''Nephromyces'' is a genus of

apicomplexa The Apicomplexa (also called Apicomplexia; single: apicomplexan) are organisms of a large phylum of mainly parasitic alveolates. Most possess a unique form of organelle structure that comprises a type of non-photosynthetic plastid called an ap ...

ns that are symbionts of the ascidian genus '' Molgula'' (sea grapes).

Systematics

''Nephromyces'' was first described in 1888 by Alfred Mathieu Giard as a chytrid fungus, because of its filamentous cells. He formally named three species, each corresponding to a different species of the host animal.

Molecular phylogenetics Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

later showed that ''Nephromyces'' are not actually fungi, but instead constitute a group within the

Apicomplexa The Apicomplexa (also called Apicomplexia; single: apicomplexan) are organisms of a large phylum of mainly parasitic alveolates. Most possess a unique form of organelle structure that comprises a type of non-photosynthetic plastid called an ap ...

that is related to the Piroplasmida.

Species of ''Nephromyces''

* ''Nephromyces molgularum'' Giard, 1888 * ''Nephromyces rosocovitanus'' Giard, 1888 * ''Nephromyces sorokini'' Giard, 1888

Description

''Nephromyces'' is found in the lumen of the renal sac of its host animals. The renal sac is a closed, fluid-filled structure that is derived from the epicardium during development. There are different cell types (at least seven in ''Nephromyces'' from '' Molgula manhattensis'') which appear to be different life cycle stages, as the different types appear in a consistent sequence after initial infection of the host animal. However, in a mature infection, different stages simultaneously co-occur in the same host individual. They include filaments (trophic stages), spores, motile but non-flagellated cells, and biflagellated swarmer cells. The non-flagellated motile cells resemble the sporozoites of other apicomplexans, while the spores contain structures that resemble the rhoptries of the apical complex, another typical apicomplexan feature.

Symbiosis

''Nephromyces'' is specific to the family Molgulidae, and has been found in species of '' Molgula'' and at least one other molgulid genus, '' Bostrichobranchus'' (''B. pilularis''). Every wild-collected adult ''Molgula'' animal examined has been found to contain ''Nephromyces'', suggesting that it is a beneficial symbiont rather than a parasite; this makes ''Nephromyces'' an exception among apicomplexans, which are usually parasitic on their animal hosts. However, animals without ''Nephromyces'' can be obtained by spawning and raising them in filtered seawater. These symbiont-free animals have been used to study the ''Nephromyces'' life cycle. ''Nephromyces'' is released into surrounding seawater when its host dies, and cells of ''Nephromyces'' can remain alive and infective for at least 29 days outside of a host. The renal sac organ where ''Nephromyces'' lives contains high concentrations of

urate Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3. It forms ions and salts known as urates and acid urates, such as ammonium acid urate. Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of ...

, a nitrogenous waste product. Activity of urate oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down urate, has been found in ''Nephromyces'' cells, hence they may be using the waste products from their host animal as a nitrogen source for themselves. Intracellular bacteria have been found within cells of ''Nephromyces'' from '' Molgula manhattensis'' and '' M. occidentalis'', making this a symbiosis within a symbiosis.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q21445659 Apicomplexa genera Symbiosis