Negrelli Viaduct
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The Negrelli Viaduct (''Czech'': ''Negrelliho viadukt'' by
Alois Negrelli Nikolaus Alois Maria Vinzenz Negrelli, Ritter von Moldelbe (born Luigi Negrelli; 23 January 1799 – 1 October 1858) was a Tyrolean civil engineer and railroad pioneer mostly active in parts of the Austrian Empire, Switzerland, Germany and I ...
, also known as the
Karlín Karlín () is a cadastral area of Prague, part of Prague 8 municipal district, formerly an independent town (which became part of Prague in 1922). It is bordered by the river Vltava and Holešovice to the north, Vítkov hill and Žižkov to t ...
Viaduct,),
Czech Republic The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, and historically known as Bohemia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the south ...
, is a railway bridge over
Štvanice Štvanice is an island on the Vltava river in Prague, Czech Republic. It is located in the Prague district of Holešovice. At the end of the 17th century, a wooden arena was built there. Until 1816, the island was used for dog hunts involving v ...
Island that connects Masaryk Railway Station in central Prague with a railway station in Bubny. It is the historically first
Prague Prague ( ; ) is the capital and List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic, largest city of the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia. Prague, located on the Vltava River, has a population of about 1.4 million, while its P ...
railway bridge over the
Vltava River The Vltava ( , ; ) is the longest river in the Czech Republic, a left tributary of the Elbe River. It runs southeast along the Bohemian Forest and then north across Bohemia, through Český Krumlov, České Budějovice, and Prague. It is common ...
and currently Prague's second oldest bridge over the river. It is also the longest railway bridge and third longest bridge in the Czech Republic. The
viaduct A viaduct is a specific type of bridge that consists of a series of arches, piers or columns supporting a long elevated railway or road. Typically a viaduct connects two points of roughly equal elevation, allowing direct overpass across a wide ...
was declared a Czech cultural monument in 1964.


History


Construction

The Karlín Viaduct was built as part of the Dresden branch of the Northern State Railways Olomouc-Prague-Dresden project, which was approved by the State Railways Directorate in 1842. The construction started in spring 1846, was completed in 1849 and the bridge was put into operation on 1 June 1850. The construction costs amounted to one and a half million
florins The Florentine florin was a gold coin (in Italian ''Fiorino d'oro'') struck from 1252 to 1533 with no significant change in its design or metal content standard during that time. It had 54 grains () of nominally pure or 'fine' gold with a pu ...
. At that time the bridge had 87 stone arches, eight of which stood directly in the Vltava River. The railway line was double-tracked, in the second half of the 19th century a third shunting blind track has been laid. The current width is 110 meters. The width of the bridge deck between the stone railings is 7.6 m. The length is 1100 meters and until 1910 it was Europe's longest bridge. The construction was to be entrusted to
Jan Perner Jan Perner (7 September 1815 – 10 September 1845) was a Czech railway engineer. Between 1842 and 1845, Perner was responsible for construction of several railways in the Austrian Empire. Career Perner was born on 7 September 1815 in Bratčice. ...
, who already led the construction of the line between
Olomouc Olomouc (; ) is a city in the Czech Republic. It has about 103,000 inhabitants, making it the Statutory city (Czech Republic), sixth largest city in the country. It is the administrative centre of the Olomouc Region. Located on the Morava (rive ...
and Prague, but he unexpectedly died and
Alois Negrelli Nikolaus Alois Maria Vinzenz Negrelli, Ritter von Moldelbe (born Luigi Negrelli; 23 January 1799 – 1 October 1858) was a Tyrolean civil engineer and railroad pioneer mostly active in parts of the Austrian Empire, Switzerland, Germany and I ...
took over the bridgework. The viaduct was built over the then unregulated river.
Granite Granite ( ) is a coarse-grained (phanerite, phaneritic) intrusive rock, intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase. It forms from magma with a high content of silica and alkali metal oxides that slowly coo ...
, mined in the Schwarzenberg
Quarry A quarry is a type of open-pit mining, open-pit mine in which dimension stone, rock (geology), rock, construction aggregate, riprap, sand, gravel, or slate is excavated from the ground. The operation of quarries is regulated in some juri ...
, which is now flooded with the
Orlík Reservoir The Orlík Reservoir () is the largest hydroelectric dam in the Czech Republic. It dams the Vltava River near the village of Solenice, which is near the town of Příbram. The structure is named after Orlík Castle, which is situated a few kilome ...
, was ferried from
Kamýk nad Vltavou Kamýk nad Vltavou is a municipality and village in Příbram District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,000 inhabitants. It lies on the Vltava River. Administrative division Kamýk nad Vltavou consists of two mu ...
and processed on site. The entire viaduct had vaults made of block masonry, Czech granite and pillar cladding were made of
sandstone Sandstone is a Clastic rock#Sedimentary clastic rocks, clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of grain size, sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate mineral, silicate grains, Cementation (geology), cemented together by another mineral. Sand ...
with granite blocks on the corners. The core of the
masonry Masonry is the craft of building a structure with brick, stone, or similar material, including mortar plastering which are often laid in, bound, and pasted together by mortar (masonry), mortar. The term ''masonry'' can also refer to the buildin ...
is made of quarry stone, the pillars are based on wooden gratings Up to 3000 workers of different nationalities participated in the construction. For the first time, steam lifting machines were used to a greater extent. Worldwide, it was a quite unique building, since in many places at that time similar bridges were built from wood and not from granite.


Operation and maintenance

Later, houses were erected in close proximity to the bridge. With the growing industry, vacancies under its arches were filled with
craft A craft or trade is a pastime or an occupation that requires particular skills and knowledge of skilled work. In a historical sense, particularly the Middle Ages and earlier, the term is usually applied to people occupied in small scale pr ...
workshops and forwarding companies, mostly with built-in floors. In 1871 the bridge was extended on the south side by the Karlín connecting viaduct to enable a direct connection between Bubny and
Libeň Libeň () is a cadastral area and district of Prague, Czech Republic. It was incorporated into Prague in 1901. Places * Praha-Libeň railway station Demographics People * Reinhard Heydrich, assassinated here * Herz Homberg, born here ...
. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries extensive adjustments were made to the Vltava River, and three branches under the Negrelli Viaduct near the former Šaškovy mlýny (''Šaškovy mills'') north of Pobřežní Street were back-filled. By the end of the 19th century, critics pointed out that the bridge was an obstacle to the development and permeability of the city. In 1952–1954, three bridge arches were demolished in the area of Křižíkova Street to improve the throughput of motor vehicles. The newly created gap was bridged over by beamed
lintels A lintel or lintol is a type of beam (a horizontal structural element) that spans openings such as portals, doors, windows and fireplaces. It can be a decorative architectural element, or a combined ornamented/structural item. In the case of ...
made of pre-stressed concrete. In 1981 a similar intervention was carried out on the Holesovice side, above the Bubenske embankment. The viaduct survived the August 2002 flood in full operation.


Reconstruction 2017–2020

A major bridge reconstruction started in July 2017 and involved the demolition of 18 arches, which had to subsequently be rebuilt. Complications discovered during the project added a further 150 million
Czech koruna The koruna, or crown (sign: Kč; code: CZK, ), has been the currency of the Czech Republic since 1993. The koruna is one of the European Union's eight currencies, and the Czech Republic is legally bound to adopt the euro in the future. The ...
(CZK) to the reconstruction costs, which had increased by 2019 to around 1.5 billion CZK. On 1 June 2020 the first trains passed over the viaduct since its repair. Its final cost amounted to 1.96 billion CZK.


References


See also

* Jan Fischer, Ondřej Fischer: ''Pražské mosty''. Academia, Praha 1985, {{ISBN, 80-86699-44-7, p. 29–34. Bridges over the Vltava Viaducts Arch bridges Bridges completed in 1850 Bridges in Prague Stone bridges Railway bridges in the Czech Republic Prague 7