Nekolim is a

neologism In linguistics, a neologism (; also known as a coinage) is any newly formed word, term, or phrase that has achieved popular or institutional recognition and is becoming accepted into mainstream language. Most definitively, a word can be considered ...

and concept introduced by

Indonesian Indonesian is anything of, from, or related to Indonesia, an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It may refer to: * Indonesians, citizens of Indonesia ** Native Indonesians, diverse groups of local inhabitants of the archipelago ** Indonesian ...

President Sukarno used to describe "the enforced conditions of imperial control without formal rule." It derives from the combination of the terms

neocolonialism Neocolonialism is the control by a state (usually, a former colonial power) over another nominally independent state (usually, a former colony) through indirect means. The term ''neocolonialism'' was first used after World War II to refer to ...

colonialism Colonialism is the control of another territory, natural resources and people by a foreign group. Colonizers control the political and tribal power of the colonised territory. While frequently an Imperialism, imperialist project, colonialism c ...

and

imperialism Imperialism is the maintaining and extending of Power (international relations), power over foreign nations, particularly through expansionism, employing both hard power (military and economic power) and soft power (diplomatic power and cultura ...

(in Indonesian, spelled ''NEokolonialisme-KOLonialisme-IMperialisme''). This term was used by Sukarno in his speech at the 1960

Bandung Conference The first large-scale Asian–African or Afro–Asian Conference (), also known as the Bandung Conference, was a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, which took place on 18–24 April 1955 in Bandung, We ...

after Indonesia was liberated from Japanese occupation following

World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

to describe imperial interests of

Western powers The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in Western Europe, Northern America, and Australasia; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West. ...

, including the

Netherlands , Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...

and the

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

. Qualities that distinguish nekolim from related concepts involve the intentional restructuring of a country in order to make it dependent upon a foreign power, often economically and culturally. Once this is achieved, force is not needed because independence becomes infeasible for the dominated country. Likewise, nekolim leads to the establishment of puppet governments in exploited regions to remove the need for traditional military control of a country. Sukarno's criticisms made of US involvement in Indonesia which he deemed to be "nekolim practices" are largely entailed by the modern understanding of the concept of neocolonialism.

Nekolim in Indonesia

During Sukarno's administration, there were several instances of nekolim being imposed by the US on Indonesia, such as nekolim through economic aid which caused Indonesia's national economy to become dependent on the US, and through cultural and scientific cooperation that prevented the development of national culture and knowledge. In response to these practices, Sukarno took firm action to oppose nekolim by promoting the Berdikari (meaning ''standing on one's own feet'') Movement and advocating for the principle of national personality.Setiawan, Hersri; Gusmian, Islah, ed. (2003). ''Kamus GOESTOK''. Yogyakarta: Galang Press. ISBN 979-9341-81-7. A

CIA The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA; ) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with advancing national security through collecting and analyzing intelligence from around the world and ...

-backed coup against the Sukarno administration resulted in the Indonesian anticommunist mass killings of 1965-66. These killings have often been described as a genocide and caused an estimated 500,000 to over 1,000,000 deaths.Mark Aarons (2007).
Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide
" In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds).
The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law).
''

Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Brill Academic Publishers () is a Dutch international academic publisher of books, academic journals, and databases founded in 1683, making it one of the oldest publishing houses in the Netherlands. Founded in the South Holland city of Leiden, ...

. p.&nbs
80
The Memory of Savage Anticommunist Killings Still Haunts Indonesia, 50 Years On
, ''Time'' It has been referred to as the "biggest US-backed genocide" as a result of US support. After Sukarno's administration was overthrown, it was replaced by that of the pro-American President Suharto. During Suharto's administration, nekolim practices re-emerged. Citing Indonesia's economic downturn at the time, Suharto agreed to accept loans from the

International Monetary Fund The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution funded by 191 member countries, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It is regarded as the global lender of las ...

and the

World Bank The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and Grant (money), grants to the governments of Least developed countries, low- and Developing country, middle-income countries for the purposes of economic development ...

. This led to bilateral political agreements for the United States and Europe to control Indonesia's natural resources through the establishment of the

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a legal agreement between many countries, whose overall purpose was to promote international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas. According to its p ...

(renamed the

World Trade Organization The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland that regulates and facilitates international trade. Governments use the organization to establish, revise, and enforce the rules that g ...

).Anonym (2015, July 3). ''Neocolonialism and Imperialism (Nekolim)''. Blogspot. Accessed January 3, 2016, fro

Another form of nekolim that emerged in Indonesia is the large amount of foreign capital entering the country in the form of foreign companies or domestic companies that have been privatized. The emergence of these companies taught the Indonesian people the "perspective" that parties with large capital will push out those with smaller capital.

References

{{reflist Neologisms Imperialism studies Political terminology Anti-imperialism in Asia Cold War terminology Sukarno History of Indonesia