''Nepenthes albomarginata'' is a tropical pitcher plant native to

Borneo Borneo () is the List of islands by area, third-largest island in the world, with an area of , and population of 23,053,723 (2020 national censuses). Situated at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, it is one of the Greater Sunda ...

Peninsular Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia, historically known as Malaya and also known as West Malaysia or the Malaysian Peninsula, is the western part of Malaysia that comprises the southern part of the Malay Peninsula on Mainland Southeast Asia and the list of isla ...

, and

Sumatra Sumatra () is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the list of islands by area, sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km2 (182,812 mi. ...

. The

specific epithet In Taxonomy (biology), taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin gramm ...

''albomarginata'', formed from the

Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...

words ''albus'' (white) and ''marginatus'' (margin), refers to the white band of

trichome Trichomes (; ) are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists. They are of diverse structure and function. Examples are hairs, glandular hairs, scales, and papillae. A covering of any kind of hair on a plant ...

s that is characteristic of this species.

Botanical history

''Nepenthes albomarginata'' was first collected by

Thomas Lobb Thomas Lobb (1817–1894) was a British botanist and, along with his older brother, William Lobb, collected plants for the plant nursery Veitch Nurseries, Veitch. Lobb worked in India, the Dutch East Indies and the Philippines. In 1845 he discov ...

in 1848. It was formally described a year later by

John Lindley John Lindley Fellow of the Royal Society, FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an English botanist, gardener and orchidology, orchidologist. Early years Born in Old Catton, Catton, near Norwich, England, John Lindley was one of four c ...

in '' The Gardeners' Chronicle''. The species was introduced into cultivation in the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...

in 1856. In the 1996 book '' Pitcher-Plants of Borneo'', ''N. albomarginata'' is given the vernacular name white-collared pitcher-plant.Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. '' Pitcher-Plants of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. This name, along with all others, was dropped from the much-expanded second edition, published in 2008.Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. '' Pitcher Plants of Borneo''. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

Description

''Nepenthes albomarginata'' is a climbing plant. The stem may reach lengths of up to and is up to in diameter. Internodes are cylindrical in cross section and up to long. Leaves are

coriaceous This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary ...

in texture. The

lamina Lamina may refer to: People * Saa Emerson Lamina, Sierra Leonean politician * Tamba Lamina, Sierra Leonean politician and diplomat Science and technology * Planar lamina, a two-dimensional planar closed surface with mass and density, in mathem ...

or leaf blade is

lanceolate The following terms are used to describe leaf plant morphology, morphology in the description and taxonomy (biology), taxonomy of plants. Leaves may be simple (that is, the leaf blade or 'lamina' is undivided) or compound (that is, the leaf blade ...

in shape and up to long by wide. It has an acute apex and its base is gradually

attenuate In physics, attenuation (in some contexts, extinction) is the gradual loss of flux intensity through a medium. For instance, dark glasses attenuate sunlight, lead attenuates X-rays, and water and air attenuate both light and sound at variable at ...

and amplexicaul. The leaves of this species are characteristic in that they completely lack a petiole. Longitudinal veins are indistinct.

Tendril In botany, a tendril is a specialized Plant stem, stem, leaf or Petiole (botany), petiole with a thread-like shape used by climbing plants for support and attachment, as well as cellular invasion by parasitic plants such as ''Cuscuta''. There ar ...

s are up to long. Rosette and lower pitchers are bulbous in the basal third and cylindrical above. They are relatively small, reaching only in height by in width. A pair of fringed wings up to wide runs down the front of each pitcher. The pitcher mouth is round and rises to form a short neck at the rear. The

peristome Peristome (from the Greek language, Greek ''peri'', meaning 'around' or 'about', and ''stoma'', 'mouth') is an anatomical feature that surrounds an opening to an organ or structure. Some plants, fungi, and shelled gastropods have peristomes. In mo ...

is cylindrical in cross section, up to wide, and bears indistinct teeth. The inner portion of the peristome accounts for around 34% of its total cross-sectional surface length.Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plants. ''Journal of Evolutionary Biology'' 25(1): 90–102. A dense band of short white

s is present directly below the peristome, although these may be missing from pitchers that have caught

termite Termites are a group of detritivore, detritophagous Eusociality, eusocial cockroaches which consume a variety of Detritus, decaying plant material, generally in the form of wood, Plant litter, leaf litter, and Humus, soil humus. They are dist ...

s. The

gland A gland is a Cell (biology), cell or an Organ (biology), organ in an animal's body that produces and secretes different substances that the organism needs, either into the bloodstream or into a body cavity or outer surface. A gland may also funct ...

ular region covers the bulbous portion of the pitcher's inner surface. The lid or operculum is suborbicular and lacks appendages. An unbranched

spur A spur is a metal tool designed to be worn in pairs on the heels of riding boots for the purpose of directing a horse or other animal to move forward or laterally while riding. It is usually used to refine the riding aids (commands) and to ba ...

(≤ long) is inserted near the base of the lid. Upper pitchers are similar to their lower counterparts in most respects. They are cylindrical- infundibular throughout and have a pair of ribs in place of wings. ''Nepenthes albomarginata'' has a racemose

inflorescence In botany, an inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a plant's Plant stem, stem that is composed of a main branch or a system of branches. An inflorescence is categorized on the basis of the arrangement of flowers on a mai ...

that is usually longer in male plants. The peduncle is up to long, while the

rachis In biology, a rachis (from the [], "backbone, spine") is a main axis or "shaft". In zoology and microbiology In vertebrates, ''rachis'' can refer to the series of articulated vertebrae, which encase the spinal cord. In this case the ''rachi ...

reaches lengths of up to . Partial peduncles are one- or two-flowered, up to long, and lack a

bract In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves in size, color, shape or texture. They also lo ...

Sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 Etymology The term ''sepalum'' ...

s are obovate to oblong in shape and up to long. A study of 120

pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by most types of flowers of seed plants for the purpose of sexual reproduction. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced Gametophyte#Heterospory, microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm ...

samples taken from a herbarium specimen (''J.H.Adam 2417'', collected in Borneo at an altitude of ) found the mean pollen diameter to be ( SE = 0.4; CV = 6.2%). Most parts of the plant are covered in a dense

indumentum In biology, an indumentum (Latin, literally: "garment") is a covering of trichomes (fine "hairs") on a plant or of bristles (rarely scales) of an insect. Plants The indumentum on plants can have a wide variety of functions, including as ...

of very short, stellate white hairs. However, the underside of the lamina bears a dense covering of long hairs.

Ecology

''Nepenthes albomarginata'' is a widespread species, occurring in

, and

. It is also found on smaller islands such as

Nias Nias (, Nias: ''Tanö Niha'') is an island located off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Nias is also the name of the archipelago () of which the island is the centre, but also includes the Batu Islands to the southeast and the small ...

and

Penang Penang is a Malaysian state located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia along the Strait of Malacca. It has two parts: Penang Island, where the capital city, George Town, is located, and Seberang Perai on the Malay Peninsula. Th ...

.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. '' Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. It has an altitudinal distribution of 0–1200 m above sea level. Its typical habitat consists of ''kerangas'' forest, but it has also been recorded from the summit vegetation of lowland peaks. It is known from

peat Peat is an accumulation of partially Decomposition, decayed vegetation or organic matter. It is unique to natural areas called peatlands, bogs, mires, Moorland, moors, or muskegs. ''Sphagnum'' moss, also called peat moss, is one of the most ...

and

limestone Limestone is a type of carbonate rock, carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material Lime (material), lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different Polymorphism (materials science) ...

substrates.

Carnivory

''Nepenthes albomarginata'' is notable for specializing in

s; most of the species in the genus ''Nepenthes'' are unselective about their prey. According to

botanist Botany, also called plant science, is the branch of natural science and biology studying plants, especially Plant anatomy, their anatomy, Plant taxonomy, taxonomy, and Plant ecology, ecology. A botanist or plant scientist is a scientist who s ...

Marlis A. Merbach and coworkers, this specialization to a single prey taxon is unique amongst carnivorous plants.Merbach, M.A., D.J. Merbach, U. Maschwitz, W.E. Booth, B. Fiala & G. Zizka 2002
Mass march of termites into the deadly trap
''Nature'' 415: 36–37. ''Nepenthes albomarginata'' has a unique morphological feature: a rim of living white

s directly below the

. The rim's hairs tend to be missing from pitchers that have caught termites. Merbach said "For several days, nothing would happen, then — after a single night — pitchers would fill with termites and their rim hairs would disappear." Merbach investigated this phenomenon by placing fresh intact pitchers, together with pitchers with their white rims removed, near to the head of

foraging Foraging is searching for wild food resources. It affects an animal's fitness because it plays an important role in an animal's ability to survive and reproduce. Foraging theory is a branch of behavioral ecology that studies the foraging behavi ...

columns of the termite '' Hospitalitermes bicolor''. When the column found the pitcher, termites grazed on the rim. While grazing, many termites (both workers and soldiers) fell into the pitchers. Once in the pitcher, they were unable to climb out. Merbach counted up to 22 individuals per minute falling into the pitchers and noted that the capture rate could easily exceed this for denser columns. After about an hour, the hairs were all gone and the pitcher was evidently no longer attractive to termites (and was filled with termites trying to escape). It is not known how the trichomes lure termites to the plant. Merbach detected no long-range olfactory attraction during his experiments and noted that "all contacts seemed to happen by chance, with termites often missing pitchers less than 1 cm away from them." Merbach also points out that ''N. albomarginata'' is the only

plant Plants are the eukaryotes that form the Kingdom (biology), kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly Photosynthesis, photosynthetic. This means that they obtain their energy from sunlight, using chloroplasts derived from endosymbiosis with c ...

species to offer its tissue as a bait.

Related species

In 2001, Clarke performed a cladistic analysis of the ''Nepenthes'' species of Sumatra and

using 70 morphological characteristics of each taxon. The following is a portion of the resultant

cladogram A cladogram (from Greek language, Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an Phylogenetic tree, evolutionary tree because it does not s ...

, showing "Clade 6", which is only weakly supported at 50%. The sister pair of '' N. angasanensis'' and '' N. mikei'' has 79% support.

Infraspecific taxa

*''N. albomarginata'' f. ''sanguinea'' Toyoda ''ex'' Hinode-Kadan (1985) '' nom.nud.'' *''N. albomarginata'' var. ''rubra'' (Hort. ''ex'' Macfarl.) Macfarl. (1908)Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. ''Das Pflanzenreich IV'', III, Heft 36: 1–91. *''N. albomarginata'' var. ''tomentella'' ( Miq.)

Beck Beck David Hansen (born Bek David Campbell; July 8, 1970), known mononymously as Beck, is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer. He rose to fame in the early 1990s with his Experimental music, experimental and Lo-fi mus ...

(1895) Beck, G. 1895. Die Gattung ''Nepenthes''. ''Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung'' 20(3–6): 96–107, 141–150, 182–192, 217–229. *''N. albomarginata'' var. ''typica''

(1895) '' nom.illeg.'' *''N. albomarginata'' var. ''villosa'' Hook.f. (1873) Hooker, J.D. 1873. Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ. In: A. de Candolle '' Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis'' 17: 90–105.

Natural hybrids

*''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. ampullaria''Clarke, C.M. 1997. '' Nepenthes of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. *? ''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. chaniana''McPherson, S.R. 2009. ''

Pitcher Plants of the Old World ''Pitcher Plants of the Old World'' is a two-volume monograph by Stewart McPherson on the pitcher plants of the genera '' Nepenthes'' and '' Cephalotus''. It was published in May 2009 by Redfern Natural History Productions and covers all species ...

''. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. clipeata'' *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. eustachya''Clarke, C.M. 2001. ''

Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia ''Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia'' is a monograph by Charles Clarke on the tropical pitcher plants of Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, and their minor surrounding islands. It was published in 2001 by Natural History Publications (Born ...

''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. gracilis'' *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. hirsuta'' *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. macrovulgaris'' *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. northiana'' N. × cincta''">Nepenthes_x_cincta.html" ;"title="'' N. × cincta''ref name=Clarke97 /> *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. rafflesiana'' *''N. albomarginata'' × '' N. reinwardtiana'' N. × ferrugineomarginata''">Nepenthes reinwardtiana">N. reinwardtiana'' [=''Nepenthes x ferrugineomarginata">N. × ferrugineomarginata''ref name=Clarke97 /> *? ''N. albomarginata'' × ''Nepenthes sanguinea">N. sanguinea''Shivas, R.G. 1985
Variation in ''Nepenthes albo-marginata''.
''

Carnivorous Plant Newsletter The ''Carnivorous Plant Newsletter'' is the official publication of the International Carnivorous Plant Society (ICPS), the largest such organization in the world. It is headquartered in Walnut Creek, California. History and editorship The news ...

'' 14(1): 13–14. *''N. albomarginata'' × ''Nepenthes veitchii, N. veitchii''

''N. albomarginata'' × ''N. northiana''

''Nepenthes × cincta'' is a rare plant and, due to the localised distribution of ''N. northiana'', only grows at a few sites in Bau,

Sarawak Sarawak ( , ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. It is the largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia. Sarawak is located in East Malaysia in northwest Borneo, and is ...

, usually on a substrate of

. The traits of ''N. albomarginata'' are very dominant in this hybrid; the wide flared peristome of its larger parent species (''N. northiana'') is almost completely lost. Pitchers are narrowly infundibulate (funnel-shaped) throughout and range in colour from cream to dusky purple with red or black spots.Clarke, C.M. & C.C. Lee 2004. '' Pitcher Plants of Sarawak''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

''N. albomarginata'' × ''N. reinwardtiana''

Its natural range covers the islands

and

. The

type specimen In biology, a type is a particular wikt:en:specimen, specimen (or in some cases a group of specimens) of an organism to which the scientific name of that organism is formally associated. In other words, a type is an example that serves to ancho ...

was collected by Shigeo Kurata in Kenukat,

West Kalimantan West Kalimantan () is a province of Indonesia. It is one of five Indonesian provinces comprising Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. Its capital and largest city is Pontianak. It is bordered by East Kalimantan and Central ...

, in 1981. Kurata described the hybrid the following year.

References

* nonymous1877
Reports of Societies. Royal Horticultural
''The Gardeners' Chronicle'' 8(197): 441. * nonymous1883
Mr. A. E. Ratcliff's ''Nepenthes''
''The Gardeners' Chronicle'' 20(497): 18–19. * Adam, J.H. 1997
Prey spectra of Bornean ''Nepenthes'' species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat.
''Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science'' 20(2–3): 121–134. * Beveridge, N.G.P., C. Rauch, P.J.A. Keßler, R.R. van Vugt & P.C. van Welzen 2013. A new way to identify living species of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae): more data needed! ''

'' 42(4): 122–128. * Blondeau, G. 2001. ''Nepenthes albomarginata''. In: ''Les Plantes Carnivores''. De Vecchi, Paris. p. 69. * Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of ''Nepenthes'' carnivorous plants. ''New Phytologist'' 191(2): 545–554. * * Dixon, W.E. 1889
''Nepenthes''.
''The Gardeners' Chronicle'', series 3, 6(144): 354. * Fashing, N.J. 2010
Two novel adaptations for dispersal in the mite family Histiostomatidae (Astigmata).
In: M.W. Sabelis & J. Bruin (eds.)
Trends in Acarology: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress
'. Springer Science, Dordrecht. pp. 81–84. * Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. '' A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra''. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor. * Hooker, J.D. 1859
XXXV. On the origin and development of the pitchers of ''Nepenthes'', with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus
''The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London'' 22(4): 415–424. * Kato, M., M. Hotta, R. Tamin & T. Itino 1993. Inter- and intra-specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in ''Nepenthes'' pitchers in Sumatra. ''Tropical Zoology'' 6(1): 11–25
Abstract
* Kitching, R.L. 2000
''Food Webs and Container Habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata''
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. * Kurniawati, R. 2010
Serangga yang terdapat pada kantong ''Nepenthes albomarginata'' T. Lobb ex Lindl. dan ''Nepenthes eustachya'' Miq. di Kawasan Cagar Alam Lembah Harau Kabupaten Limapuluh Kota.
Thesis, Andalas University, Padang. * Kurup, R., A.J. Johnson, S. Sankar, A.A. Hussain, C.S. Kumar & S. Baby 2013. Fluorescent prey traps in carnivorous plants. ''Plant Biology'' 15(3): 611–615. * Lecoufle, M. 1990. ''Nepenthes albo-marginata''. In: ''Carnivorous Plants: Care and Cultivation''. Blandford, London. pp. 128–129. * Lee, C.C. 2000
Recent ''Nepenthes'' Discoveries

ideo IDEO () is a design firm, design and consulting firm with offices in the U.S., England, and China. It was founded in Palo Alto, California, in 1991. The company's 500 staff uses a design thinking approach to design products, services, environmen ...

The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA. * Macák, M. 1998
Portréty rostlin - ''Nepenthes albomarginata''
'' Trifid'' 1998(3–4): 57–59.
page 2page 3
* Macfarlane, J.M. 1914
Family XCVI. Nepenthaceæ.
p. 279–288In: J.S. Gamble
Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 24.
''Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'' 75(3): 279–391. * Mansur, M. 2001
Koleksi ''Nepenthes'' di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.
In: ''Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional''. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253. * Mansur, M. 2007. Keanekaragaman jenis ''Nepenthes'' (kantong semar) dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah. iversity of lowland ''Nepenthes'' (kantong semar) in Central Kalimantan.''Berita Biologi'' 8(5): 335–341
Abstract
* Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008
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''Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan'' 9(3): 271–276. * Masters, M.T. 1872
The cultivated species of ''Nepenthes''.
''The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette'' 1872(16): 540–542. * McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. '' Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. * Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. ''Plant Biology'' 3(2): 164–175. * Meimberg, H. 2002.�
Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l..
Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich. * Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. ''Plant Biology'' 8(6): 831–840. * Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the ''trnK'' intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 39(2): 478–490. * Merbach, M.A., G. Zizka, B. Fiala, U. Maschwitz & W.E. Booth 2001
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''Annals of Botany'' 83: 521–528. * Murniati, Syamswisna & A. Nurdini 2013
Pembuatan ''flash card'' dari hasil inventarisasi ''Nepenthes'' di hutan adat desa Teluk Bakung
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* Nurita, E. 2010
Mikrosporogenesis pada kantung semar (''Nepenthes albomarginata'' T.Lobb ex Lindl).
Thesis, Andalas University, Padang. * Osunkoya, O.O., S.D. Daud & F.L. Wimmer 2008. Longevity, lignin content and construction cost of the assimilatory organs of ''Nepenthes'' species. ''Annals of Botany'' 102(5): 845–853. * Renner, T. & C.D. Specht 2011. A sticky situation: assessing adaptations for plant carnivory in the Caryophyllales by means of stochastic character mapping. ''International Journal of Plant Sciences'' 172(7): 889–901. * Riedel, M., A. Eichner, H. Meimberg & R. Jetter 2007. Chemical composition of epicuticular wax crystals on the slippery zone in pitchers of five ''Nepenthes'' species and hybrids. ''Planta'' 225(6): 1517–1534. * Shivas, R.G. 1984. ''Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore''. Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur. * Smythies, B.E. 1965. The distribution and ecology of pitcher-plants (''Nepenthes'') in Sarawak. UNESCO Humid Tropics Symposium, June–July 1963, Kuching, Sarawak. * Sukamto, L.A. 2005
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In: ''Laporan Teknik Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI''. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 433–438. * Syamsuardi & R. Tamin 1994
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Project report, Andalas University, Padang. * Syamsuardi 1995
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Numerical classification of pitcher plants (''Nepenthes'') in West Sumatra.] ''Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam'' 4(1): 48–57. * Takeuchi, Y., M.M. Salcher, M. Ushio, R. Shimizu-Inatsugi, M.J. Kobayashi, B. Diway, C. von Mering, J. Pernthaler & K.K. Shimizu 2011. ''In situ'' enzyme activity in the dissolved and particulate fraction of the fluid from four pitcher plant species of the genus ''Nepenthes''. ''PLoS ONE'' 6(9): e25144. * Thorogood, C. 2010. '' The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives''. Nova Science Publishers, New York. * Wan, A.S., R.T. Aexel, R.B. Ramsey & H.J. Nicholas 1972. Nepenthaceae: sterols and triterpenes of the pitcher plant. ''Phytochemistry'' 11(1): 456–461.

External links

Photographs of ''N. albomarginata ''
at the Carnivorous Plant Photofinder

{{Taxonbar, from=Q137234 Carnivorous plants of Asia albomarginata Flora of Borneo Flora of Peninsular Malaysia Flora of Sumatra Conservation dependent plants