Nehale Mpingana
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Nehale lyaMpingana (c. 1850 – April 14, 1908) was the King of the
Ondonga Ondonga is a traditional kingdom of the Ovambo people in what is today northern Namibia. Its capital is Ondangwa, and the kingdom's palace is at Onambango. Its people call themselves ''Aandonga''. They speak the Ndonga dialect. The Ondonga kingdom ...
people, a subtribe of the
Ovambo Ovambo may refer to: *Ovambo language, Bantu language of Namibia **Ovambo people, Bantu people of Namibia *Ovamboland, former Bantustan in South West Africa (now Namibia) *Ovambo sparrowhawk The Ovambo or Ovampo sparrowhawk, also known as Hilge ...
, in
German South West Africa German South West Africa () was a colony of the German Empire from 1884 until 1915, though Germany did not officially recognise its loss of this territory until the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. German rule over this territory was punctuated by ...
. Their tribal area is situated around
Namutoni Namutoni is a restcamp on the eastern edge of the Etosha pan in the Oshikoto Region in northern Namibia. The adjoining Von Lindequist Gate about 10km east is one of the entrance gates to the Etosha National Park. The most prominent structure at N ...
on the eastern edge of
Etosha pan The Etosha Pan is a large endorheic salt pan, forming part of the Cuvelai-Etosha Basin in the north of Namibia. It is a vast hollow in the ground in which water may collect or in which a deposit of salt remains after water has evaporated. The 1 ...
in today's northern
Namibia Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country on the west coast of Southern Africa. Its borders include the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south; in the no ...
. He ruled the eastern part of Ondonga as a parallel king, having broken away from the authority of his older brother, King Kambonde kaMpingana, who ruled western Ondonga. His reign was marked by strong resistance to European colonial influence, particularly against the German and South African settlers.


Division of Ondonga

Following the death of Ondonga King, Iitana yaNekwiyu, on September 26, 1884, a power struggle emerged over the Ondonga throne. Nehale’s father, Mpingana yaShimbu, a key figure in Ondonga politics, played a decisive role in the succession dispute. Mpingana yaShimbu prevented Kambonde kIitope, the then-rightful heir, from succeeding Iitana yaNekwiyu, and instead pushed for his son, Kambonde kaMpingana, to become king. Nehale refused to recognize Kambonde’s rule, leading to an intense family conflict. To resolve the dispute, their parents assigned Nehale his own territory at Uutumbe, near the Oshamba seasonal river. However, Nehale rejected this location and instead settled at Oshitambi, declaring it as his own independent kingdom in 1885. He established his capital at Onayena and drew a border along the seasonal river. Ondonga was then divided into two separate kingdoms: eastern Ondonga, ruled by Nehale, and western Ondonga, ruled by Kambonde. The division remained in place throughout their reigns, with ongoing tensions and conflicts between them. When Nehale died on April 14, 1908, Kambonde reunified Ondonga, bringing the divided kingdom back under one rule and ending its division.


Colonial Resistance (1898–1904)

Under Mpingana's leadership the Ondonga fought and won two wars against intruders into their area. In 1886,
Boer Boers ( ; ; ) are the descendants of the proto Afrikaans-speaking Free Burghers of the eastern Cape frontier in Southern Africa during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. From 1652 to 1795, the Dutch East India Company controlled the Dutch ...
settlers on their
Dorsland Trek Dorsland Trek (''Thirstland Trek'') is the collective name of a series of explorations undertaken by Boer settlers from South Africa from 1874 to 1881, in search of political independence and better living conditions. The participants, '' Trek ...
were defeated after they—allegedly fraudulently—acquired land between
Otavi Otavi is a town with 10,000 inhabitants in the Otjozondjupa Region of Namibia. Situated 360 km north of Windhoek, it is the district capital of the Otavi electoral constituency. Geography The towns of Otavi, Tsumeb (to the north) and Gr ...
and
Grootfontein Grootfontein (, named after the nearby hot springs) is a city with 26,839 inhabitants in the Otjozondjupa Region of central Namibia. It is one of the three towns in the Otavi Triangle, situated on the B8 road (Namibia), B8 national road that lead ...
, and declared it to be the Republic of Upingtonia. Mpingana's men shot William Worthington Jordan, the leader of the trek. The group dispersed after the attack, with some settlers moving on towards
Angola Angola, officially the Republic of Angola, is a country on the west-Central Africa, central coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest Portuguese-speaking world, Portuguese-speaking (Lusophone) country in both total area and List of c ...
, and others turning back to the
Transvaal Transvaal is a historical geographic term associated with land north of (''i.e.'', beyond) the Vaal River in South Africa. A number of states and administrative divisions have carried the name ''Transvaal''. * South African Republic (1856–1902; ...
. In 1898, the German colonial administration convinced King Kambonde to incorporate
Ovamboland Ovamboland, also referred to as Owamboland, was a Bantustan and later a non-geographic ethnic-based second-tier authority, the Representative Authority of the Ovambos, in South West Africa (present-day Namibia). The apartheid government stat ...
into its protectorate. Nehale, however, rejected German influence and sought military action. When the Ovaherero War (1904–1908) erupted, the Germans built Fort Namutoni in Ondonga to monitor regional cattle movements. On 28 January 1904, 500 men under Mpingana attacked
Imperial Germany The German Empire (),; ; World Book, Inc. ''The World Book dictionary, Volume 1''. World Book, Inc., 2003. p. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" and was a former official name of Germany. also referred to as Imperia ...
''
Schutztruppe (, Protection Force) was the official name of the colonial troops in the African territories of the German colonial empire from the late 19th century to 1918. Similar to other colonial armies, the consisted of volunteer European commissioned a ...
'' at Fort Namutoni in the
Battle of Namutoni The Battle of Namutoni fought between the militaries of the Ondonga kingdoms and German South West Africa on 28 January 1904 was part of an uprising against German Colonial expansion catalysed by the Herero Uprising to the south that started a fe ...
. The 7 defenders of the fort fled under the cover of the night. Mpingana and his men confiscated horses and cattle and destroyed the outpost. This was one of the earliest military victories against German forces in Namibia, symbolizing fierce resistance against European colonization.


Recognitions

* Nehale lyaMpingana is one of nine national heroes of Namibia that were identified at the inauguration of the country's Heroes' Acre near
Windhoek Windhoek (; ; ) is the capital and largest city of Namibia. It is located in central Namibia in the Khomas Highland plateau area, at around above sea level, almost exactly at the country's geographical centre. The population of Windhoek, which ...
. Founding president
Sam Nujoma Samuel Shafiishuna Daniel Nujoma ( ; 12May 19298February 2025) was a Namibian revolutionary, anti-apartheid activist and politician who served three terms as the first president of Namibia, from 1990 to 2005. Nujoma was a founding member and t ...
remarked in his inauguration speech on 26 August 2002 that:
Chief Nehale yaMpingana oughtmany battles against Afrikaner trekkers and German colonial forces in our people's resistance against colonialism and foreign invaders. ..To his revolutionary spirit and his visionary memory we humbly offer our honor and respect.
* Nehale is honoured in form of a granite tombstone with his name engraved and his portrait plastered onto the slab. *Chief Mpingana has numerous namesakes in Namibia, for instance Nehale Senior Secondary School in
Oshikoto Region Oshikoto is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia, named after Lake Otjikoto. Its capital is Omuthiya. Further major settlements in the region are Tsumeb, Otjikoto's capital until 2008, and Oniipa. , Oshikoto had 112,170 registered voters. Ge ...
. * Chief Nehale lyaMpingana Gate to
Etosha Etosha National Park is a national park in northwestern Namibia and one of the largest national parks in Africa. It was proclaimed a game reserve in March 1907 in Ordinance 88 by the Governor of German South West Africa, Friedrich von Lindequist ...
. Nehale lyaMpingana Constituency, an
electoral constituency An electoral (congressional, legislative, etc.) district, sometimes called a constituency, riding, or ward, is a geographical portion of a political unit, such as a country, state or province, city, or administrative region, created to provid ...
in the
Oshikoto Region Oshikoto is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia, named after Lake Otjikoto. Its capital is Omuthiya. Further major settlements in the region are Tsumeb, Otjikoto's capital until 2008, and Oniipa. , Oshikoto had 112,170 registered voters. Ge ...
, was created and named in his honour in August 2013.


References

{{S-end 1908 deaths Namibian politicians Ovambo people Year of birth uncertain National heroes of Namibia Namibian revolutionaries Namibian chiefs