naban River Watershed National Nature Reserve found that the species has a wider distribution and greater niche breath than ''Macaca mulatta'' based on camera trapping data within the area. Groups of ''Macaca leonina'' were found scattered in forests with higher elevations, more specifically broadleaved
evergreen forest An evergreen forest is a forest made up of evergreen trees. They occur across a wide range of climatic zones, and include trees such as conifers and holly in cold climates, eucalyptus, live oak, acacias, magnolia, and banksia in more temperate zo ...
s when compared to the other species. Yet, they avoided rubber plantations as a result of their habitat being severely reduced in size, which restricted their ability to access food resources and blocked travel to other regions of the reserve. With extensive data collection, the results showed that both species were well adapted to their degraded environment by consistently following daily activity budgets, including the regions chosen for preferred elevation and vegetation. However, the season had an impact on both species activity budgets as it altered due to the presence of rainfall within
monsoon A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in Atmosphere of Earth, atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annu ...
al periods. In the dry-hot season, the space became more restricted to both species because the once vegetation rich region became limited and required a change of activity patterns for both species.


India

In India, the northern pig-tailed macaque is found south of the
Brahmaputra River The Brahmaputra is a trans-boundary river which flows through Southwestern China, Northeastern India, and Bangladesh. It is known as Brahmaputra or Luit in Assamese language, Assamese, Yarlung Tsangpo in Lhasa Tibetan, Tibetan, the Siang/Dihan ...
, in the northeastern part of the country. Its range in India extends from Assam and Meghalaya to eastern Aruanchal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura. A detailed report on the ecology and behaviour of northern pig-tailed macaque has been published in 2008. Although no global population estimate is available, some site-based estimates are, including
Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary (Khmer language, Khmer: ដែនជម្រកសត្វព្រៃកែវសីមា) is a protected area of mixed seasonal tropical forest in eastern Cambodia, located in Mondulkiri Province, Mondulkiri and ...
in Cambodia, where an increasing population of almost 4,000 is reported.


Thailand

Northern pig-tailed macaques are also found in
Northeastern Thailand Northeast Thailand or Isan (Isan/, ; ; also written as Isaan, Isarn, Issarn, Issan, Esan, or Esarn; from Pāli ''isāna'' or Sanskrit ईशान्य ''īśānya'' "northeast") consists of 20 provinces in northeastern Thailand. Isan is T ...
shown to be impacted by anthropogenic influences such as deforestation and forest alterations. Their home range sizes vary from 62 to 828 hectares, similar to the southern pig-tailed macaques ''Macaca nemestrina.'' However, their ability to travel is often limited due to habitat degradation and transformation with no limit to elevation unless there is less canopy cover per area. In the Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve, the region was about eighty kilometres of dry evergreen forest, old growth acacia forest, and dry dipterocarp forest; yet it slowly transformed into fragments of
eucalyptus ''Eucalyptus'' () is a genus of more than 700 species of flowering plants in the family Myrtaceae. Most species of ''Eucalyptus'' are trees, often Mallee (habit), mallees, and a few are shrubs. Along with several other genera in the tribe Eucalyp ...
plantations, agricultural expansions, highway constructions, and human settlements. This change of native habitat eventually led to a study in 2017 and 2018 by Gazagne et al., observing a range of 128 and 150 northern pig-tailed macaques and their selection of 107 sleeping sites. Some examples of potential predators in this region are the clouded leopard ''
Neofelis nebulosa The clouded leopard (''Neofelis nebulosa''), also called mainland clouded leopard, is a wild cat inhabiting dense forests from the foothills of the Himalayas through Northeast India and Bhutan to mainland Southeast Asia into South China. It wa ...
'' and two species of pythons known as ''
Python reticulatus The reticulated python (''Malayopython reticulatus'') is a python species native to South and Southeast Asia. It is the world's longest snake, and the third heaviest snake. It is a non-venomous constrictor and an excellent swimmer that has be ...
'' and '' Python bivittatus''. The authors found that the macaques still preferred sleeping sites with two layers of
canopy Canopy may refer to: Plants * Canopy (biology), aboveground portion of plant community or crop (including forests) * Canopy (grape), aboveground portion of grapes Religion and ceremonies * Baldachin or canopy of state, typically placed over an a ...
for protection, however no predator conflicts were recorded nor impacting site selection. The authors then concluded that food proximity had a larger influence on the sleeping site selection than canopy, since food sites were often found near their sleeping sites or they were sleeping within them. The scattered food availability and reduced sleeping sites also contributed to forming the largest social group of northern pig-tailed macaques observed.


Ecology and behaviour


Diet

Northern pig-tailed macaques are
frugivorous A frugivore ( ) is an animal that thrives mostly on raw fruits or succulent fruit-like produce of plants such as roots, shoots, nuts and seeds. Approximately 20% of mammalian herbivores eat fruit. Frugivores are highly dependent on the abundance ...
as they tend to forage for hundreds of fruit species such as fleshy and dry; as well as flowers and buds, piths, leaves, and shoot species that makeup more than fifty percent of their diet. Due to limited fruit availability in colder seasons or with habitat degradation, the macaques are found to become more
omnivorous An omnivore () is an animal that regularly consumes significant quantities of both plant and animal matter. Obtaining energy and nutrients from plant and animal matter, omnivores digest carbohydrates, protein, fat, and fiber, and metabolize ...
due to reliance on human food resources such as "rice, bread, biscuits"; and can also be found munching on fungi, ants, termites, spiders, stickbuds, grasshoppers, caterpillars, beetles, mushrooms, barks, eggs, lizards, and squirrels.


Group strategies

Despite their limited and varied accessibility to their main food resources and habitat transformations, the northern pig-tailed macaques adapt to their environments by altering how their social groups are formed and composed. Group sizes are shown to increase as a response to low connectivity within feeding sites, and tend to become more
sedentary Sedentary lifestyle is a lifestyle type, in which one is physically inactive and does little or no physical movement and/or exercise. A person living a sedentary lifestyle is often sitting or lying down while engaged in an activity like soc ...
when relying on human food resources for nutrition. The opposite is true for their group sizes and lifestyle within more wild environments, where smaller groups and
nomad Nomads are communities without fixed habitation who regularly move to and from areas. Such groups include hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads (owning livestock), tinkers and trader nomads. In the twentieth century, the population of nomadic pa ...
ic patterns are more common. Groups are fairly large within this species which can exceed over one hundred fifty individuals. However, they split into smaller groups when feeding and rejoin for larger group travel. They are also found to vary their home range depending on the season, as the fruit availability and quality varies. In low fruit abundance periods, the macaques are shown to travel to human settlements, which Gazagne et al., say is a practice of a "high-cost, high yield foraging strategy" as seen within plantation forests. Northern pig-tailed macaques are found to prefer fruits from plantation forests when wild ones are scarce. Their home range, however, increases as a result of high fruit abundance periods, where they are found settling near specific fruits species within forest habitats. Therefore, they use different strategies to forage for food depending on what environments show abundance or low abundance, and their
seasonality In time series data, seasonality refers to the trends that occur at specific regular intervals less than a year, such as weekly, monthly, or quarterly. Seasonality may be caused by various factors, such as weather, vacation, and holidays and consi ...
. When plantations are abundant, they are found using more energy costs to travel to the region due to its high yields, therefore they are likely to increase their travels and trajectories. When wild resources are abundant, such as within dry evergreen forests, the species uses less energy costs as they remain in smaller ranges to gain more yields. However, with low abundance in both regions, the strategy is to create a balance between both strategies described above.


Mating and reproduction

Social groups are
matriarchal Matriarchy is a social system in which positions of power and privilege are held by women. In a broader sense it can also extend to moral authority, social privilege, and control of property. While those definitions apply in general English, ...
just like all macaque species are, therefore females exercise dominance within social groups. Mating occurs when females attract males with reddened sexual skin swellings which occur due to hormone fluctuations during
ovulation Ovulation is an important part of the menstrual cycle in female vertebrates where the egg cells are released from the ovaries as part of the ovarian cycle. In female humans ovulation typically occurs near the midpoint in the menstrual cycle and ...
, their receptive period. Female swellings are common signs of fertility that can continue past the periovulatory period. The receptive period is identified with continuous mating patterns, where males practice a single or multiple mount process, within a few days in a row. A visible sperm plug can also be identified during this period of
copulation Sexual intercourse (also coitus or copulation) is a sexual activity typically involving the insertion of the erect male penis inside the female vagina and followed by thrusting motions for sexual pleasure, reproduction, or both.Sexual inte ...
. The duration of female pregnancies exceed the eight-month period for a single
offspring In biology, offspring are the young creation of living organisms, produced either by sexual reproduction, sexual or asexual reproduction. Collective offspring may be known as a brood or progeny. This can refer to a set of simultaneous offspring ...
and are followed by
lactation Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young. The process naturally occurs with all sexually mature female mammals, although it may predate mammals. The process ...
for feeding newborns and infants up to two years of age.


Threats


Viruses

Viruses are a common threat among northern pig-tailed macaques within degraded environments. For example, nonpathogenic
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 The subtypes of HIV include two main subtypes, known as HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV type 2 (HIV-2). These subtypes have distinct genetic differences and are associated with different epidemiological patterns and clinical characteristics. HIV-1 e ...
(HIV-1NL4-3) and pathogenic simian immunodeficiency (SIVmac239) viruses present in northern pig-tailed macaques can determine their survival rates. These two viruses were evaluated by Wen-Quiag et al. (2022), to understand how
interferon Interferons (IFNs, ) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several viruses. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten ...
(IFN)-a had an impact on both viruses. The result of both infections were taken from tissue samples from either
euthanized Animal euthanasia (euthanasia from ; "good death") is the act of killing an animal humanely, most commonly with injectable drugs. Reasons for euthanasia include incurable (and especially painful) conditions or diseases, lack of resources to con ...
individuals with chronic infection or those who experienced natural death. The researchers found that HIV-1 performed better, meaning that the infectious qualities and viral activity were less replicated within the immune system with (IFN)-a when compared to the pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus. They hypothesized that HIV's lower impact on the immune system in northern pig-tailed macaques can explain how HIV-1 does not reproduce and evolve into AIDS within the species. The results show that naturally derived IFN-a is effective at preventing
HIV-1 The subtypes of HIV include two main subtypes, known as HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV type 2 (HIV-2). These subtypes have distinct genetic differences and are associated with different epidemiological patterns and clinical characteristics. HIV-1 e ...
from further long term reproduction, yet SIVmac239 needs to be monitored to prevent further chronic illness. Northern pig-tailed macaques were also reported to be affected by coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and was shown to be fatal and highly transmissible.


Human impacts

According to the ICUN red list, the northern pig-tailed macaque is considered vulnerable and declining. This species is affected by human impacts such as agricultural expansions, aquaculture, transportation infrastructure, hunting and logging for meat and trophies, and the illegal pet trade; that result in habitat loss and forest fragmentation. With these influences, this species is found raiding crops and their main sources of fresh nutrition are limited, minimally available, and less accessible depending on the season.


Pet trade

A study done between 2015 and 2019 in
Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
, reported that the illegal
pet trade Wildlife trade refers to the exchange of products derived from non-domesticated animals or plants usually extracted from their natural environment or raised under controlled conditions. It can involve the trade of living or dead individuals, tis ...
of hundreds of primates were confiscated, released, and rescued and kept specific species at higher risk of physical and emotional threats. The study reported that "32 Assamese macaques ('' Macaca assamensis''), 158 long-tailed macaques (''
Macaca fascicularis The crab-eating macaque (''Macaca fascicularis''), also known as the long-tailed macaque or cynomolgus macaque, is a Cercopithecinae, cercopithecine primate native to Southeast Asia. As a Synanthrope, synanthropic species, the crab-eating macaqu ...
''), 291 Northern pig-tailed macaques (''Macaca leonina''), 65 rhesus macaques (''
Macaca mulatta The macaques () constitute a genus (''Macaca'') of sociality, gregarious Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. The 23 species of macaques inhabit species distribution, ranges throughout Asia, North Africa, and Europe (in Barbary ma ...
''), and 110 stump-tailed macaques (''
Macaca arctoides The stump-tailed macaque (''Macaca arctoides''), also called the bear macaque, is a species of macaque native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. In India, it occurs south of the Brahmaputra River, in the northeastern part of the country. Its range ...
'')" were involved; showing that macaques are subject to the highest threats to pet trade in Vietnam. The rare distribution of illegal pet permits can be one consequence, however the widespread misinformation on keeping smaller non-human primates as pets was found to be the underlying reason for such trades. Macaques were also observed to be the least protected due to the misconception of their abundance and invasive qualities in human settlements. The psychological impacts vary, however the researchers evaluated common roots of the cause such as
maternal deprivation Maternal deprivation is a scientific term summarising the early work of psychiatry, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby on the effects of separating infants and young children from their mother (or primary caregiver). Although the effect of ...
and
social isolation Social isolation is a state of complete or near-complete lack of contact between an individual and society. It differs from loneliness, which reflects temporary and involuntary lack of contact with other humans in the world. Social isolation c ...
. In consequence, macaques were found to have "
neophobia Neophobia is the fear of anything new, especially a persistent and abnormal fear. In its milder form, it can manifest as the unwillingness to try new things or break from routine. In the context of children the term is generally used to indicate a ...
, persistent abnormal or stereotypical behaviors, anaclitic depression and withdrawal, negatively affect plasma-cortisol levels, cell-mediated immunity, and survivorship" (Aldrich & Neale, 2021). Additionally, northern pig-tailed macaques were observed as the highest kept macaque out of the range of captive macaque species in Vietnam; and were found in various locations from cages on personal property to hotels and restaurants. Due to exposure from non-governmental organizations, this issue started to gain awareness among the public and authorities, yet rescue centres are often at full capacity; which continues the cycle of releasing macaques without proper identification, protection, and disease screening. The authors suggest data collection on the macaque species within Vietnam to address the severity of the pet trade on their survival and conservation, increasing the accessibility of confiscation and release records, training on confiscation and rehabilitation, and improving the global spread of information addressing the impacts of the pet trade on non-human primates survival and well-being.


Gallery

File:Northern pig-tailed macaque, Macaca leonina - khao yai national park.webm, Mother with infant in
Khao Yai National Park Khao Yai National Park is a List of national parks of Thailand, national park in Thailand. Established in 1962 as Thailand's first national park, it is the third largest national park in Thailand. Description Khao Yai National Park is in the ...
,
Thailand Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand and historically known as Siam (the official name until 1939), is a country in Southeast Asia on the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese Peninsula. With a population of almost 66 million, it spa ...
File:Northern pig-tailed macaque.JPG, Male adult in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand File:Northern Pigtailed macaque at Koh Lanta Yai Monkey School.JPG, Female adult at a monkey school on Ko Lanta Yai, Thailand File:Macaca leonina at Gibbon WLS.jpg, Female adult at
Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary The Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary, formerly known as the Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary or Hollongapar Reserved Forest (), is an isolated protected area of evergreen forest located in Assam, India. The sanctuary was officially constituted and renam ...
,
India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
File:Monkey and Chicken - Don Khon - Laos.JPG, Pet juvenile grooming household chicken on Khong Island,
Laos Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and ...
File:Northern pig-tailed macaque, Satchari National Park 03.jpg, Female by the tree trunk in her natural habitat File:Macaca leonina, Northern pig-tailed macaque - Khao Yai National Park (11669396224).jpg, Female and an infant breastfeeding


References


External links

* ARKive
images and movies of the northern pigtail macaque ''(Macaca leonina)''
{{Taxonbar, from=Q913765 northern pig-tailed macaque Mammals of Bangladesh Mammals of India Fauna of Tibet Fauna of Yunnan Primates of Southeast Asia Articles containing video clips northern pig-tailed macaque northern pig-tailed macaque Taxonomy articles created by Polbot