Nelson Algren
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Nelson Algren (born Nelson Ahlgren Abraham; March 28, 1909 – May 9, 1981) was an American writer. His 1949 novel '' The Man with the Golden Arm'' won the
National Book Award The National Book Awards (NBA) are a set of annual U.S. literary awards. At the final National Book Awards Ceremony every November, the National Book Foundation presents the National Book Awards and two lifetime achievement awards to authors. ...
and was adapted as the 1955 film of the same name. Algren articulated the world of "drunks, pimps, prostitutes, freaks, drug addicts, prize fighters, corrupt politicians, and hoodlums".
Art Shay Art Shay (March 31, 1922 – April 28, 2018) was an American photographer and writer. Biography Born in 1922, Shay grew up in the Bronx and then served as a navigator in the U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II, during which he flew 52 bomber ...
singled out a poem Algren wrote from the perspective of a "halfy," street slang for a legless man on wheels. Shay said that Algren considered this poem to be a key to everything he had ever written. The protagonist talks about "how forty wheels rolled over his legs and how he was ready to strap up and give death a wrestle." According to Harold Augenbraum, "in the late 1940s and early 1950s he was one of the best known literary writers in America." The lover of French writer
Simone de Beauvoir Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (, ; ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French existentialist philosopher, writer, social theorist, and feminist activist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, nor was she ...
, he is featured in her novel '' The Mandarins'', set in Paris and Chicago. He was called "a sort of bard of the down-and-outer""1950"
Harold Augenbraum and Rachel Kushner. ''60 Years of Honoring Great American Books'' (book-a-day blog), June 18, 2009. National Book Foundation. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
Augenbraum was the executive director of the National Book Foundation, marking the 60-year anniversary of the
National Book Award for Fiction The National Book Award for Fiction is one of five annual National Book Awards, which recognize outstanding literary work by United States citizens. Since 1987, the awards have been administered and presented by the National Book Foundation, bu ...
, as resumed after the war. Algren won the first one.
based on this book, but also on his short stories in ''
The Neon Wilderness ''The Neon Wilderness'' (1947) is the first short-story collection by American writer Nelson Algren. Two of its stories had received an O. Henry Award. Algren received an award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters the same year. Ov ...
'' (1947) and his novel '' A Walk on the Wild Side'' (1956). The latter was adapted as the 1962 film of the same name (directed by
Edward Dmytryk Edward Dmytryk (September 4, 1908 – July 1, 1999) was a Canadian-born American film director and editor. He was known for his 1940s films noir, noir films and received an Academy Award for Best Director, Oscar nomination for Best Director for ...
, screenplay by John Fante).


Life

Algren was born in
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, Michigan, the son of Goldie (née Kalisher) and Gerson Abraham. At the age of three, he moved with his parents to
Chicago, Illinois Chicago is the List of municipalities in Illinois, most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the List of Unite ...
, where they lived in a working-class, immigrant neighborhood on the South Side. His father was the son of a Swedish convert to
Judaism Judaism () is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic, Monotheism, monotheistic, ethnic religion that comprises the collective spiritual, cultural, and legal traditions of the Jews, Jewish people. Religious Jews regard Judaism as their means of o ...
and of a German Jewish woman, and his mother was of
German Jewish The history of the Jews in Germany goes back at least to the year 321 CE, and continued through the Early Middle Ages (5th to 10th centuries CE) and High Middle Ages (c. 1000–1299 CE) when Jewish immigrants founded the Ashkenazi Jewish commu ...
descent. (She owned a candy store on the South Side.) When he was young, Algren's family lived at 7139 S. South Park Avenue (now S. Martin Luther King Jr. Drive) in the Greater Grand Crossing section of the South Side. When he was eight, his family moved from the far South Side to an apartment at 4834 N. Troy Street, in the North Side neighborhood of Albany Park. His father worked as an auto mechanic nearby on North Kedzie Avenue. In his essay '' Chicago: City on the Make'', Algren added autobiographical details: he recalled being teased by neighborhood children after moving to Troy Street because he was a fan of the South Side
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. Despite living most of his life on the North Side, Algren never changed his affiliation and remained a White Sox fan. Algren was educated in Chicago's public schools, graduated from Hibbard High School (now Roosevelt High School) and went on to study at the
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC, U of I, Illinois, or University of Illinois) is a public land-grant research university in the Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area, Illinois, United States. Established in 1867, it is the f ...
, graduating with a
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in
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during the
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in 1931. During his time at the University of Illinois, he wrote for the ''
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'' student newspaper.


Literary career and marriage

Algren wrote his first story, "So Help Me", in 1933, while he was in Texas working at a gas station. Before returning to Chicago, he was caught stealing a typewriter from an empty classroom at Sul Ross State University in Alpine. He boarded a train for his getaway but was apprehended and returned to Alpine. He was held in jail for nearly five months and faced a possible additional three years in prison. He was released, but the incident made a deep impression on him. It deepened his identification with outsiders, has-beens, and the general failures who later populated his fictional world. In 1935 Algren won the first of his three O. Henry Awards for his short story, "The Brother's House." The story was first published in '' Story'' magazine and was reprinted in an anthology of O. Henry Award winners. His first novel, '' Somebody in Boots'' (1935), was later dismissed by Algren as primitive and politically naive, claiming he infused it with
Marxist Marxism is a political philosophy and method of socioeconomic analysis. It uses a dialectical and materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to analyse class relations, social conflic ...
ideas he little understood, because they were fashionable at the time. The book was unsuccessful and went out of print. Algren married Amanda Kontowicz in 1937. He had met her at a party celebrating the publication of '' Somebody in Boots''. They eventually would divorce and remarry before divorcing a second and final time. His second novel, ''Never Come Morning'' (1942), was described by Andrew O'Hagan in 2019 as "the book that really shows the Algren style in its first great flourishing." It portrays the dead-end life of a doomed young
Polish-American Polish Americans () are Americans who either have total or partial Polish ancestry, or are citizens of the Republic of Poland. There are an estimated 8.81 million self-identified Polish Americans, representing about 2.67% of the U.S. population, ...
boxer turned criminal.
Ernest Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway ( ; July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer and journalist. Known for an economical, understated style that influenced later 20th-century writers, he has been romanticized fo ...
, in a July 8, 1942, letter to his publisher Maxwell Perkins, said of the novel: "I think it very, very good. It is as fine and good stuff to come out of Chicago." The novel offended members of Chicago's large Polish-American community, some of whose members denounced it as pro-
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propaganda. Not knowing that Algren was of partly Jewish descent, some incensed Polish-American Chicagoans said he was pro-
Nazi Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During H ...
Nordic. His Polish-American critics persuaded Mayor Edward Joseph Kelly to ban the novel from the
Chicago Public Library The Chicago Public Library (CPL) is the public library system that serves the Chicago, City of Chicago in the U.S. state of Illinois. It consists of 81 locations, including a central library, three regional libraries, and branches distributed thr ...
.


Military service

Algren served as a private in the
European Theater The European theatre of World War II was one of the two main Theater (warfare), theatres of combat during World War II, taking place from September 1939 to May 1945. The Allies of World War II, Allied powers (including the United Kingdom, the ...
of
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
as a litter bearer. Despite being a college graduate, he was denied entry into Officer Candidate School. There is conjecture that it may have been due to suspicion regarding his political beliefs, but his criminal conviction would have most likely excluded him from OCS. According to Bettina Drew in her 1989 biography ''Nelson Algren: A Life on the Wild Side'', Algren had no desire to serve in the war but was drafted in 1943. An indifferent soldier, he dealt on the
black market A black market is a Secrecy, clandestine Market (economics), market or series of transactions that has some aspect of illegality, or is not compliant with an institutional set of rules. If the rule defines the set of goods and services who ...
while he was stationed in France. He received a bad beating by some fellow black marketeers.


Fame

Algren's first short-story collection, ''
The Neon Wilderness ''The Neon Wilderness'' (1947) is the first short-story collection by American writer Nelson Algren. Two of its stories had received an O. Henry Award. Algren received an award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters the same year. Ov ...
'' (1947), collected 24 stories from 1933 to 1947. The same year, Algren received an award from the
American Academy of Arts and Letters The American Academy of Arts and Letters is a 300-member honor society whose goal is to "foster, assist, and sustain excellence" in American literature, Music of the United States, music, and Visual art of the United States, art. Its fixed number ...
and a grant from Chicago's
Newberry Library The Newberry Library is an independent research library, specializing in the humanities. It is located in Chicago, Illinois, and has been free and open to the public since 1887. The Newberry's mission is to foster a deeper understanding of our wo ...
. It was in that same year that Algren had an affair with
Simone de Beauvoir Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (, ; ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French existentialist philosopher, writer, social theorist, and feminist activist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, nor was she ...
. Mary Guggenheim, who had been Algren's lover, recommended De Beauvoir visit Algren in Chicago. The couple would summer together in Algren's cottage in the lake front community of Miller Beach, Indiana, and also travel to
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together in 1949. In her novel '' The Mandarins'' (1954), Beauvoir wrote of Algren (who is 'Lewis Brogan' in the book):
At first I found it amusing meeting in the flesh that classic American species: self-made leftist writer. Now, I began taking an interest in Brogan. Through his stories, you got the feeling that he claimed no rights to life and that nevertheless he had always had a passionate desire to live. I liked that mixture of modesty and eagerness.
Algren and Beauvoir eventually became disenchanted with each other, and a bitter Algren wrote of Beauvoir and Sartre in a ''
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'' magazine article about a trip he took to
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with Beauvoir, that she and Sartre were bigger users of others than a prostitute and her pimp in their way. Algren's next novel, '' The Man with the Golden Arm'' (1949), would become his best known work. It won the
National Book Award for Fiction The National Book Award for Fiction is one of five annual National Book Awards, which recognize outstanding literary work by United States citizens. Since 1987, the awards have been administered and presented by the National Book Foundation, bu ...
in 1950."National Book Awards – 1950"
National Book Foundation The National Book Foundation (NBF) is an American nonprofit organization established with the goal "to raise the cultural appreciation of great writing in America." Established in 1989 by National Book Awards, Inc.,Edwin McDowell. "Book Notes: ...
. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
(With essays by Rachel Kushne and Harold Augenbraum from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.)
The protagonist of the book, Frankie Machine, is an aspiring drummer who is a dealer in illicit card games. Frankie is trapped in
demimonde is a French 19th-century term referring to women on the fringes of respectable society, and specifically to courtesans supported by wealthy lovers. The term is French for "half-world", and derives from an 1855 play called , by Alexandre Dumas ...
Chicago, having picked up a
morphine Morphine, formerly also called morphia, is an opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin produced by drying the latex of opium poppies (''Papaver somniferum''). It is mainly used as an analgesic (pain medication). There are ...
habit during his brief military service during
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
. He is married to a woman whom he mistakenly believes became crippled in a car accident he caused. Algren's next book, '' Chicago: City on the Make'' (1951), was a scathing essay that outraged the city's boosters but portrayed the back alleys of the city, its dispossessed, its corrupt politicians and its swindlers. Algren also declared his love of the City as a "lovely so real". ''The Man With the Golden Arm'' was adapted as a 1955 movie of the same name, starring
Frank Sinatra Francis Albert Sinatra (; December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998) was an American singer and actor. Honorific nicknames in popular music, Nicknamed the "Chairman of the Board" and "Ol' Blue Eyes", he is regarded as one of the Time 100: The Most I ...
and directed and produced by
Otto Preminger Otto Ludwig Preminger ( ; ; 5 December 1905 – 23 April 1986) was an Austrian Americans, Austrian-American film and theatre director, film producer, and actor. He directed more than 35 feature films in a five-decade career after leaving the the ...
. Algren soon withdrew from direct involvement. It was a commercial success but Algren loathed the film. He sued Preminger seeking an injunction to stop him from claiming ownership of the property as "An Otto Preminger film", but he soon withdrew his suit for financial reasons. In the fall of 1955, Algren was interviewed for ''
The Paris Review ''The Paris Review'' is a quarterly English-language literary magazine established in Paris in 1953 by Harold L. Humes, Peter Matthiessen, and George Plimpton. In its first five years, ''The Paris Review'' published new works by Jack Kerouac, ...
'' by rising author Terry Southern. Algren and Southern became friends through this meeting and remained in touch for many years. Algren became one of Southern's most enthusiastic early supporters and, when he taught creative writing in later years, he often used Southern as an example of a great short story writer. Algren had another commercial success with the novel '' A Walk on the Wild Side'' (1956). He reworked some of the material from his first novel, ''Somebody in Boots'', as well as picking up elements from several published short stories, such as his 1947 "The Face on the Barroom Floor". The novel was about a wandering Texan adrift during the early years of the
Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic reductions in industrial production and international trade, and widespread bank and ...
. He said it was superior to the earlier book. It was adapted as the 1962 movie of the same name. Some critics thought the film
bowdlerized An expurgation of a work, also known as a bowdlerization, is a form of censorship that involves purging anything deemed noxious or offensive from an artistic work or other type of writing or media. The term ''bowdlerization'' is often used in th ...
the book, and it was not commercially successful.


Decline and second marriage

''A Walk on the Wild Side'' was Algren's last commercial success. He turned to teaching creative writing at the
University of Iowa The University of Iowa (U of I, UIowa, or Iowa) is a public university, public research university in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. Founded in 1847, it is the oldest and largest university in the state. The University of Iowa is organized int ...
's Writers Workshop to supplement his income. In 1965, he met Betty Ann Jones while teaching at the Writers Workshop. They married that year and divorced in 1967. According to
Kurt Vonnegut Kurt Vonnegut ( ; November 11, 1922 – April 11, 2007) was an American author known for his Satire, satirical and darkly humorous novels. His published work includes fourteen novels, three short-story collections, five plays, and five nonfict ...
, who taught with him at Iowa in 1965, Algren's "enthusiasm for writing, reading and gambling left little time for the duties of a married man." Algren played a small part in
Philip Kaufman Philip Kaufman (born October 23, 1936) is an American film director and screenwriter who has directed fifteen films over a career spanning nearly five decades. He has received numerous accolades including a BAFTA Award along with nominations fo ...
's underground comedy '' Fearless Frank'' (1967) as a mobster named Needles. In 1968, he signed the
Writers and Editors War Tax Protest Tax resistance, the practice of refusing to pay taxes that are considered unjust, has probably existed ever since rulers began imposing taxes on their subjects. It has been suggested that tax resistance played a significant role in the collapse o ...
pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the
Vietnam War The Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) was an armed conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia fought between North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) and their allies. North Vietnam w ...
. According to Bettina Drew's biography, Algren angled for a journalism job in
South Vietnam South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam (RVN; , VNCH), was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975. It first garnered Diplomatic recognition, international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the ...
. Strapped for cash more than a decade after his only two commercially successful novels, he saw Vietnam as an opportunity to make money, not from journalism fees but dealing on the black market.


Hurricane Carter and Paterson, New Jersey

In 1975, Algren was commissioned to write a magazine article about the trial of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, the prize fighter who had been found guilty of double murder. While researching the article, Algren visited Carter's hometown of
Paterson, New Jersey Paterson ( ) is the largest City (New Jersey), city in and the county seat of Passaic County, New Jersey, Passaic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.Sag Harbor,
Long Island Long Island is a densely populated continental island in southeastern New York (state), New York state, extending into the Atlantic Ocean. It constitutes a significant share of the New York metropolitan area in both population and land are ...
. He died of a heart attack at home on May 9, 1981. He is buried in Oakland Cemetery, Sag Harbor,
Long Island Long Island is a densely populated continental island in southeastern New York (state), New York state, extending into the Atlantic Ocean. It constitutes a significant share of the New York metropolitan area in both population and land are ...
.


Posthumously published works

After Algren died, it was discovered that the article about Hurricane Carter had grown into a novel, ''The Devil's Stocking'', which was published posthumously in 1983. In September 1996, the book '' Nonconformity'' was published by Seven Stories Press, presenting Algren's view of the difficulties surrounding the 1956 film adaptation of ''The Man With the Golden Arm''. ''Nonconformity'' also presents the belief system behind Algren's writing and a call to writers everywhere to investigate the dark and represent the ignored. ''The Neon Wilderness'' and ''The Last Carousel'' were also reprinted by Seven Stories Press and recognized as the
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Editors' Best Reprints of 1997. In 2009, Seven Stories then published ''Entrapment and Other Writings'', a major collection of previously unpublished writings that included two early short stories, "Forgive Them, Lord," and "The Lightless Room," and the long unfinished novel fragment referenced in the book's title. In 2019, Blackstone Audio released the complete library of Algren's books as audiobooks. And in 2020 Olive Films released ''Nelson Algren Live'', a performance film of Algren's life and work starring
Willem Dafoe William James "Willem" Dafoe ( ; born July 22, 1955) is an American actor. Known for his prolific career portraying diverse roles in both mainstream and arthouse films, he is the recipient of various accolades including a Volpi Cup Award for ...
and Barry Gifford, among others, produced by the Seven Stories Institute.


Political views and FBI surveillance

Algren's friend Stuart McCarrell described him as a "gut radical," who generally sided with the downtrodden but was uninterested in ideological debates and politically inactive for most of his life. McCarrell states that Algren's heroes were the "prairie radicals"
Theodore Dreiser Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser (; August 27, 1871 – December 28, 1945) was an American novelist and journalist of the naturalism (literature), naturalist school. His novels often featured main characters who succeeded at their objectives despi ...
, John Peter Altgeld,
Clarence Darrow Clarence Seward Darrow (; April 18, 1857 – March 13, 1938) was an American lawyer who became famous in the 19th century for high-profile representations of trade union causes, and in the 20th century for several criminal matters, including the ...
and Eugene V. Debs.Stuart McCarrell, "Nelson Algren's Politics," in Algren references all of these men – as well as Big Bill Haywood, the Haymarket defendants and the Memorial Day Massacre victims – in '' Chicago: City on the Make''. Algren told McCarrell that he never joined the Communist Party, despite its appeal to artists and intellectuals during the
Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic reductions in industrial production and international trade, and widespread bank and ...
. Among other reasons, he cited negative experiences both he and Richard Wright had with party members. However, his involvement in groups deemed "subversive" during the McCarthy years drew the attention of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic Intelligence agency, intelligence and Security agency, security service of the United States and Federal law enforcement in the United States, its principal federal law enforcement ag ...
(FBI). Among his affiliations, he was a participant in the John Reed Club in the 1930s and later an honorary co-chair of the "Save Ethel and Julius Rosenberg Committee" in Chicago.Daniel Simon, "Algren's Question," in According to Herbert Mitgang, the FBI suspected Algren's political views and kept a dossier on him amounting to more than 500 pages but identified nothing concretely subversive. During the 1950s, Algren wished to travel to Paris with his romantic companion,
Simone de Beauvoir Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (, ; ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French existentialist philosopher, writer, social theorist, and feminist activist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, nor was she ...
, but due to government surveillance his passport applications were denied. When he finally did get a passport in 1960, McCarrell concludes that "it was too late. By then the relationship ith de Beauvoirhad changed subtly but decisively."


Algren and Chicago Polonia

Algren described Ashland Avenue as figuratively connecting Chicago to
Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
in Poland.Shay, Art. ''Nelson Algren's Chicago'', University of Illinois Press 1988, p. 118 His own life involved the Polish community of Chicago in many ways, including his first wife Amanda Kontowicz. His friend
Art Shay Art Shay (March 31, 1922 – April 28, 2018) was an American photographer and writer. Biography Born in 1922, Shay grew up in the Bronx and then served as a navigator in the U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II, during which he flew 52 bomber ...
wrote about Algren, who while gambling, listened to old Polish love songs sung by an elderly waitress.Shay, p. 119 The city's
Polish Downtown Polish Downtown was Chicago's oldest and most prominent Polish settlement. Polish Downtown was the political, cultural and social capital of Poles in Chicago and of other Polish Americans throughout North America. Centered on Polonia Triangle ...
, where he lived for years, played a significant part in his literary output. Polish bars that Algren frequented in his gambling, such as the Bit of Poland on Milwaukee Avenue, figured in such writings as '' Never Come Morning'' and ''The Man With the Golden Arm''. His novel ''Never Come Morning'' was published several years after the
invasion of Poland The invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Second Polish Republic, Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak R ...
by
Nazi Germany Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German Reich, German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a Totalit ...
and the
Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
, a period when Poles, like Jews, were labeled an inferior race by
Nazi ideology Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During Hitler's rise to power, it was freque ...
. Chicago's
Polish-American Polish Americans () are Americans who either have total or partial Polish ancestry, or are citizens of the Republic of Poland. There are an estimated 8.81 million self-identified Polish Americans, representing about 2.67% of the U.S. population, ...
leaders thought ''Never Come Morning'' played on these anti-Polish stereotypes, and launched a sustained campaign against the book through the Polish press, the
Polish Roman Catholic Union of America The Polish Roman Catholic Union of America (PRCUA) (in Polish: ''Zjednoczenie Polskie Rzymsko-Katolickie w Ameryce'') is the oldest Polish American organization in the United States. Currently licensed to sell its products in 27 states, it is a ...
, and other Polish-American institutions. Articles appeared in the local Polish newspapers and letters were sent to Mayor Ed Kelly, the
Chicago Public Library The Chicago Public Library (CPL) is the public library system that serves the Chicago, City of Chicago in the U.S. state of Illinois. It consists of 81 locations, including a central library, three regional libraries, and branches distributed thr ...
, and Algren's publisher,
Harper & Brothers Harper is an American publishing house, the flagship Imprint (trade name), imprint of global publisher HarperCollins, based in New York City. Founded in New York in 1817 by James Harper (publisher), James Harper and his brother John, the compan ...
. The general tone of the campaign is suggested by a ''Zgoda'' editorial that attacked his character and mental state, saw readers who got free copies as victims of a Nazi-financed plot, and said the novel proved a deep desire to harm ethnic Poles on Algren's part. The Polish American Council sent a copy of a resolution condemning the novel to the FBI. Algren and his publisher defended against these accusations, with the author telling a library meeting that the book was about the effects of poverty, regardless of national background. The mayor had the novel removed from the
Chicago Public Library The Chicago Public Library (CPL) is the public library system that serves the Chicago, City of Chicago in the U.S. state of Illinois. It consists of 81 locations, including a central library, three regional libraries, and branches distributed thr ...
system, and it apparently remained absent for at least 20 years. At least two later efforts to commemorate Algren in Polish Downtown echoed the attacks on the novels. Shortly after his death in 1981, his last Chicago residence at 1958 West Evergreen Street was noted by Chicago journalist
Mike Royko Michael Royko Jr. (September 19, 1932 – April 29, 1997) was an American newspaper columnist from Chicago, Illinois. Over his 42-year career, he wrote more than 7,500 daily columns for the '' Chicago Daily News'', the ''Chicago Sun-Times'', an ...
. The walk-up apartment just east of Damen Avenue in the former Polish Downtown neighborhood of West Town was in an area that had been dominated by Polish immigrants and was once one of Chicago's toughest and most crowded neighborhoods. The renaming of Evergreen Street to Algren Street caused controversy and was almost immediately reversed. In 1998, Algren enthusiasts instigated the renaming after Algren of the
Polish Triangle Polonia Triangle (), or the Polish Triangle, is a plaza located in West Town, Chicago, West Town, in what had been the historical Polish Downtown (Chicago), Polish Downtown area of Chicago. A single-tiered fountain made of black iron with a bowl ...
in what had been the center of the Polish Downtown. Replacing the plaza's traditional name, the director of the Polish Museum of America predicted, would obliterate the history of Chicago ethnic Poles and insult ethnic Polish institutions and local businesses. In the end a compromise was reached where the Triangle kept its older name and a newly installed fountain was named after Algren and inscribed with a quotation about the city's working people protecting its essence, from Algren's essay " Chicago: City on the Make".


Hoax broadcast

A passage featured in Algren's book ''The Devil's Stocking'' (1983) was broadcast on TV some six years earlier during the Southern Television hoax in the UK which generated international publicity when students interrupted the regular broadcast through the Hannington transmitter of the
Independent Broadcasting Authority The Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) was the regulatory body in the United Kingdom for commercial television ( ITV and Channel 4 and limited satellite television regulation – cable television was the responsibility of the Cable Author ...
for six minutes on November 26, 1977. Issue No. 24 of '' Fortean Times'' (Winter 1977) transcribed the hoaxer's message as:
This is the voice of Asteron. I am an authorized representative of the Intergalactic Mission and I have a message for the planet Earth. We are beginning to enter the period of Aquarius and there are many corrections which have to be made by Earth people. All your weapons of evil must be destroyed. You have only a short time to live to learn to live together in peace. You must live in peace or leave the galaxy.
''The Devil's Stocking'' is Algren's fictionalized account of the trial of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter, a real-life prize-fighter who had been found guilty of double murder, about whom Algren had written a magazine article for ''
Esquire Esquire (, ; abbreviated Esq.) is usually a courtesy title. In the United Kingdom, ''esquire'' historically was a title of respect accorded to men of higher social rank, particularly members of the landed gentry above the rank of gentleman ...
'' in 1975. In the book, as a period of unrest within the prison begins, the character 'Kenyatta' gives a speech closely mirroring the ''Fortean Times'' transcript of the 1977 hoax, and those of other American newspaper reports of the broadcast. The passage in Algren's book says:
I am an authorized representative of the Intergalactic Mission," Kenyatta finally disclosed his credentials. "I have a message for the Planet Earth. We are beginning to enter the period of Aquarius. Many corrections have to be made by Earth people. All your weapons of evil must be destroyed. You have only a short time to learn to live together in peace. You must live in peace" – here he paused to gain everybody's attention – "you must live in peace or leave the galaxy!"


Honors and awards

Algren won his first O. Henry Award for his short story "The Brother's House" (published in '' Story Magazine'') in 1935. His short stories "A Bottle of Milk for Mother (Biceps)" (published in the '' Southern Review'') and "The Captain is Impaled" (''
Harper's Magazine ''Harper's Magazine'' is a monthly magazine of literature, politics, culture, finance, and the arts. Launched in New York City in June 1850, it is the oldest continuously published monthly magazine in the United States. ''Harper's Magazine'' has ...
'') were O. Henry Award winners in 1941 and 1950, respectively. None of the stories won the first, second or third place awards but were included in the annual collection of O. Henry Award stories. '' The Man with the Golden Arm'' won the
National Book Award for Fiction The National Book Award for Fiction is one of five annual National Book Awards, which recognize outstanding literary work by United States citizens. Since 1987, the awards have been administered and presented by the National Book Foundation, bu ...
in 1950. In 1947 Algren won an Arts and Letters Award from the National Institute of Arts and Letters, the forerunner to the
American Academy of Arts and Letters The American Academy of Arts and Letters is a 300-member honor society whose goal is to "foster, assist, and sustain excellence" in American literature, Music of the United States, music, and Visual art of the United States, art. Its fixed number ...
. In 1974 the Institute awarded him the Award of Merit Medal for the novel. And three months before he died in 1981, Algren was elected to the Academy of Arts and Letters. Algren was also honored in 1998 with the Nelson Algren Fountain located in Chicago's
Polish Triangle Polonia Triangle (), or the Polish Triangle, is a plaza located in West Town, Chicago, West Town, in what had been the historical Polish Downtown (Chicago), Polish Downtown area of Chicago. A single-tiered fountain made of black iron with a bowl ...
, in what had been the heart of
Polish Downtown Polish Downtown was Chicago's oldest and most prominent Polish settlement. Polish Downtown was the political, cultural and social capital of Poles in Chicago and of other Polish Americans throughout North America. Centered on Polonia Triangle ...
, the area that figured as the inspiration for much of his work. Appropriately enough, Division Street, Algren's favorite street as well as the onetime ''Polish Broadway'', runs right past it. In 2010, Algren was posthumously inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame.


In popular culture


In literature and publications

*In his 1967 novella, '' Trout Fishing in America'',
Richard Brautigan Richard Gary Brautigan (January 30, 1935) was an American novelist, poet, and short story writer. He wrote throughout his life and published ten novels, two collections of short stories, and four books of poetry. Brautigan's work has been publi ...
writes about crating up and mailing a crippled wino (Trout Fishing in America Shorty) to Nelson Algren. *In 2011, literary publication '' 3:AM Magazine'' named Algren a cult hero.


In music

*
Leonard Cohen Leonard Norman Cohen (September 21, 1934November 7, 2016) was a Canadian songwriter, singer, poet, and novelist. Themes commonly explored throughout his work include faith and mortality, isolation and depression, betrayal and redemption, soc ...
used images from '' The Man with the Golden Arm'' in "The Stranger Song", from his first album, '' Songs of Leonard Cohen'' (1967): "you've seen that man before: his golden arm dispatching cards, but now it's rusted from the elbows to the finger." *In the documentary ''Classic Albums: Lou Reed: Transformer'', musician
Lou Reed Lewis Allan Reed (March 2, 1942October 27, 2013) was an American musician and songwriter. He was the guitarist, singer, and principal songwriter for the rock band the Velvet Underground and had a solo career that spanned five decades. Althoug ...
says that Algren's 1956 novel, '' A Walk on the Wild Side'', was the launching point for his similarly-titled 1972 song. *According to the liner notes of The Tubes' second album, '' Young and Rich'' (1976), ''A Walk on the Wild Side'' is the inspiration for their song "Pimp". *
The Verve The Verve were an English Rock music, rock band formed in Wigan in 1990 by lead vocalist Richard Ashcroft, guitarist Nick McCabe, bass guitarist Simon Jones (musician), Simon Jones and drummer Peter Salisbury. Guitarist and keyboard player Sim ...
has a song called " Neon Wilderness" on their 1997 album '' Urban Hymns''. *The Minnesota-based punk-rock band Dillinger Four quote Algren as an inspiration in the song "Doublewhiskeycokenoice" from their 1998 album '' Midwestern Songs of the Americas''. In that song Patrick Costello sings "Nelson Algren came to me and said, 'Celebrate the ugly things' / The beat-up side of what they call pride could be the measure of these days." *The 2002 album ''Adult World'' by guitarist
Wayne Kramer Wayne Stanley Kramer (''né'' Kambes; April 30, 1948 – February 2, 2024) was an American guitarist, singer, songwriter, producer, and Film score, film and television composer. Kramer came to prominence in the 1960s as the lead guitarist of t ...
(founding member of the Detroit band
MC5 MC5 was an American rock music, rock band formed in Lincoln Park, Michigan, in 1963. The classic lineup consisted of vocalist Rob Tyner, guitarists Wayne Kramer and Fred "Sonic" Smith, bassist Michael Davis (bassist), Michael Davis, and drummer ...
) contains a song titled "Nelson Algren Stopped By," in which guest band X-Mars-X provides a shuffling jazz background while Kramer reads a prose poem about walking the streets of present-day Chicago with Algren. *In 2005,
The Hold Steady The Hold Steady is an American rock band formed in Brooklyn, New York, in 2003. The band consists of Craig Finn (vocals, guitar), Tad Kubler (guitar), Galen Polivka (bass), Bobby Drake (drums), Franz Nicolay (keyboards) and Steve Selvidge (g ...
mentioned Algren in the song "Chicago Seemed Tired Last Night" from the '' Separation Sunday'' album. The first line of the song is "Nelson Algren came to Paddy at some party at the Dead End Alley/He told him what to celebrate" and toward the end the song goes "Hey Nelson Algren. Chicago seemed tired last night/They had cigarettes where there were supposed to be eyes." The name 'Paddy' in the song is a reference to Patrick Costello and the 'Dead End Alley' is the name of the house where the Dillinger Four's members used to live. * The Devil Wears Prada on their 2019 album'' The Act'' has the song "Please Say No" which is based on the novel ''Never Come Morning''.


Onstage

*In 1988, ''A Walk on the Wild Side'' was staged as a musical at the Back Alley Theatre in Van Nuys, California. Will Holt, who wrote the book, music, and lyrics, went on to win the Los Angeles Dramalogue Critics Award for his work. *In 2000, John Susman's play ''Nelson & Simone'' was produced at Chicago's Live Bait Theatre, directed by Richard Cotovsky, and starring Gary Houston and Rebecca Covey. The play dramatizes the love affair between Algren and
Simone de Beauvoir Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (, ; ; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French existentialist philosopher, writer, social theorist, and feminist activist. Though she did not consider herself a philosopher, nor was she ...
.


Nelson Algren Award

Each year the ''
Chicago Tribune The ''Chicago Tribune'' is an American daily newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Founded in 1847, it was formerly self-styled as the "World's Greatest Newspaper", a slogan from which its once integrated WGN (AM), WGN radio and ...
'' gives a Nelson Algren award for short fiction. Winners are published in the newspaper and given $5,000. The award is viewed with more than a little irony by Algren admirers; the ''Tribune'' panned Algren's work in his lifetime, referring to ''Chicago: City on the Make'' as "an ugly, highly scented object." In an afterword to that book, Algren accused the ''Tribun''e of imposing false viewpoints on the city and promoting mediocrity.
Studs Terkel Louis "Studs" Terkel (May 16, 1912 – October 31, 2008) was an American writer, historian, actor, and broadcaster. He received the Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction in 1985 for ''The Good War'' and is best remembered for his oral histor ...
, writer Warren Leming, and three others founded the Nelson Algren Committee in 1989. At the time, there was a renewed interest in Algren's work. ''Somebody in Boots'' and ''Never Come Morning'', both long out of print, had been republished in 1987. The first biography of Algren, Bettina Drew's ''Nelson Algren: A Life on the Wild Side'', was published in 1989 by Putnam. All of Nelson Algren's words are now back in print. The Committee awards community activists an annual Algren award and sponsors an Algren birthday party.


Bibliography


Novels

* '' Somebody in Boots''. 1935; as ''The Jungle'', Avon, 1957. * ''Never Come Morning''. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1942; Four Walls Eight Windows, 1987; Seven Stories, 1996. * '' The Man with the Golden Arm''. Doubleday, 1949; Seven Stories, 1996. * '' A Walk on the Wild Side''. 1956. * ''The Devil's Stocking''. New York: Arbor House, 1983; Seven Stories, 2006.


Short-story collections

* ''
The Neon Wilderness ''The Neon Wilderness'' (1947) is the first short-story collection by American writer Nelson Algren. Two of its stories had received an O. Henry Award. Algren received an award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters the same year. Ov ...
''. New York: Doubleday, 1947; Four Walls Eight Windows, 1986. * ''Nelson Algren's Own Book of Lonesome Monsters: 13 Masterpieces of Black Humor''. Algren-edited anthology with one Algren story. 1962. * ''The Last Carousel''. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons 1973; Seven Stories Press, 1997. * ''He Swung and He Missed''. Short story for younger readers. 1993. * ''The Texas Stories of Nelson Algren''. 1994. * ''Entrapment and Other Writings''. Posthumous collection of fragments of the unfinished titular novel, uncollected stories, and poems. New York: Seven Stories, 2009.


Nonfiction

* '' Galena Guide''. The City of Galena, Illinois. 1937. * '' Chicago: City on the Make''. Prose Poem. 1951. * ''Who Lost an American?''. Travel book. 1963; in ''Notes From a Sea Diary & Who Lost an American'', Seven Stories, 2009. * ''Conversations with Nelson Algren''. Interviews by H. E. F. Donohue. 1964. * ''Notes from a Sea Diary: Hemingway All the Way''. Travel book. 1965; in ''Notes From a Sea Diary & Who Lost an American'', Seven Stories, 2009. * ''America Eats''. Travel book. 1992 (written 1930s). * '' Nonconformity: Writing on Writing''. Essay. 1996 (written 1951–1953).


References


Further reading

* * * * * * *


External links


The Nelson Algren Papers
The Ohio State University's Rare Books & Manuscripts Library
NelsonAlgren.org

Nelson Algren: The End Is Nothing, The Road Is All documentary film

Algren: The Movie



Clips of Barry Gifford and Willem Dafoe reading from Algren's work

Nelson Algren Papers
at
The Newberry Library The Newberry Library is an independent research library, specializing in the humanities. It is located in Chicago, Illinois, and has been free and open to the public since 1887. The Newberry's mission is to foster a deeper understanding of our wor ...

Nelson Algren-Christine and Neal Rowland Papers
a
The Newberry Library

Nelson Algren quotes on Twitter

The Man With The Golden Pen
* {{DEFAULTSORT:Algren, Nelson 1909 births 1981 deaths 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American male writers Writers from Chicago Writers from Detroit American people of German-Jewish descent American people of Swedish descent American tax resisters Jewish American novelists Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters National Book Award winners University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign College of Media alumni Iowa Writers' Workshop faculty Writers from Paterson, New Jersey People from Sag Harbor, New York American male novelists Novelists from New Jersey Novelists from Illinois Novelists from Michigan Novelists from Iowa 20th-century American Jews Federal Writers' Project people Victims of McCarthyism