Niklaus Manuel Deutsch (''Niklaus Manuel'', c. 1484 – 28 April 1530), of

Bern Bern (), or Berne (), ; ; ; . is the ''de facto'' Capital city, capital of Switzerland, referred to as the "federal city".; ; ; . According to the Swiss constitution, the Swiss Confederation intentionally has no "capital", but Bern has gov ...

, was a

Swiss Swiss most commonly refers to: * the adjectival form of Switzerland * Swiss people Swiss may also refer to: Places * Swiss, Missouri * Swiss, North Carolina * Swiss, West Virginia * Swiss, Wisconsin Other uses * Swiss Café, an old café located ...

artist, writer, mercenary and Reformed politician.

Biography

Niklaus was most likely the son of Emanuel Aleman (or Alleman), a pharmacist whose own father had immigrated from Chieri in Piedmont, and his wife Margaretha Fricker (or Frikart), an illegitimate daughter of Bernese city scribe Thüring Fricker. He used "Manuel", the given name of his father, as his surname and used "Deutsch", as the German equivalent of the surname '' Alleman'', as an additional appellation, signing his works with the initials NMD. He is first recorded in 1509, when he married Katharina Frisching, daughter of Hans Frisching, a former Bernese reeve and member of the city council (''Kleiner Rat''). Niklaus Manuel and Katharina Frisching had six children. Two of them, Hans Rudolf Manuel Deutsch (1525–1571) and Niklaus Manuel Deutsch the Younger (1528–1588), were also artists.The Concise Grove Dictionary of Art, Oxford University Press, Inc
/ref> Niklaus Manuel is considered the founder of the patrician Manuel family of Berne. From 1510, Niklaus Manuel was a member of the city parliament (''Grosser Rat''). He is first recorded as a painter in the employment of the city in 1513. Aside from Holbein he is the major representative of Renaissance painting in Switzerland. In 1514, he bought the house at Gerechtigkeitsgasse 72 which remained in possession of the Manuel family until the 17th century. In 1516, he entered mercenary service as the secretary of Albrecht von Stein, participating in the French campaign in the

War of the League of Cambrai The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and several other names, was fought from February 1508 to December 1516 as part of the Italian Wars of 1494–1559. The main participants of the war, who fough ...

. His famous ''

danse macabre The ''Danse Macabre'' (; ), also called the Dance of Death, is an artistic genre of allegory from the Late Middle Ages on the universality of death. The ''Danse Macabre'' consists of the dead, or a personification of death, summoning represen ...

'' on the wall of the Dominican Abbey in Berne was begun in 1516 or 1517; this work was destroyed in 1660, but a 1649 copy by

Albrecht Kauw Albrecht Kauw (1621–1681) was a Swiss still-life painter, cartographer and a painter of Veduta, vedute. Biography Kauw was born in Strasbourg, then moved to Bern in 1640. He painted a large number of works for public buildings and for variou ...

is extant. Niklaus Manuel's latest signed works date from around 1520, after which time he dedicated himself to literary production. He used a drawing of a Swiss degen alongside the initials NMD as his mark; the Swiss degen also appears on his literary manuscripts, and ''schwitzerdegen'' appears as his author's pseudonym in some of his printed works. In 1522 he once again entered service with Albrecht von Stein in a campaign in Lombardy, and was wounded at Novara. He also participated in the Battle of Bicocca of 27 April. He composed a satirical song against the German Landsknechts who defeated the Swiss mercenaries in this battle. After the 1522 campaign, he was also harshly critical of the Holy See, specifically the late

Pope Leo X Pope Leo X (; born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, 11 December 14751 December 1521) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 March 1513 to his death in December 1521. Born into the prominent political and banking Med ...

and his militaristic policy in the

Italian Wars The Italian Wars were a series of conflicts fought between 1494 and 1559, mostly in the Italian Peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and Mediterranean Sea. The primary belligerents were the House of Valois, Valois kings o ...

. In the years that followed, he was a strong supporter of the

Swiss Reformation The Protestant Reformation in Switzerland was promoted initially by Huldrych Zwingli, who gained the support of the magistrate, Mark Reust, and the population of Zürich in the 1520s. It led to significant changes in civil life and state matte ...

and a friend of

Huldrych Zwingli Huldrych or Ulrich Zwingli (1 January 1484 – 11 October 1531) was a Swiss Christian theologian, musician, and leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. Born during a time of emerging Swiss patriotism and increasing criticism of the Swis ...

, who like him had been on campaign in Italy and had become disenchanted with the warmongering of the pope in the Italian Wars. He campaigned for the reformed cause in Bern with

Berchtold Haller Berchtold Haller (c. 149225 February 1536) was a German Protestant reformer. He was the reformer of the city of Bern, Switzerland, where the Reformation received little to none opposition. Haller was born at Aldingen in Württemberg. After schooli ...

, the priest at St Vincent Münster. He wrote two anti-catholic (anti-papist) carnival plays or ''Fasnachtsspiele'', performed in 1522. The plays were very popular and are said to have done more for the adoption of the Reformation in Berne than the sermons of Haller. The two plays were printed as early as 1524, and again in 1540. The 1540 edition was the basis of a re-edition published in 1836. In 1523, he was given the office of Bernese reeve of Erlach, Echallens and Nidau. He was sent as a representative of Bern to the

Swiss Diet The Federal Diet of Switzerland (, ; ; ) was the legislative and executive council of the Old Swiss Confederacy and existed in various forms from the beginnings of Swiss independence until the formation of the Switzerland as a federal state, ...

in 1526. He served as a member in the city council (''Kleiner Rat'') from April 1528 until his death.

Artistic works

File:Niklaus Manuel Neuer Eidgen.jpg, Swiss mercenary, with a scene of the assault on Castellazzo (1513/4) File:Niklaus Manuel Eidgenosse.jpg, Swiss mercenary (1513/4) File:Reislaeufer Bettler.jpg, Allegory on mercenary service File:Niklaus manuel (germania), altare di san giovanni, 1513-14, 02.JPG, Beheading of John the Baptist (1513/4) File:Altar of St. Anna- Saint Luke paints the Madonna - Niklaus Manuel (Deutsch).jpg, Saint Luke painting the Virgin File:Albrecht kauw, copia della perduta danza macabra di m.manuel del cimitero domenicano di berna (1512-20), 1649, 23.JPG, 1649 copy of Niklaus Manuel's self-portrait in the lost ''dance macabre'' of the Dominican cemetery in Bern (1516/7) File:Niklaus Manuel.jpg, The NMD initials with Swiss degen, signature of his ornamental painting of ceiling of the choir in Bern Minster (1516/7) File:Niklaus Manuel Deutsch - Beheading of John the Baptist.jpg, Beheading of John the Baptist (1517) File:Niklaus Manuel - The Judgment of Paris - WGA14032.jpg, The Judgement of Paris (1517/8) File:Niklaus Manuel - Allegory of Death - WGA14034.jpg, Allegory of Death (drawing) File:Niklaus Manuel Deutsch 001.jpg, ''Demons Tormenting

Antonius Antonius is a masculine given name, as well as a surname. Antonius is a Danish language, Danish, Dutch language, Dutch, Finnish language, Finnish, Latin language, Latin, Norwegian language, Norwegian, and Swedish language, Swedish name used in Gre ...

'' (1520) File:Никлаус Мануэль Дойч. Автопортет (1520, Базель).jpg, Self portrait (1520) File:Lucretia, -Niklaus Manuel (Deutsch), 1517.jpg, Lucretia (1517)

Literary works

* ?1510, with Thomas Murner, ''Ein schon bewerts lied von der reynen unbefleckten entpfengnüß Marie'' ("Song of the

Immaculate Conception The Immaculate Conception is the doctrine that the Virgin Mary was free of original sin from the moment of her conception. It is one of the four Mariology, Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church. Debated by medieval theologians, it was not def ...

") * 1522, ''Ein Traum'' (poem, on the disastrous involvement of the Holy See (the recently deceased "warrior pope" Leo X) in the Italian Wars) * 1522?, ''Nüw lied vnd verantwortung deß Sturms halb beschähn zu Pigogga'' ("New song and account of the attack at Biccoca", printed after 1525) * 1522, ''Underscheyd zwischen dem Bapst und Christum Jhesum'' (drama, "Difference between the Pope and Jesus Christ") * 1522/3, ''vom Babst und seiner priesterschafft'' (drama, "on the Pope and his priesthood") * 1523, ''Die Totenfresser'' ("Eaters of the Dead") * 1525, ''Der Ablaßkrämer'' (drama, "The seller of indulgences") * 1526, ''Das Barbeli'' (dramatic dialogue, against monastery lif

* 1526, ''Fabers und Eggen Badenfahrt'' (dialogue, " Faber and Eck at the Conference of Baden") * 1528, ''Krankheit und Testament der Messe'' (satire, "Sickness and testament of the holy mass") The play ''Elsli Tragdenknaben'' (''von dem Elszlin trag den knaben und von Uly Rechenzan, mit irem eelichen Gerichtshandel''), printed in 1530, has been ascribed to Niklaus Manuel, but the attribution is probably spurious.Vetter (1923), p. 133.

References

*. * Cäsar Menz, Hugo Wagner (red.): ''Niklaus Manuel Deutsch. Maler, Dichter, Staatsmann''. Kunstmuseum Bern, Bern 1979. * Gisi, Lucas Marco: ''Niklaus Manuel und der Berner Bildersturm.'' In: Peter Blickle, André Holenstein, Heinrich Richard Schmidt, Franz-Josef Sladeczek (Hg.): ''Macht und Ohnmacht der Bilder. Reformatorischer Bildersturm im Kontext der europäischen Geschichte.'' Oldenbourg, München 2002 (Historische Zeitschrift, Beihefte; 33), S. 143–163. {{DEFAULTSORT:Manuel, Niklaus 1480s births 1530 deaths Artists from Bern 16th-century engravers Swiss engravers Swiss Protestant Reformers 16th-century Swiss painters 16th-century Swiss writers Swiss mercenaries Writers from Bern