Nguyễn Phú Trọng ( ; 14 April 194419 July 2024) was a Vietnamese politician and political theorist who served as

general secretary Secretary is a title often used in organizations to indicate a person having a certain amount of authority, Power (social and political), power, or importance in the organization. Secretaries announce important events and communicate to the org ...

of the Communist Party of Vietnam from 2011 until his death in 2024. As the head of the party's Secretariat,

Politburo A politburo () or political bureau is the highest organ of the central committee in communist parties. The term is also sometimes used to refer to similar organs in socialist and Islamist parties, such as the UK Labour Party's NEC or the Poli ...

and Central Military Commission, Trọng was Vietnam's supreme leader. From 2018 to 2021, he also served concurrently as the tenth president of Vietnam. A conservative Marxist–Leninist, Trọng joined the Communist Party of Vietnam in 1967 and rose through the section devoted to political work. He later joined the party's Central Committee in 1994, its Politburo in 1997 and Vietnam's

National Assembly In politics, a national assembly is either a unicameral legislature, the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or both houses of a bicameral legislature together. In the English language it generally means "an assembly composed of the repr ...

in 2002. Between 2000 and 2006, he was the Party Secretary for

Hanoi Hanoi ( ; ; ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Vietnam, second-most populous city of Vietnam. The name "Hanoi" translates to "inside the river" (Hanoi is bordered by the Red River (Asia), Red and Black River (Asia), Black Riv ...

, effectively the city's highest-ranking position. He served as Chairman of the National Assembly from 2006 to 2011. Trọng rose to the general secretaryship at the party's 11th National Congress in 2011 and was re-elected at the 12th National Congress in 2016. He became state president in 2018 following the death of President Trần Đại Quang, becoming the third person to simultaneously head the party and state after Hồ Chí Minh (in

North Vietnam North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV; ; VNDCCH), was a country in Southeast Asia from 1945 to 1976, with sovereignty fully recognized in 1954 Geneva Conference, 1954. A member of the communist Eastern Bloc, it o ...

only) and Trường Chinh. At the 13th National Congress in 2021, he was re-elected as general secretary, becoming the third leader of Vietnam to secure a third term (after Hồ Chí Minh and Lê Duẩn), and was succeeded by Nguyễn Xuân Phúc as president. During his tenure, Trọng pursued a wide anti-corruption campaign, implicating numerous senior officials to a degree unprecedented in Vietnamese political history. His

foreign policy Foreign policy, also known as external policy, is the set of strategies and actions a State (polity), state employs in its interactions with other states, unions, and international entities. It encompasses a wide range of objectives, includ ...

, known as bamboo diplomacy, sought to balance Vietnam's relations with both the

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

and

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

. He presided over a period of rapid

economic growth In economics, economic growth is an increase in the quantity and quality of the economic goods and Service (economics), services that a society Production (economics), produces. It can be measured as the increase in the inflation-adjusted Outp ...

. Trọng is considered one of the most influential Vietnamese leaders since Hồ Chí Minh.

Early life and career

Nguyễn Phú Trọng was born in Đông Hội Commune, Đông Anh district of Hanoi, in 1944. His official biography gives his family background only as "average peasant". He studied

philology Philology () is the study of language in Oral tradition, oral and writing, written historical sources. It is the intersection of textual criticism, literary criticism, history, and linguistics with strong ties to etymology. Philology is also de ...

and earned his Bachelor degree in

at Vietnam National University, Hanoi, from 1963 to 1967. Trọng joined the Communist Party of Vietnam on 19 December 1967. Trọng worked for the ''Tạp chí Cộng Sản'' (Communist Review), the theoretical and political agency of the Communist Party of Vietnam (formerly the Labor Party) in the periods of 1968–1973, 1976–1981 and 1983–1996. From 1973 to 1976, he underwent a political-economic post-graduate course at the High-level Nguyễn Ái Quốc Party School (now the Hồ Chí Minh National Academy of Politics and Public Administration). From 1991 to 1996, he served as the editor-in-chief of the ''Tạp chí Cộng Sản''. Trọng went to the

Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...

in 1981 to study at the Academy of Sciences and received a Candidate of Sciences degree in history in 1983. In 1992, Nguyen Phu Trong was promoted to Associate Professor and in 2002 was promoted to

Professor Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an Academy, academic rank at university, universities and other tertiary education, post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from Latin ...

. From 1998 to 2001, Trọng was the Vice Chairman of the Central Theoretical Council of the Communist Party of Vietnam, then becoming the chairman of the Theoretical Council until 2006. Trọng was a member of the party's Central Committee from January 1994, the party's Politburo from December 1997 and deputy to the

from May 2002. From January 2000 to June 2006, Trọng was secretary of the party's Executive Committee of Hanoi, the ''de facto'' head of the city authority. On 26 June 2006, Trọng was elected as the Chairman of the National Assembly."Vietnam confirms new leadership"
''BBC'', 27 June 2006. During this period, he was elected secretary of the party organization in the National Assembly and member of the Council for Defence and Security.

General Secretaryship

First term (2011–2016)

Trọng was elected

General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam The general secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam Central Committee (), simply and informally the party general secretary or just general secretary (, TBT), is the contemporary title for the holder of the highest office within the Commu ...

in 2011 at the 11th National Congress, making him the top leader of Vietnam.Nguyen Phu Trong elected Party Chief
, Vietnam News Agency, 19 January 2011. The 5th plenum of the 11th Central Committee decided to take the Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption away from the

Prime Minister A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. A prime minister is not the head of state, but r ...

's control and Trọng was elected its head.

Domestic policy

In 2012, he urged the Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) to adopt Resolution No. 12, which called for party building and

self-criticism Self-criticism involves how an individual evaluates oneself. Self-criticism in psychology is typically studied and discussed as a negative personality trait in which a person has a disrupted self-identity. The opposite of self-criticism would be ...

amongst party officials, calling them to lead by example and be held accountable for corruption and waste. Afterwards, the Central Steering Committee on Anti-corruption was directly placed under the administration of the Politburo. He further passed the Decision 244 of the CPV, establishing a formalized process of political succession and restricting the ability of CPV delegates to select new Central Committee members by requiring the outgoing Central Committee to approve the candidates. It also prohibited Politburo members from nominating Central Committee candidates without support from the Politburo.

Foreign policy

=China

= On 11 October 2011, he made his first visit to China as General Secretary. According to the Vietnamese state news media,

General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party The general secretary of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party ( zh, s=中国共产党中央委员会总书记, p=Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Wěiyuánhuì Zǒngshūjì) is the leader of the Chinese Communist Part ...

Hu Jintao and Trọng both agreed to avoid escalating the situation in the

South China Sea The South China Sea is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean. It is bounded in the north by South China, in the west by the Indochinese Peninsula, in the east by the islands of Taiwan island, Taiwan and northwestern Philippines (mainly Luz ...

and to handle disagreements through peaceful negotiations. In December 2011, then-

Vice President of China The vice president of China, officially titled the vice president of the People's Republic of China, is the deputy to the president of the People's Republic of China, the List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China, state r ...

Xi Jinping Xi Jinping, pronounced (born 15 June 1953) is a Chinese politician who has been the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China), chairman of the Central Military Commission ...

visited Vietnam to "concretize" the results of the October discussions between Trọng and Hu. In 2015, Trọng paid a state visit to China, where he met General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping.

=United States

Barack Obama and Nguyen Phu Trong at the White House 2015

On 6 July 2015, General Secretary Trọng arrived in the United States to begin his United States visit to 10 July 2015. This visit coincided with the milestone of twenty years since the

and

Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...

normalized diplomatic relations. The talks with President

Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who was the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American president in American history. O ...

were about human rights, security and defense and the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Trọng was the first Vietnamese party chief to make a state visit to the United States. He also met Vice President Biden and former president Clinton. At a talk at the

Center for Strategic and International Studies The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) is an American think tank based in Washington, D.C. From its founding in 1962 until 1987, it was an affiliate of Georgetown University, initially named the Center for Strategic and Inte ...

, he spoke frankly about democracy in Vietnam with American scholars.

=India

= On 20 November 2013, Trọng paid an official visit to India. This State-level visit to India also aims to contribute to strengthening Vietnam-India relations, bringing the strategic partnership between the two countries to a new level, more substantive and more effective.

=Russia

= During Trọng's first term, Vietnam and

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

upgraded their relationship to a comprehensive strategic partnership in 2012. Following Russia's annexation of Crimea, Vietnam abstained from voting to declare the annexation through a referendum invalid at the United Nations.

Second term (2016–2021)

On 27 January 2016, Trọng was re-elected as General Secretary by the 1st Plenary Session of the 12th Central Committee. In his second term, Trọng launched a large anti-corruption campaign, with the Politburo taking disciplinary actions against 110 senior Party members between 2017 and 2020, including three Politburo members, one former Politburo member, 10 Central Committee members and 17 former Central Committee members. Some of the disciplinary actions included criminal charges.

Anti-corruption campaign

After being reelected as General Secretary in 2016, Trọng launched a large-scale campaign against

corruption Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense that is undertaken by a person or an organization that is entrusted in a position of authority to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for one's gain. Corruption may involve activities ...

. The campaign has resulted in thousands of high-ranking officials being disciplined, imprisoned, and forced to resign from positions in the

government A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a State (polity), state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive (government), execu ...

, including the president Nguyễn Xuân Phúc, who resigned after several of his subordinates were involved in corruption scandals. He compared this campaign to a burning furnace ("đốt lò"), hence the name ''Burning Furnace Campaign (Chiến dịch Đốt Lò)''. The campaign is considered by observers to be an effort by the Party to regain power and prestige as well as strengthen people's trust in the government and the Party's leadership. Especially during his third term, Trọng's government handled many notable corruption cases, such as Việt Á scandal and the 304 trillion dong (12 billion

USD The United States dollar (symbol: $; currency code: USD) is the official currency of the United States and several other countries. The Coinage Act of 1792 introduced the U.S. dollar at par with the Spanish silver dollar, divided it int ...

) Van Thinh Phat Holdings Group case.

Presidency (2018–2021)

Trọng visited China in January 2017, where Beijing and Hanoi signed 15 cooperation documents in various fields and issued a 10-point joint communiqué to deepen Sino-Vietnamese relations. According to state media, the two leaders pledged to continue the "friendly neighbourliness, comprehensive cooperation, long-term stability, towards the future" between China and Vietnam. In November 2017, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping paid a return visit to Vietnam, where the two sides discussed renewed cooperation on production capacity, energy, cross-border economic cooperation zones, e-commerce, human resources, economy and trade, finance, culture, health, information, social sciences and border defense. On 3 October 2018, following the death of President Trần Đại Quang, the Central Committee of the CPV formally nominated Trọng for the presidency, which was voted on at a subsequent session of the

, where the party holds an overwhelming majority. This made Trọng the third person to simultaneously serve as both head of the party and state, after Hồ Chí Minh (in

only) and Trường Chinh. The National Assembly elected Trọng as president on 23 October with 99.79% percent of the vote in a meeting of the sixth session of the National Assembly. His swearing-in ceremony took place at the Grand Hall and was broadcast live on the afternoon on state radio and television systems. In February 2019, Vietnam was chosen to host the 2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit. Trọng met two leaders as a neutral host state leader. Trọng met

Donald Trump Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who is the 47th president of the United States. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he served as the 45 ...

and Kim Jong Un during the summit. On 14 April, it was reported that Trọng had been rushed to the Chợ Rẫy Hospital in

Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) ('','' TP.HCM; ), commonly known as Saigon (; ), is the most populous city in Vietnam with a population of around 14 million in 2025. The city's geography is defined by rivers and canals, of which the largest is Saigo ...

after visiting Kiên Giang while celebrating his 75th birthday, according to overseas news sources. He was rumoured to have suffered a stroke. The Vietnamese government initially had no comment on the subject matter, but later confirmed from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Vietnam that he was "unwell, but will soon return to work". He reappeared a month later on 14 May to discuss about the upcoming Party Congress.

Third term (2021–2024)

On 31 January 2021, Trọng was re-elected as General Secretary for a third term by the 1st Plenary Session of the 13th Central Committee, making him the first leader since Lê Duẩn (1969–1986) to serve more than two terms. On 1 February 2021, Trọng attended a press conference. Trọng said: Trọng was the first person to be elected as CPV general secretary for a third term since 1986. The National Assembly on 2 April 2021 voted to relieve Trọng’s presidency with 91.25% of the vote. Trọng remained de facto top leader in the country, serving as the General Secretary of the Communist Party. He was succeeded by Nguyễn Xuân Phúc. When the

Russian invasion of Ukraine On 24 February 2022, , starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, conflict between the two countries which began in 2014. The fighting has caused hundreds of thou ...

broke out in February 2022, Vietnam maintained a neutral stance, abstaining from voting at most United Nations voting sessions on resolutions related to the invasion. Between 30 October and 2 November, Trọng visited China and met

Chinese Communist Party The Communist Party of China (CPC), also translated into English as Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and One-party state, sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Founded in 1921, the CCP emerged victorious in the ...

(CCP)

, becoming the first foreign leader to meet Xi after he secured a third term in the 20th CCP National Congress. Both leaders released a joint statement, calling for cooperation in economic, political, defense and security areas and working together in "the fight against terrorism, 'peaceful evolution', 'colour revolution' and the politicisation of human rights issues". Xi paid a reciprocal visit a year later in December 2023 to Hanoi. During Xi's 2023 visit, the two leaders agreed to build " a community of shared future for humankind", months after Hanoi upgraded its formal relations with the United States. In January 2023, Phúc resigned from the presidency due to corruption scandals, leading Trọng's ally Võ Văn Thưởng to succeed him in March. From 21 to 23 May 2023, the deputy chairman of Russia's Security Council, and former president and prime minister, Dmitry Medvedev, visited Vietnam and met with Trọng. They discussed the strengthening of ties between Russia and Vietnam and the current international situation. During a visit to Vietnam on 10 September 2023, U.S. president Joe Biden visited with Trọng, with the Vietnamese government upgrading the relationship between the countries to that of a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership, the highest awarded by Vietnam. On 19 June 2024, Russian president

Vladimir Putin Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who has served as President of Russia since 2012, having previously served from 2000 to 2008. Putin also served as Prime Minister of Ru ...

visited Vietnam and met with Trọng. Putin thanked Vietnam for its "balanced position" on Russia's invasion of Ukraine. File:Kishida Fumio and Nguyen Phu Trong 2022.jpg, Trọng with Japanese prime minister Fumio Kishida in 2022 File: Xi jinping and Nguyễn Phú Trọng.jpg, Trọng with CCP general secretary

in October 2022 File:Joe Biden Nguyen Phu Trong 2023.jpg, Trọng with U.S. president

Joe Biden Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. (born November 20, 1942) is an American politician who was the 46th president of the United States from 2021 to 2025. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, he served as the 47th vice p ...

in September 2023 File:Vladimir Putin and Nguyen Phu Trong (2024-06-20) 02.jpg, Trọng with Russian president

, June 2024. It was his last public appearance.

Political positions

Ideologically, Trọng was considered to be coming from the more traditional Marxist–Leninist faction within the CPV. He long railed against some party members' loss of "Marxist–Leninist virtue". Trọng stated that "a country without discipline would be chaotic and unstable .. We need to balance democracy and law and order". He criticized Western democracy in a book in 2022, writing that "The reality is that the democratic institutions according to the ‘liberal democracy’ formula that the West tries to promote and impose on the world do not ensure that power truly belongs to the people, by the people and for the people.". "We need a society in which development is truly for people, not for profit that exploits and tramples on human dignity. We need economic development coupled with progress and social justice, not increasing the gap between rich and poor and social inequality. (...) And we need a political system where power truly belongs to the people, by the people and serves the interests of the people, not just a wealthy few." According to Trọng's article in 2022, discussing socialist-oriented democracy.

Personal life

Trọng was married to Ngô Thị Mận. He had a daughter, Nguyễn Thị Kim Ngọc (born in 1973), and a son, Nguyễn Trọng Trường (born in 1976), both of whom work as government employees.

Death

On 18 July 2024, Trọng was replaced on a caretaker basis as General Secretary of the CPV by President Tô Lâm due to ill health. Trọng died at 13:38 ( local time) on 19 July 2024 at Central Military Hospital 108 in

, at the age of 80. State media, citing information from the CPV's Board of Health Protection and Care for Central Officials (), stated that he died "after a period of illness". His death was announced to the public at around 18:00 (UTC+07:00). The Vietnamese and Lao governments declared an official mourning period for 25 and 26 July. Tô Lâm became interim General Secretary upon Trong's death. Messages of condolences were sent from 130 countries and 32 organizations, including the leaders of Laos, Cambodia, China, Russia, Belarus, Cuba, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, India, North Korea, South Korea, Turkmenistan, the United States, Japan, Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Canada, the United Kingdom and others. Additionally, the United States' ambassador to Vietnam, Marc Knapper, also released a statement of condolences. The Cuban government declared three days of state mourning.U.N. Secretary-General

António Guterres António Manuel de Oliveira Guterres (born 30 April 1949) is a Portuguese politician and diplomat who is serving as the ninth and current secretary-general of the United Nations since 2017. A member of the Socialist Party (Portugal), ...

spoke of Trọng as "a pivotal figure in Vietnam's recent history," emphasizing that under his leadership, Vietnam has emerged as one of the world's fastest-growing economies and a vital partner of the United Nations. European Union ambassador to Vietnam Julien Guerrier issued a statement of condolences, stating that Trọng's "commitment and dedication to the nation have left an indelible mark on Vietnam’s history and development" and Trọng "played a pivotal role in strengthening Vietnam’s position on the global stage and fostering meaningful partnerships with the international community." Several activities to mourn Trọng were organized during the week of 22 and 28 July 2024. A

state funeral A state funeral is a public funeral ceremony, observing the strict rules of protocol, held to honour people of national significance. State funerals usually include much pomp and ceremony as well as religious overtones and distinctive elements o ...

was held on 25 and 26 July, culminating with Trọng's burial at the Mai Dịch Cemetery on 26 July at 15:00 ( UTC+7). Among those who attended were representatives of over 20 countries and organizations, including the General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party

Thongloun Sisoulith Thongloun Sisoulith (born 10 November 1945) is a Laotian politician and historian who serves as the general secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party and the seventh president of Laos since 2021. Thongloun was born and educated in Houa ...

, South Korean Prime Minister Han Duck-soo, former Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga and European Commission Vice President Josep Borrell. Other senior officials from China, Cuba, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Russia and many others were presented as well. In addition, the US Secretary of State Antony Blinken also went to Vietnam to visit and condoles Trọng's family on 27 July 2024.

Legacy

In an article for ''

The Washington Post ''The Washington Post'', locally known as ''The'' ''Post'' and, informally, ''WaPo'' or ''WP'', is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital. It is the most widely circulated newspaper in the Washington m ...

'', journalist Rebecca Tan called Trọng's leadership of Vietnam a period of strong transformation which opened Vietnam's economy and attracted investment and economic cooperation with many countries while at the same time, tightened the Communist Party of Vietnam's leadership over society, including pressuring technology companies like Meta to restrict freedom of expression in social media platforms. Due to the increase in stifling of press freedom in Vietnam under his tenure,

Reporters Without Borders Reporters Without Borders (RWB; ; RSF) is an international non-profit and non-governmental organisation, non-governmental organization headquartered in Paris, which focuses on safeguarding the right to freedom of information. It describes its a ...

included Trọng among the list of press freedom predators since 2011.

Honours

State honours

Vietnam * Gold Star Order (2024) * 55-year Party membership badge (2023) * 50-year Party membership badge (2018) * Resistance War Medal First Class Foreign * : Friendship Medal (31 October 2022) * : Order of José Martí (9 April 2012) * : National Gold Medal (5 September 2007)

Other honours

Communist Party of the Russian Federation The Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF; ) is a communist political party in Russia that officially adheres to Marxist–Leninist philosophy. It is the second-largest political party in Russia after United Russia. The youth o ...

: Lenin Prize (15 December 2021)

Published works

Books

* Nguyen Phu Trọng; Tran Dinh Nghiem; Vu Hien (1995). ''Vietnam from 1986 (Việt Nam từ năm 1986)''. Hanoi: Thế giới Publishers. 116 p. * Nguyen Phu Trọng (2004). ''Viet Nam on The Path of Renewal (Việt Nam Trọng Tiến Trình Đổi Mới)''. Hanoi: Thế giới Publishers. 351 p. * Nguyen Phu Trọng (2015). ''Renewal in Việt Nam: Theory and Reality (Đổi Mới ở Việt Nam: Lý thuyết và thực tiễn).'' Hanoi: Thế giới Publishers. 397 p. * Nguyen Phu Trọng (2019) ''Determined to prevent and fight corruption'' (''Quyết tâm ngăn chặn và đẩy lùi tham nhũng),'' Hanoi: Truth National Political Publisher, 380 p. * Nguyen Phu Trọng (2021) ''Bringing the country into a new phase in a united and confident manner'' (''Đoàn kết, vững tin đưa đất nước bước vào giai đoạn mới)'', Hanoi: Truth National Political Publisher, 752 p. * Nguyen Phu Trọng (2021) ''The whole Party and people join hands and unite to build our country more and more prosperous and happy'' (''Toàn Đảng, toàn dân chung sức, đồng lòng xây dựng đất nước ta ngày càng phồn vinh, hạnh phúc)''. Hanoi: Truth National Political Publisher (2021), 608 p. * Nguyen Phu Trọng (2023) ''Resolutely and persistently fight against corruption and negativity, contributing to building an increasingly clean and strong Party and State'' (''Kiên quyết, kiên trì đấu tranh phòng, chống tham nhũng, tiêu cực, góp phần xây dựng Đảng và Nhà nước ta ngày càng Trọng sạch, vững mạnh''. Hanoi: Truth National Political Publisher, 600 p.

References

External links