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Desulfobacterales are an order of sulfate-reducing bacteria within the phylum
Human activity, such as increased fertilizer use, has caused nitrogen pollution in inland and coastal waters. An influx of nitrogen inputs into aquatic ecosystems can cause negative effects such as
Thermodesulfobacteria
The Thermodesulfobacteria are a class of anaerobic, thermophilic, sulfate-reducing bacteria within the phylum Desulfobacterota.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ...
. The bacteria in this order are strict anaerobic respirators, using sulfate or nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor instead of oxygen. Desulfobacterales can degrade ethanol, molecular hydrogen, organic acids, and small hydrocarbons. They have a wide ecological range and play important environmental roles in symbiotic relationships and nutrient cycling
A nutrient cycle (or ecological recycling) is the movement and exchange of inorganic and organic matter back into the production of matter. Energy flow is a unidirectional and noncyclic pathway, whereas the movement of mineral nutrients is cyc ...
.
Habitat
Desulfobacterales are found globally and often in extreme environments, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents,hot spring
A hot spring, hydrothermal spring, or geothermal spring is a Spring (hydrology), spring produced by the emergence of Geothermal activity, geothermally heated groundwater onto the surface of the Earth. The groundwater is heated either by shallow ...
s, marine sediment, and solfataric fields, an area of volcanic venting that gives off sulfurous gases.
Symbiotic relationships
Sulfate-reduction by ''Desulfobacteraceae'' and ''Desulfobulbaceae'' in coastal marine sediments plays an important role in molecular hydrogen cycling through a close relationship with fermenting microorganisms.Fermenting
Fermentation is a type of anaerobic metabolism which harnesses the redox potential of the reactants to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and organic end products. Organic molecules, such as glucose or other sugars, are catabolized and reduced ...
microbes break down organic materials on the seafloor and produce molecular oxygen and organic acids. Molecular hydrogen is an essential electron donor used by Desulfobacterales; they use the molecular hydrogen produced by fermentation to drive sulfate reduction. This feedback loop maintains molecular hydrogen at an energetically favorable level for fermenting respiration and provides ample molecular hydrogen for sulfate reduction.
Nitrogen cycling
Human activity, such as increased fertilizer use, has caused nitrogen pollution in inland and coastal waters. An influx of nitrogen inputs into aquatic ecosystems can cause negative effects such as eutrophication
Eutrophication is a general term describing a process in which nutrients accumulate in a body of water, resulting in an increased growth of organisms that may deplete the oxygen in the water; ie. the process of too many plants growing on the s ...
, resulting in anoxic conditions. Desulfobacterales are important in nitrogen pollution mitigation in coastal mangrove ecosystems through nitrate reduction. Nitrate is reduced by Desulfobacterales species via dissimilatory nitrate reduction genes. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction
Denitrification is a microbially facilitated process where nitrate (NO3−) is reduced and ultimately produces molecular nitrogen (N2) through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products. Facultative anaerobic bacteria perform denitr ...
accounts for roughly 75.7–85.9% of nitrate reduction in mangrove ecosystems. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction is important because nitrate is reduced to ammonium, which can then be taken up by other microorganisms and plants in the system.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on theList of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) is an online database that maintains information on the naming and taxonomy of prokaryotes, following the taxonomy requirements and rulings of the International Code of Nomenclatu ...
(LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It is approved and funded by the government of the United States. The NCBI is lo ...
(NCBI)
See also
*List of bacterial orders
This article lists the orders of the Bacteria. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
and the phylogeny is based on 16 ...
* List of bacteria genera
This article lists the genera of the bacteria
Bacteria (; : bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one Cell (biology), biological cell. They constitute a large domain (biology), domain of Prokaryote, ...
References
Bacteria orders {{Bacteria-stub