New Directions Publishing Corp. is an independent book publishing company that was founded in 1936 by James Laughlin and incorporated in 1964. Its offices are located at 80 Eighth Avenue in

New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the U ...

History

New Directions was born in 1936 of

Ezra Pound Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (30 October 1885 – 1 November 1972) was an expatriate American poet and critic, a major figure in the early modernist poetry movement, and a fascist collaborator in Italy during World War II. His works includ ...

's advice to the young James Laughlin, then a Harvard University sophomore, to "do something useful" after finishing his studies at Harvard. The first projects to come out of New Directions were anthologies of new writing, each titled ''New Directions in Poetry and Prose'' (until 1966's ''NDPP 19''). Early writers incorporated in these anthologies include

Dylan Thomas Dylan Marlais Thomas (27 October 1914 – 9 November 1953) was a Welsh poet and writer whose works include the poems " Do not go gentle into that good night" and " And death shall have no dominion", as well as the "play for voices" ''Unde ...

Marianne Moore Marianne Craig Moore (November 15, 1887 – February 5, 1972) was an American modernist poet, critic, translator, and editor. Her poetry is noted for formal innovation, precise diction, irony, and wit. Early life Moore was born in Kirkwood, ...

Wallace Stevens Wallace Stevens (October 2, 1879 – August 2, 1955) was an American modernist poet. He was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, educated at Harvard and then New York Law School, and spent most of his life working as an executive for an insurance comp ...

Thomas Merton Thomas Merton (January 31, 1915 – December 10, 1968) was an American Trappist monk, writer, theologian, mystic, poet, social activist and scholar of comparative religion. On May 26, 1949, he was ordained to the Catholic priesthood and g ...

, Denise Levertov,

James Agee James Rufus Agee ( ; November 27, 1909 – May 16, 1955) was an American novelist, journalist, poet, screenwriter and film critic. In the 1940s, writing for ''Time Magazine'', he was one of the most influential film critics in the United States. ...

, and

Lawrence Ferlinghetti Lawrence Monsanto Ferlinghetti (March 24, 1919 – February 22, 2021) was an American poet, painter, social activist, and co-founder of City Lights Booksellers & Publishers. The author of poetry, translations, fiction, theatre, art criticism, an ...

. New Directions later broadened their focus to include writing of all genres, representing not only American writing, but also a considerable amount of literature in translation from modernist authors around the world. New Directions also published the early work of many writers including

and

William Carlos Williams William Carlos Williams (September 17, 1883 – March 4, 1963) was an American poet, writer, and physician closely associated with modernism and imagism. In addition to his writing, Williams had a long career as a physician practicing both ped ...

, and

Tennessee Williams Thomas Lanier Williams III (March 26, 1911 – February 25, 1983), known by his pen name Tennessee Williams, was an American playwright and screenwriter. Along with contemporaries Eugene O'Neill and Arthur Miller, he is considered among the thre ...

was published as a poet for the very first time in a New Directions poetry collection. Laughlin also initiated a number of thematic series and publications. The New Directions "Poet of the Month" series consisted of thin volumes of either lengthy individual poems or small collections of poems by one author were released on a monthly basis to subscribers, and a larger "Poet of the Year" volume was issued once annually. The series were discontinued after a few years. "Directions" began in 1941 as a quarterly soft-bound journal, with each edition dedicated to a single author or work in prose. Early issues included a collection of short stories by

Vladimir Nabokov Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov (russian: link=no, Владимир Владимирович Набоков ; 2 July 1977), also known by the pen name Vladimir Sirin (), was a Russian-American novelist, poet, translator, and entomologist. Bor ...

and a play by William Carlos Williams. The subscription model did not take hold, and later editions in the series were published in more traditional form and sold as individual works to the general public. Another short-lived New Directions periodical, ''Pharos'', was discontinued after its fourth number was published in the winter of 1947. Other notable undertakings include the New Classics and Modern Readers series, which reissued recent books that had gone out of print. These reprints included such works as ''

Exiles Exile is primarily penal expulsion from one's native country, and secondarily expatriation or prolonged absence from one's homeland under either the compulsion of circumstance or the rigors of some high purpose. Usually persons and peoples suf ...

'' and '' Stephen Hero'' by

James Joyce James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist, poet, and literary critic. He contributed to the Modernism, modernist avant-garde movement and is regarded as one of the most influential and important ...

and ''

The Great Gatsby ''The Great Gatsby'' is a 1925 novel by American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald. Set in the Jazz Age on Long Island, near New York City, the novel depicts first-person narrator Nick Carraway's interactions with mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsb ...

'' by

F. Scott Fitzgerald Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940) was an American novelist, essayist, and short story writer. He is best known for his novels depicting the flamboyance and excess of the Jazz Age—a term he popularize ...

. After Laughlin's death, New Directions Publishing became owned by a trust established in his will.

Jacket design and colophon

After the time of World War II, New Directions developed a close relationship with the artist

Alvin Lustig Alvin Lustig (February 8, 1915 - December 5, 1955) was an American book designer, graphic designer and typeface designer. Lustig has been honored by the American Institute of Graphic Arts and the Art Directors Club Hall of Fame for his significan ...

, who designed modernist abstract book jackets. Lustig was ultimately responsible for developing a distinctive style of dust jacket that served as a New Directions hallmark for many years. The company's colophon is a figure of a centaur based upon a sculpture by Heinz Henghes, and usually appears on the spine of New Directions books.

Presidents

* James Laughlin * Griselda Ohannessian * Peggy Fox * Barbara Epler

Awards

In 1977, New Directions was presented with a Carey Thomas Award special citation for distinguished publishing in experimental literature. New Directions' authors have won numerous national and international awards, including the:

Nobel Prize The Nobel Prizes ( ; sv, Nobelpriset ; no, Nobelprisen ) are five separate prizes that, according to Alfred Nobel's will of 1895, are awarded to "those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind." Alfre ...

* Tomas Tranströmer, 2011 * Octavio Paz, 1990 * Camilo José Cela, 1989 * Elias Canetti, 1981 * Eugenio Montale, 1975 * Pablo Neruda, 1971 * Yasunari Kawabata, 1968 * Jean-Paul Sartre, 1964 * Saint-John Perse, 1960 * Boris Pasternak, 1958 * Andre Gide, 1947 * Hermann Hesse, 1946 * Frédéric Mistral, 1904

Pulitzer Prize

* Hilton Als, 2017 * Gary Snyder, 1975 * George Oppen, 1969 * Richard Eberhart, 1966 * William Carlos Williams, 1963 * Tennessee Williams, 1948, 1955 * Robert Penn Warren, 1947, 1958, 1979

National Book Award The National Book Awards are a set of annual U.S. literary awards. At the final National Book Awards Ceremony every November, the National Book Foundation presents the National Book Awards and two lifetime achievement awards to authors. The N ...

* Yoko Tawada, 2018 * Nathaniel Mackey, 2006

MacArthur Foundation Fellowship

* John Keene, 2018 * Peter Cole, 2007 * Lydia Davis, 2003 * Anne Carson, 2000 * Guy Davenport, 1990 * Allen Grossman, 1989 * Walter Abish, 1987

PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction

* Toby Olson, 1983

Prix Goncourt The Prix Goncourt (french: Le prix Goncourt, , ''The Goncourt Prize'') is a prize in French literature, given by the académie Goncourt to the author of "the best and most imaginative prose work of the year". The prize carries a symbolic reward o ...

* Mathias Énard, 2015 * Eugène Guillevic, 1988 * Emile Ajar, 1975 * Romain Gary, 1956

Man Booker International Prize The International Booker Prize (formerly known as the Man Booker International Prize) is an international literary award hosted in the United Kingdom. The introduction of the International Prize to complement the Man Booker Prize was announc ...

* Laszlo Krasznahorkai / George Szirtes and Ottilie Mulzet, 2015

Independent Foreign Fiction Prize The ''Independent'' Foreign Fiction Prize (1990–2015) was a British literary award. It was inaugurated by British newspaper ''The Independent'' to honour contemporary fiction in translation in the United Kingdom. The award was first launched i ...

* Jenny Erpenbeck / Susan Bernofsky, 2015

Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize The Academy of American Poets is a national, member-supported organization that promotes poets and the art of poetry. The nonprofit organization was incorporated in the state of New York (state), New York in 1934. It fosters the readership of poetr ...

* Denise Levertov, 1976

Bollingen Prize in American Poetry The Bollingen Prize for Poetry is a literary honor bestowed on an American poet in recognition of the best book of new verse within the last two years, or for lifetime achievement.

* Nathaniel Mackey, 2015 * Susan Howe, 2011 * Allen Grossman, 2009 * Robert Creeley, 1999 * Gary Snyder, 1997 * Robert Penn Warren, 1967 * Robert Fitzgerald, 1961 * Delmore Schwartz, 1960 * Ezra Pound, 1948

Robert Frost Medal The Poetry Society of America is a literary organization founded in 1910 by poets, editors, and artists. It is the oldest poetry organization in the United States. Past members of the society have included such renowned poets as Witter Bynner, R ...

* Susan Howe, 2017 * Kamau Brathwaite, 2015 * Lawrence Ferlinghetti, 2003 * Denise Levertov, 1999 * James Laughlin, 1999 * Robert Creeley, 1987

Windham-Campbell Literature Prize

* John Keene, 2018 * Hilton Als, 2016

Vilenica Kristal Prize

* Luljeta Lleshanaku, 2009

Current projects

The current focus of New Directions is threefold: discovering and introducing to the US contemporary international writers; publishing new and experimental American poetry and prose; and reissuing New Directions' classic titles in new editions. Drawing from the tradition of the early anthologies and series, New Directions launched the Pearl series, which presents short works by New Directions writers in slim, minimalist volumes designed by Rodrigo Corral. Recent additions to the series include '' On Booze'' by

and ''

The Leviathan Leviathan (; he, לִוְיָתָן, ) is a sea serpent noted in theology and mythology. It is referenced in several books of the Hebrew Bible, including Psalms, the Book of Job, the Book of Isaiah, the Book of Amos, and, according to some ...

'' by

Joseph Roth Moses Joseph Roth (2 September 1894 – 27 May 1939) was an Austrian journalist and novelist, best known for his family saga ''Radetzky March'' (1932), about the decline and fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, his novel of Jewish life '' Job'' ...

.^{/sup> New Directions also publishes a selection of academic reading guides to accompany a number of their books, including Hermann Hesse

Hermann Karl Hesse (; 2 July 1877 – 9 August 1962) was a German-Swiss poet, novelist, and painter. His best-known works include ''Demian'', '' Steppenwolf'', '' Siddhartha'', and '' The Glass Bead Game'', each of which explores an individual' ...
's ''Siddhartha'' and ''The Night of the Iguana

''The Night of the Iguana'' is a stage play written by American author Tennessee Williams. It is based on his 1948 short story. In 1959, Williams staged it as a one-act play, and over the next two years he developed it into a full-length play, pr ...
'' by Tennessee Williams.^{/sup>

Authors

New Directions was the first American publisher of such notables as Vladimir Nabokov

Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov (russian: link=no, Владимир Владимирович Набоков ; 2 July 1977), also known by the pen name Vladimir Sirin (), was a Russian-American novelist, poet, translator, and entomologist. Bor ...
, Jorge Luis Borges

Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo (; ; 24 August 1899 – 14 June 1986) was an Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator, as well as a key figure in Spanish-language and international literature. His best-known b ...
, and Henry Miller

Henry Valentine Miller (December 26, 1891 – June 7, 1980) was an American novelist. He broke with existing literary forms and developed a new type of semi-autobiographical novel that blended character study, social criticism, philosophical ref ...
. Today, their authors include:

American literature

* Walter Abish
* Will Alexander
* John Allman
* Sherwood Anderson

Sherwood Anderson (September 13, 1876 – March 8, 1941) was an American novelist and short story writer, known for subjective and self-revealing works. Self-educated, he rose to become a successful copywriter and business owner in Cleveland and ...

* Wayne Andrews
* David Antin
* Paul Auster

Paul Benjamin Auster (born February 3, 1947) is an American writer and film director. His notable works include ''The New York Trilogy'' (1987), '' Moon Palace'' (1989), '' The Music of Chance'' (1990), ''The Book of Illusions'' (2002), '' The B ...

* Jimmy Santiago Baca
* Djuna Barnes

Djuna Barnes (, June 12, 1892 – June 18, 1982) was an American artist, illustrator, journalist, and writer who is perhaps best known for her novel ''Nightwood'' (1936), a cult classic of Lesbian literature, lesbian fiction and an important work ...

* Lee Bartlett

Lee Marion Bartlett (March 30, 1907 – October 31, 1972) was an American javelin thrower. He competed at the 1928, 1932 and 1936 Olympics and placed 16th, 5th and 12th, respectively.
Albion College
Bartlett attended high school in Union City, ...

* Kay Boyle
* William Bronk

William Bronk (February 17, 1918 – February 22, 1999) was an American poet. For his book, ''Life Supports'' (1981), he won the National Book Award for Poetry.

He was also a veteran of World War II and a businessman. After teaching at Union Co ...

* Frederick Busch
* Hayden Carruth

Hayden Carruth (August 3, 1921 – September 29, 2008) was an American poet, literary critic and anthologist. He taught at Syracuse University.
Life
Hayden Carruth was born in Waterbury, Connecticut and grew up in Woodbury, Connecticut. He grad ...

* Tom Clark
* Peter Cole

Peter Cole is a MacArthur-winning poet and translator who lives in Jerusalem and New Haven. Cole was born in 1957 in Paterson, New Jersey. He attended Williams College and Hampshire College, and moved to Jerusalem in 1981. He has been called "o ...

* Cid Corman
Cid (Sidney) Corman (June 29, 1924 – March 12, 2004) was an American poet, translator and editor, most notably of ''Origin'', who was a key figure in the history of American poetry in the second half of the 20th century.
Life

Corman was bor ...

* Gregory Corso
* Robert Creeley

Robert White Creeley (May 21, 1926 – March 30, 2005) was an American poet and author of more than sixty books. He is usually associated with the Black Mountain poets, though his verse aesthetic diverged from that school. He was close with Ch ...

* Guy Davenport
* Edward Dahlberg

Edward Dahlberg (July 22, 1900 – February 27, 1977) was an American novelist, essayist, and autobiographer.
Background
Edward Dahlberg was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to Elizabeth Dahlberg. Together, mother and son led a vagabond existence ...

* Helen DeWitt

Helen DeWitt (born 1957 in Takoma Park, Maryland) is an American novelist. She is the author of the novels ''The Last Samurai'' (2000) and ''Lightning Rods'' (2011) and the short story collection ''Some Trick'' (2018) and, in collaboration with ...

* Debra Di Blasi

Debra Di Blasi (born 1957) is an American author, screenwriter and former publisher.
Biography
Debra Di Blasi was born May 27, 1957, in Kirksville, Missouri. She grew up in northern Missouri.

She was the art columnist for ''The Pitch'' magazin ...

* H.D.

Hilda Doolittle (September 10, 1886 – September 27, 1961) was an American modernist poet, novelist, and memoirist who wrote under the name H.D. throughout her life. Her career began in 1911 after she moved to London and co-founded the ...

* Coleman Dowell

Robert Coleman Dowell (May 29, 1925 – August 3, 1985) was an American writer.
Biography
He was born to Mordon and Beulah Dowell in Adairville, Kentucky on May 29, 1925. Dowell attended several country schools, among them, a one-room school whe ...

* Robert Duncan
* Richard Eberhart

Richard Ghormley Eberhart (April 5, 1904 – June 9, 2005) was an American poet who published more than a dozen books of poetry and approximately twenty works in total. "Richard Eberhart emerged out of the 1930s as a modern stylist with romanti ...

* William Everson
* Lawrence Ferlinghetti

Lawrence Monsanto Ferlinghetti (March 24, 1919 – February 22, 2021) was an American poet, painter, social activist, and co-founder of City Lights Booksellers & Publishers. The author of poetry, translations, fiction, theatre, art criticism, an ...

* Thalia Field
* F. Scott Fitzgerald

Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940) was an American novelist, essayist, and short story writer. He is best known for his novels depicting the flamboyance and excess of the Jazz Age—a term he popularize ...

* Robert Fitzgerald
* Forrest Gander
* John Gardner

* Allen Grossman
* John Hawkes
* David Hinton
* Susan Howe
* Henry James

Henry James ( – ) was an American-British author. He is regarded as a key transitional figure between literary realism and literary modernism, and is considered by many to be among the greatest novelists in the English language. He was th ...

* Robinson Jeffers

John Robinson Jeffers (January 10, 1887 – January 20, 1962) was an American poet, known for his work about the central California coast. Much of Jeffers's poetry was written in narrative and epic form. However, he is also known for his shorte ...

* Mary Karr
* Bob Kaufman

Robert Garnell Kaufman (April 18, 1925 – January 12, 1986) was an American Beat poet and surrealist as well as a jazz performance artist and satirist. In France, where his poetry had a large following, he was known as the "black American ...

* Alvin Levin
Alvin Levin (1914–1981) was an American writer from Paterson, New Jersey who grew up in the Bronx

The Bronx () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Bronx County, in the state of New York. It is south of Westchester County; nort ...

* Denise Levertov
* Nathaniel Mackey
* Bernadette Mayer
* Carole Maso
* Michael McClure
* Thomas Merton

Thomas Merton (January 31, 1915 – December 10, 1968) was an American Trappist monk, writer, theologian, mystic, poet, social activist and scholar of comparative religion. On May 26, 1949, he was ordained to the Catholic priesthood and g ...

* Joyce Carol Oates
* Charles Olson

Charles Olson (27 December 1910 – 10 January 1970) was a second generation modern American poet who was a link between earlier figures such as Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams and the New American poets, which includes the New Yor ...

* Toby Olson

Toby Olson (born 1937 Chicago) is an American novelist and winner of the 1983 PEN/ Faulkner Award for Fiction.
Life
Through high school and his four years in the Navy as a surgical technician, he lived in California, Arizona, and Texas.

He grad ...

* George Oppen
* Michael Palmer
* Kenneth Patchen
* Ezra Pound

Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (30 October 1885 – 1 November 1972) was an expatriate American poet and critic, a major figure in the early modernist poetry movement, and a fascist collaborator in Italy during World War II. His works includ ...
''The Pisan Cantos'', New York, New Directions, 194

- 200

/ref>
* Kenneth Rexroth

Kenneth Charles Marion Rexroth (1905–1982) was an American poet, translator, and critical essayist. He is regarded as a central figure in the San Francisco Renaissance, and paved the groundwork for the movement. Although he did not consider ...

* William Saroyan

William Saroyan (; August 31, 1908 – May 18, 1981) was an Armenian-American novelist, playwright, and short story writer. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1940, and in 1943 won the Academy Award for Best Story for the film ''Th ...

* Delmore Schwartz

Delmore Schwartz (December 8, 1913 – July 11, 1966) was an American poet and short story writer.
Early life
Schwartz was born in 1913 in Brooklyn, New York, where he also grew up. His parents, Harry and Rose, both Romanian Jews, separated whe ...

* Frederic Tuten
* Rosmarie Waldrop
* Robert Penn Warren

Robert Penn Warren (April 24, 1905 – September 15, 1989) was an American poet, novelist, and literary critic and was one of the founders of New Criticism. He was also a charter member of the Fellowship of Southern Writers. He founded the lite ...

* Eliot Weinberger
* Nathanael West

Nathanael West (born Nathan Weinstein; October 17, 1903 – December 22, 1940) was an American writer and screenwriter. He is remembered for two darkly satirical novels: '' Miss Lonelyhearts'' (1933) and ''The Day of the Locust'' (1939), set r ...

* Tennessee Williams

Thomas Lanier Williams III (March 26, 1911 – February 25, 1983), known by his pen name Tennessee Williams, was an American playwright and screenwriter. Along with contemporaries Eugene O'Neill and Arthur Miller, he is considered among the thre ...

* William Carlos Williams

William Carlos Williams (September 17, 1883 – March 4, 1963) was an American poet, writer, and physician closely associated with modernism and imagism.

In addition to his writing, Williams had a long career as a physician practicing both ped ...

* Louis Zukofsky

Louis Zukofsky (January 23, 1904 – May 12, 1978) was an American poet. He was the primary instigator and theorist of the so-called "Objectivist" poets, a short lived collective of poets who after several decades of obscurity would reemerge a ...

Central American, South American, and Caribbean literature

* César Aira

César Aira (Argentine Spanish: ; born 23 February 1949 in Coronel Pringles, Buenos Aires Province) is an Argentinian writer and translator, and an exponent of contemporary Argentinian literature. Aira has published over a hundred short books o ...
(Argentina)
* Martín Adán (Peru)
* Homero Aridjis

Homero Aridjis (born April 6, 1940) is a Mexican poet, novelist, environmental activist, journalist and diplomat known for his rich imagination, poetry of lyrical beauty, and ethical independence.
Family and early life
Aridjis was born in Contepe ...
(Mexico)
* Roberto Bolaño

Roberto Bolaño Ávalos (; 28 April 1953 – 15 July 2003) was a Chilean novelist, short-story writer, poet and essayist. In 1999, Bolaño won the Rómulo Gallegos Prize for his novel ''Los detectives salvajes'' ('' The Savage Detectives ...
(Chile)
* Jorge Luis Borges

Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo (; ; 24 August 1899 – 14 June 1986) was an Argentine short-story writer, essayist, poet and translator, as well as a key figure in Spanish-language and international literature. His best-known b ...
(Argentina)
* Kamau Brathwaite

The Honourable Edward Kamau Brathwaite, Order of Barbados, CHB (; 11 May 1930 – 4 February 2020), was a Barbados, Barbadian poet and academic, widely considered one of the major voices in the Caribbean literary canon.Staff (2011)"Kamau Brathwai ...
(Caribbean)

* Coral Bracho (México)
* Ernesto Cardenal (Nicaragua)
* Adolfo Bioy Casares (Argentina)
* Horacio Castellanos Moya Horacio Castellanos Moya (born 1957) is a Salvadoran novelist, short story writer, and journalist.
Life and work
Castellanos Moya was born in 1957 in Tegucigalpa, Honduras to a Honduran mother and a Salvadoran father. His family moved to El Salva ...
(El Salvador)
* Julio Cortázar

Julio Florencio Cortázar (26 August 1914 – 12 February 1984; ) was an Argentine, nationalized French novelist, short story writer, essayist, and translator. Known as one of the founders of the Latin American Boom, Cortázar influenced an ...
(Argentina)
* Felisberto Hernández

Felisberto Hernandez (October 20, 1902 – January 13, 1964) was an Uruguayan writer, composer, and pianist.
Background

Hernández was born the eldest of four children in the Atahualpa neighborhood of Montevideo, Uruguay. His father, Prudencio ...
(Uruguay)

* Vicente Huidobro (Chile)
* Enrique Lihn
Enrique Lihn Carrasco (3 September 1929 – 10 July 1988) was a Chilean poet, playwright, and novelist. The son of Enrique Lihn Doll and María Carrasco Délano, he married Ivette Mingram (1932–2008). They had one daughter, the actress Andre ...
(Chile)
* Clarice Lispector

Clarice Lispector (born Chaya Pinkhasivna Lispector ( uk, Хая Пінкасівна Ліспектор); December 10, 1920December 9, 1977) was a Ukrainian-born Brazilian novelist and short story writer. Her innovative, idiosyncratic works e ...
(Brazil)
* Pablo Neruda

Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto (12 July 1904 – 23 September 1973), better known by his pen name and, later, legal name Pablo Neruda (; ), was a Chilean poet-diplomat and politician who won the 1971 Nobel Prize in Literature. Nerud ...
(Chile)
* Nicanor Parra (Chile)
* Octavio Paz

Octavio Paz Lozano (March 31, 1914 – April 19, 1998) was a Mexican poet and diplomat. For his body of work, he was awarded the 1977 Jerusalem Prize, the 1981 Miguel de Cervantes Prize, the 1982 Neustadt International Prize for Literature, a ...
(Mexico)

* René Philoctète (Haiti)
* Rodrigo Rey Rosa (Guatemala)
* Guillermo Rosales (Cuba)
* Evelio Rosero

Evelio Rosero Diago was born in Bogotá, Colombia, on 20 March 1958. He is a Colombian writer and journalist, who won in 2006 the ''Tusquets Prize''.

Evelio Rosero studied primary school in Colombia's southern city of Pasto, and high school in ...
(Colombia)
* Luis Fernando Verissimo

Luís Fernando Verissimo (born September 26, 1936) is a Brazilian writer. Verissimo is the son of Brazilian writer Erico Verissimo and lived with his father in the United States during his childhood. Best known for his ''crônicas'' and texts o ...
(Brazil)

British, Irish, Canadian, and Australian literature

* Valentine Ackland

Valentine Ackland (born Mary Kathleen Macrory Ackland; 20 May 1906 – 9 November 1969) was an English poet, and life partner of novelist Sylvia Townsend Warner. Their relationship was strained by Ackland’s infidelities and alcoholism, but su ...

* H. E. Bates
* Martin Bax
* Carmel Bird
* Sir Thomas Browne

Sir Thomas Browne (; 19 October 1605 – 19 October 1682) was an English polymath and author of varied works which reveal his wide learning in diverse fields including science and medicine, religion and the esoteric. His writings display a ...

* Edwin Brock
* Christine Brooke-Rose

Christine Frances Evelyn Brooke-Rose (16 January 1923 – 21 March 2012) was a British writer and literary critic, known principally for her experimental novels.

* Basil Bunting

Basil Cheesman Bunting (1 March 1900 – 17 April 1985) was a British modernist poet whose reputation was established with the publication of '' Briggflatts'' in 1966, generally regarded as one of the major achievements of the modernist traditi ...

* Elias Canetti

Elias Canetti (; bg, Елиас Канети; 25 July 1905 – 14 August 1994) was a German-language writer, born in Ruse, Bulgaria to a Sephardic family. They moved to Manchester, England, but his father died in 1912, and his mother took he ...

* Anne Carson

Anne Carson (born June 21, 1950) is a Canadian poet, essayist, translator, classicist, and professor.

Trained at the University of Toronto, Carson has taught classics, comparative literature, and creative writing at universities across the Unit ...

* Joyce Cary

Arthur Joyce Lunel Cary (7 December 1888 – 29 March 1957) was an Anglo-Irish novelist and colonial official.
Early life and education
Arthur Joyce Lunel Cary was born in his grandparents' home, above the Belfast Bank in Derry, Ireland in ...

* Douglas Cleverdon
* Maurice Collis
* William Empson

Sir William Empson (27 September 1906 – 15 April 1984) was an English literary critic and poet, widely influential for his practice of closely reading literary works, a practice fundamental to New Criticism. His best-known work is his firs ...

* Caradoc Evans
* Gavin Ewart
* Ronald Firbank
* Henry Green
* Christopher Isherwood

Christopher William Bradshaw Isherwood (26 August 1904 – 4 January 1986) was an Anglo-American novelist, playwright, screenwriter, autobiographer, and diarist. His best-known works include '' Goodbye to Berlin'' (1939), a semi-autobiographical ...

* James Joyce

James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist, poet, and literary critic. He contributed to the Modernism, modernist avant-garde movement and is regarded as one of the most influential and important ...

* B. S. Johnson
* D. H. Lawrence

David Herbert Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English writer, novelist, poet and essayist. His works reflect on modernity, industrialization, sexuality, emotional health, vitality, spontaneity and instinct. His best-k ...

* Hugh MacDiarmid

Christopher Murray Grieve (11 August 1892 – 9 September 1978), best known by his pen name Hugh MacDiarmid (), was a Scottish poet, journalist, essayist and political figure. He is considered one of the principal forces behind the Scottish Ren ...

* Wilfred Owen

Wilfred Edward Salter Owen MC (18 March 1893 – 4 November 1918) was an English poet and soldier. He was one of the leading poets of the First World War. His war poetry on the horrors of trenches and gas warfare was much influenced ...

* Caradog Prichard
* Herbert Read
* Peter Dale Scott
* C. H. Sisson
* Stevie Smith
* Muriel Spark

Dame Muriel Sarah Spark (née Camberg; 1 February 1918 – 13 April 2006). was a Scottish novelist, short story writer, poet and essayist.
Life
Muriel Camberg was born in the Bruntsfield area of Edinburgh, the daughter of Bernard Camberg, an ...

* Dylan Thomas

Dylan Marlais Thomas (27 October 1914 – 9 November 1953) was a Welsh poet and writer whose works include the poems " Do not go gentle into that good night" and " And death shall have no dominion", as well as the "play for voices" ''Unde ...

* Charles Tomlinson

European literature

* Germano Almeida

Germano Almeida (; born 31 July 1945) is a Cape Verdean author and lawyer.
Biography
Born on the Cape Verdean island Boa Vista, Almeida studied law at the University of Lisbon and currently practices in Mindelo. His novels have been translat ...
(Cape Verde)
* Corrado Alvaro (Italy)
* Alfred Andersch (Germany)
* Guillaume Apollinaire

Guillaume Apollinaire) of the Wąż coat of arms. (; 26 August 1880 – 9 November 1918) was a French French poetry, poet, playwright, short story writer, novelist, and art critic of Polish-Belarusian, Polish descent.

Apollinaire is considered ...
(France)
* Gennadiy Aygi

Gennadiy Nikolaevich Aygi ( rus, Генна́дий Никола́евич Айги́, p=ɡʲɪˈnadʲɪj nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvʲɪtɕ ɐjˈɡʲi, a=Gyennadiy Nikolayevich Aygi.ru.vorb.oga, cv, Геннадий Николаевич Айхи; 21 Augu ...
(Russia)
* Honoré de Balzac

Honoré de Balzac ( , more commonly , ; born Honoré Balzac;Jean-Louis Dega, La vie prodigieuse de Bernard-François Balssa, père d'Honoré de Balzac : Aux sources historiques de La Comédie humaine, Rodez, Subervie, 1998, 665 p. 20 May 179 ...
(France)
* Jacques Barzun

Jacques Martin Barzun (; November 30, 1907 – October 25, 2012) was a French-American historian known for his studies of the history of ideas and cultural history. He wrote about a wide range of subjects, including baseball, mystery novels, an ...
(France)
* Charles Baudelaire

Charles Pierre Baudelaire (, ; ; 9 April 1821 – 31 August 1867) was a French poet who also produced notable work as an essayist and art critic. His poems exhibit mastery in the handling of rhyme and rhythm, contain an exoticism inherited ...
(France)
* Gottfried Benn

Gottfried Benn (2 May 1886 – 7 July 1956) was a German poet, essayist, and physician. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature five times. He was awarded the Georg Büchner Prize in 1951.
Biography and work
Family and beginnings

Go ...
(Germany)
* Nina Berberova (Russia)
* Giuseppe Berto (Italy)
* Johannes Bobrowski (Germany)
* Wolfgang Borchert (Germany)
* Johan Borgen

Johan Collett Müller Borgen (28 April 1902 – 16 October 1979) was a Norwegian writer, journalist and critic. His best-known work is the novel ''Lillelord'' for which he was awarded the Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature in 1955. He was ...
(Norway)
* Alain Bosquet (France)
* Mikhail Bulgakov (Russia)
* Louis-Ferdinand Céline

Louis Ferdinand Auguste Destouches (27 May 1894 – 1 July 1961), better known by the pen name Louis-Ferdinand Céline ( , ) was a French novelist, polemicist and physician. His first novel '' Journey to the End of the Night'' (1932) won the '' P ...
(France)
* Blaise Cendrars

Frédéric-Louis Sauser (1 September 1887 – 21 January 1961), better known as Blaise Cendrars, was a Swiss-born novelist and poet who became a naturalized French citizen in 1916. He was a writer of considerable influence in the European mo ...
(Switzerland)
* René Char (France)
* Inger Christensen

Inger Christensen (16 January 1935 – 2 January 2009) was a Danish poet, novelist, essayist and editor. She is considered the foremost Danish poetic experimentalist of her generation.
Life and work
Born in the town of Vejle, on the eastern J ...
(Denmark)
* Jean Cocteau

Jean Maurice Eugène Clément Cocteau (, , ; 5 July 1889 – 11 October 1963) was a French poet, playwright, novelist, designer, filmmaker, visual artist and critic. He was one of the foremost creatives of the s ...
(France)
* Alain Daniélou (France)

* Tibor Déry (Hungary)
* Eugénio de Andrade (Portugal)
* Pierre Choderlos de Laclos (France)
* Madame de La Fayette

Marie-Madeleine Pioche de La Vergne, Comtesse de La Fayette (baptized 18 March 1634 – 25 May 1693), better known as Madame de La Fayette, was a French writer; she authored '' La Princesse de Clèves'', France's first historical novel and one ...
(France)
* Eça de Queiroz (Portugal)
* Tibor Déry (Hungary)
* Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa (Italy)
* Édouard Dujardin (France)
* Jenny Erpenbeck

Jenny Erpenbeck (born 12 March 1967) is a German writer and opera director, recipient of the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize.
Life
Born in East Berlin, Erpenbeck is the daughter of the physicist, philosopher and writer John Erpenbeck and the ...
(Germany)
* Hans Faverey

Hans Antonius Faverey (14 September 1933, in Paramaribo – 8 July 1990, in Amsterdam) was a Dutch poet of Surinam descent. Besides being a poet, he was a lecturer at the psychology department of the Universiteit Leiden.
Biography
Faverey was bo ...
(Netherlands)
* Gustave Flaubert

Gustave Flaubert ( , , ; 12 December 1821 – 8 May 1880) was a French novelist. Highly influential, he has been considered the leading exponent of literary realism in his country. According to the literary theorist Kornelije Kvas, "in Flaube ...
(France)
* Romain Gary (France)
* Wilhelm Genazino

Wilhelm Genazino (22 January 1943 – 12 December 2018) was a German journalist and author. He worked first as a journalist for the satirical magazine ''pardon'' and for ''Lesezeichen''. From the early 1970s, he was a freelance writer who became ...
(Germany)
* William Gerhardie (Russia)
* Goethe

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as t ...
(Germany)
* Nikolai Gogol

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol; uk, link=no, Мико́ла Васи́льович Го́голь, translit=Mykola Vasyliovych Hohol; (russian: Яновский; uk, Яновський, translit=Yanovskyi) ( – ) was a Russian novelist, ...
(Russia)
* Martin Grzimek (Germany)
* Henri Guigonnat

Henri is an Estonian, Finnish, French, German and Luxembourgish form of the masculine given name Henry.
People with this given name
; French noblemen
:'' See the 'List of rulers named Henry' for Kings of France named Henri.''
* Henri I de Montm ...
(France)
* Eugène Guillevic (France)
* Lars Gustafsson

Lars Erik Einar Gustafsson (17 May 1936 – 3 April 2016) was a Swedish poet, novelist, and scholar. Among his awards were the in 2006, the Goethe Medal in 2009, the Thomas Mann Prize in 2015, and the International Nonino Prize in Italy in 2016 ...
(Sweden)
* Knut Hamsun

Knut Hamsun (4 August 1859 – 19 February 1952) was a Norwegian writer who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1920. Hamsun's work spans more than 70 years and shows variation with regard to consciousness, subject, perspective a ...
(Norway)
* Hermann Hesse

Hermann Karl Hesse (; 2 July 1877 – 9 August 1962) was a German-Swiss poet, novelist, and painter. His best-known works include ''Demian'', '' Steppenwolf'', '' Siddhartha'', and '' The Glass Bead Game'', each of which explores an individual' ...
(Germany)

* Alfred Jarry

Alfred Jarry (; 8 September 1873 – 1 November 1907) was a French symbolist writer who is best known for his play '' Ubu Roi'' (1896). He also coined the term and philosophical concept of 'pataphysics.

Jarry was born in Laval, Mayenne, France, ...
(France)
* Franz Kafka

Franz Kafka (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was a German-speaking Bohemian novelist and short-story writer, widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th-century literature. His work fuses elements of realism and the fantastic. It ty ...
(Germany/Czech Republic)
* Heinrich von Kleist

Bernd Heinrich Wilhelm von Kleist (18 October 177721 November 1811) was a German poet, dramatist, novelist, short story writer and journalist. His best known works are the theatre plays '' Das Käthchen von Heilbronn'', '' The Broken Jug'', ''Amph ...
(Germany)
* Alexander Kluge

Alexander Kluge (born 14 February 1932) is a German author, philosopher, academic and film director.
Early life, education and early career
Kluge was born in Halberstadt, Province of Saxony (now Saxony-Anhalt), Germany.

After growing up durin ...
(Germany)
* László Krasznahorkai (Hungary)
* Dezső Kosztolányi

Dezső Kosztolányi (; March 29, 1885 – November 3, 1936) was a Hungarian writer, journalist, translator and also a speaker of Esperanto. He wrote in all literary genres, from poetry to essays to theatre plays. Building his own style, he used ...
(Hungary)
* Miroslav Krleža (Yugoslavia)
* Siegfried Lenz (Germany)
* Luljeta Lleshanaku (Albania)
* Federico García Lorca

Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca (5 June 1898 – 19 August 1936), known as Federico García Lorca ( ), was a Spanish poet, playwright, and theatre director. García Lorca achieved international recognition as an emblemat ...
(Spain)
* Stéphane Mallarmé

Stéphane Mallarmé ( , ; 18 March 1842 – 9 September 1898), pen name of Étienne Mallarmé, was a French poet and critic. He was a major French symbolist poet, and his work anticipated and inspired several revolutionary artistic schools of t ...
(France)
* Javier Marías

Javier Marías Franco (20 September 1951 – 11 September 2022) was a Spanish author, translator, and columnist. Marías published fifteen novels, including ''A Heart So White'' (''Corazón tan blanco,'' 1992'')'' and ''Tomorrow in the Battle T ...
(Spain)
* Henri Michaux (France)
* Frédéric Mistral

Joseph Étienne Frédéric Mistral (; oc, Josèp Estève Frederic Mistral, 8 September 1830 – 25 March 1914) was a French writer of Occitan literature and lexicographer of the Provençal form of the language. He received the 1904 Nobel P ...
(France)
* Eugenio Montale

Eugenio Montale (; 12 October 1896 – 12 September 1981) was an Italian poet, prose writer, editor and translator, and recipient of the 1975 Nobel Prize in Literature.
Life and works
Early years
Montale was born in Genoa. His family were ch ...
(Italy)
* Vladimir Nabokov

Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov (russian: link=no, Владимир Владимирович Набоков ; 2 July 1977), also known by the pen name Vladimir Sirin (), was a Russian-American novelist, poet, translator, and entomologist. Bor ...
(Russia)
* Boris Pasternak

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (; rus, Бори́с Леони́дович Пастерна́к, p=bɐˈrʲis lʲɪɐˈnʲidəvʲɪtɕ pəstɛrˈnak; 30 May 1960) was a Russian poet, novelist, composer and literary translator. Composed in 1917, Pa ...
(Russia)
* Victor Pelevin

Victor Olegovich Pelevin ( rus, Виктор Олегович Пелевин, p=ˈvʲiktər ɐˈlʲɛɡəvʲɪtɕ pʲɪˈlʲevʲɪn; born 22 November 1962) is a Russian fiction writer. His novels include '' Omon Ra'' (1992), '' The Life of Inse ...
(Russia)
* Saint-John Perse (France)
* Raymond Queneau

Raymond Queneau (; 21 February 1903 – 25 October 1976) was a French novelist, poet, critic, editor and co-founder and president of Oulipo (''Ouvroir de littérature potentielle

Oulipo (, short for french: Ouvroir de littérature potentiell ...
(France)
* Rainer Maria Rilke

René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), shortened to Rainer Maria Rilke (), was an Austrian poet and novelist. He has been acclaimed as an idiosyncratic and expressive poet, and is widely recog ...
(Germany)
* Arthur Rimbaud

Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (, ; 20 October 1854 – 10 November 1891) was a French poet known for his transgressive and surreal themes and for his influence on modern literature and arts, prefiguring surrealism. Born in Charleville, he sta ...
(France)

* Joseph Roth

Moses Joseph Roth (2 September 1894 – 27 May 1939) was an Austrian journalist and novelist, best known for his family saga ''Radetzky March'' (1932), about the decline and fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, his novel of Jewish life '' Job'' ...
(Austria)
* W. G. Sebald

Winfried Georg Sebald (18 May 1944 – 14 December 2001), known as W. G. Sebald or (as he preferred) Max Sebald, was a German writer and academic. At the time of his death at the age of 57, he was being cited by literary critics as one of the g ...
(Germany)
* Jean-Paul Sartre

Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialist, existentialism (and Phenomenology (philosophy), phenomenology), a French playwright, novelist, screenwriter ...
(French)
* Dag Solstad (Norway)
* Stendhal

Marie-Henri Beyle (; 23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842), better known by his pen name Stendhal (, ; ), was a 19th-century French writer. Best known for the novels ''Le Rouge et le Noir'' ('' The Red and the Black'', 1830) and ''La Chartreuse de ...
(France)
* Antonio Tabucchi (Italy)
* Yoko Tawada (Japan/Germany)
* Uwe Timm (Germany)
* Leonid Tsypkin (Russia)
* Tomas Tranströmer

Tomas Gösta Tranströmer (; 15 April 1931 – 26 March 2015) was a Swedish poet, psychologist and translator. His poems captured the long Swedish winters, the rhythm of the seasons and the palpable, atmospheric beauty of nature. Tranströmer's ...
(Sweden)
* Dubravka Ugrešić

Dubravka Ugrešić (; born 27 March 1949) is a Yugoslav and later Croatian writer. A graduate of University of Zagreb, she has been based in Amsterdam since 1996 and refuses to identify as a Croatian writer.
Early life and education
Ugreši ...
(Yugoslavia)
* Paul Valéry

Ambroise Paul Toussaint Jules Valéry (; 30 October 1871 – 20 July 1945) was a French poet, essayist, and philosopher. In addition to his poetry and fiction (drama and dialogues), his interests included aphorisms on art, history, letters, mu ...
(France)
* Enrique Vila-Matas (Spain)
* Elio Vittorini (Italy)
* Robert Walser (Switzerland)
* Zinovy Zinik (Russia)

Chinese and Japanese literature

* Ah Cheng (China)
* Gu Cheng

Gu Cheng (; September 24, 1956 – October 8, 1993) was a famous Chinese modern poet, essayist and novelist. He was a prominent member of the "Misty Poets", a group of Chinese modernist poets.
Biography
Gu Cheng was born in Beijing on 24 Septem ...
(China)
* Bei Dao

Bei Dao (, born August 2, 1949) is the pen name of the Chinese-American writer Zhao Zhenkai (S: 赵振开, T: 趙振開, P: ''Zhào Zhènkāi''). Among the most acclaimed Chinese-language poets of his generation, he is often regarded as a candida ...
(China)
* Osamu Dazai

was a Japanese author. A number of his most popular works, such as '' The Setting Sun'' (''Shayō'') and '' No Longer Human'' (''Ningen Shikkaku''), are considered modern-day classics.

His influences include Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Murasaki Sh ...
(Japan)
* Shūsaku Endō (Japan)
* Tu Fu (China)

* Kōno Taeko

Kōno Taeko (河野多惠子, February 24, 1926 – January 29, 2015) was a Japanese writer who was active during the latter half of the 20th century. Kōno belonged to a generation of female Japanese writers who became more well-known in the 1 ...
(Japan)
* Yukio Mishima

, born , was a Japanese author, poet, playwright, actor, model, Shintoist, nationalist, and founder of the , an unarmed civilian militia. Mishima is considered one of the most important Japanese authors of the 20th century. He was considered fo ...
(Japan)
* Teru Miyamoto (Japan)
* Li Po

Li Bai (, 701–762), also pronounced as Li Bo, courtesy name Taibai (), was a Chinese poet, acclaimed from his own time to the present as a brilliant and romantic figure who took traditional poetic forms to new heights. He and his friend Du Fu ...
(China)
* Li Qingzhao (China)
* Ihara Saikaku

was a Japanese poet and creator of the " floating world" genre of Japanese prose (''ukiyo-zōshi'').

Born as Hirayama Tōgo (平山藤五), the son of a wealthy merchant in Osaka, he first studied haikai poetry under Matsunaga Teitoku and lat ...
(Japan)

* Kazuko Shiraishi (Japan)
* Yoko Tawada (Japan/Germany)
* Yūko Tsushima (Japan)
* Wang Anyi (China)
* Wang Wei (China)
* Tian Wen (China)

* Mu Xin (China)
* Can Xue

Deng Xiaohua (; born May 30, 1953), better known by her pen name Can Xue (), is a Chinese avant-garde fiction writer and literary critic. Her family was severely persecuted following her father being labeled a rightist in the Anti-Rightist Campaig ...
(China)
* Qian Zhongshu (China)

Middle Eastern and Indian literature

* Ilango Adigal

Ilango Adigal ()() was a Jain monk and a poet, sometimes identified as a Chera prince. He is traditionally credited as the author of ''Cilappatikaram'', one of the Five Great Epics of Ancient Tamil literature. He is one of the greatest poets f ...
(India)
* Ahmed Ali (Pakistan)
* Buddha

Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha, was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism.

According to Buddhist tradition, he was born in ...

* Albert Cossery

Albert Cossery (3 November 1913 – 22 June 2008) was an Egyptian-born French writer. Although Cossery lived most of his life in Paris and only wrote in the French language, all of his novels were either set in his country of birth, Egypt, or i ...
(Egypt)

* Yoel Hoffmann Yoel Hoffmann (born 1937) is a contemporary Israeli Jewish author, editor, scholar and translator. He is currently a professor of Japanese poetry, Buddhism, and philosophy at the University of Haifa in Israel and lives in Galilee.
Biography
Born in ...
(Israel)
* Qurratulain Hyder (India)
* Abdelfattah Kilito

Abdelfattah Kilito ( ar, عبد الفتاح كيليطو; born 10 April 1945, in Rabat) is a Moroccan writer. He is the author of several books in Arabic and in French. He has also written articles for magazines such as ''Poétique'' and '' Stu ...
(Morocco)
* Dunya Mikhail

Dunya Mikhail (born 1965 in Baghdad, Iraq) is an Iraqi-American poet based in the United States.
Life
She was born and raised in Iraq to a Chaldean-Catholic family. She graduated with a BA from the University of Baghdad.

Mikhail worked as a jo ...
(Iraq)

* Raja Rao (India)
* Aharon Shabtai (Israel)

Bestsellers

* '' Labyrinths'', Jorge Luis Borges
* '' A Coney Island of the Mind'', Lawrence Ferlinghetti
* '' Siddhartha'', Hermann Hesse
* '' Christie Malry's Own Double-Entry'', B. S. Johnson
* '' Selected Poems'', Denise Levertov
* ''The Air-Conditioned Nightmare

''The Air-Conditioned Nightmare'' is a memoir written by Henry Miller, first published in 1945, about his year-long road trip across the United States in 1940, following his return from nearly a decade living in Paris.
Background
Miller was born ...
'', Henry Miller
* ''Nausea

Nausea is a diffuse sensation of unease and discomfort, sometimes perceived as an urge to vomit. While not painful, it can be a debilitating symptom if prolonged and has been described as placing discomfort on the chest, abdomen, or back of the ...
'', Jean-Paul Sartre
* '' Turtle Island'', Gary Snyder
* '' Miss Lonelyhearts'' & '' The Day of the Locust'', Nathanael West
* ''The Glass Menagerie

''The Glass Menagerie'' is a memory play by Tennessee Williams that premiered in 1944 and catapulted Williams from obscurity to fame. The play has strong autobiographical elements, featuring characters based on its author, his histrionic mother, ...
'', Tennessee Williams
* '' Selected Poems'', William Carlos Williams
* ''The Cantos

''The Cantos'' by Ezra Pound is a long, incomplete poem in 120 sections, each of which is a ''canto''. Most of it was written between 1915 and 1962, although much of the early work was abandoned and the early cantos, as finally published, date ...
'', Ezra Pound

References

Further reading

* Laughlin, James. ''The Way It Wasn't.'' Ed. Barbara Epler and Daniel Javitch. New York: New Directions, 2006.
*

External links

New Directions Publishing WebsiteWill Hall Books-- Checklist of early authors and books published by New Directions PressAlvin Lustig
*'' The New Inquiry'' ttp://thenewinquiry.com/post/1534825327/judging-books-by-their-covers on The New Directions Pearl series{{Authority control

Book publishing companies based in New York (state)
Companies based in New York City
Publishing companies established in 1936
1936 establishments in New York (state)}}