Negara Dipa was a

Hindu Hindus (; ; also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma. Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pp. 35–37 Historically, the term has also be ...

kingdom in South Kalimantan that appears in

Hikayat Banjar The Hikayat Banjar () is the chronicle of Banjarmasin, Indonesia. This text, also called the History of Lambung Mangkurat, contains the history of the kings of Banjar and of Kotawaringin in southeast and south Borneo respectively. The final pa ...

. It was located in Amuntai near modern-day Tabasan. It was also the predecessor of

Negara Daha Negara Daha was a Hindu kingdom successor of Negara Dipa that appears in the Hikayat Banjar. It was located in what is now the Regency of Hulu Sungai Selatan, Province of South Kalimantan, Republic of Indonesia. Early establishment Before the f ...

and

Banjar Sultanate The Sultanate of Banjar () was a nation-state of the Banjar people, Banjar in the form of a sultanate, Islamic sultanate in Borneo which was founded in 1526 and existed until its dissolution in 1860 by the colonial government of the Dutch East ...

Early establishment

The area of South Kalimantan according to the oral history was the region of the Dayak Ma'anyan polity called Nan Sarunai based in the region between North Hulu Sungai and Tabalong. Suriansyah Ideham, eds., 2007. Urang Banjar dan kebudayaannya. Banjarmasin: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Daerah Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan dan Pustaka Banua as well as Kuripan kingdom (Tabalong in ''

Nagarakretagama The ''Nagarakretagama'' or ''Nagarakṛtāgama'', also known in Bali as ''Desawarnana'' or ''Deśavarṇana'', is an Old Javanese eulogy to Hayam Wuruk, a Javanese king of the Majapahit Empire. It was written on lontar as a ''kakawin'' by ...

'') based in Danau Panggang, though some historians think these are the same kingdom. Majapahit in its expansionist policy have launched two failed invasions under the reign of

Jayanegara Jayanegara or Jayanagara (formal regnal name Sri Maharaja Wiralandagopala Sri Sundarapandya Dewa Adhiswara or Sri Sundarapandyadevadhisvara Vikramottungadeva, also known as Kala Gemet) was a Javanese emperor and the second monarch of the Majapahi ...

and

Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, known in her regnal name Tribhuwannottunggadewi Jayawishnuwardhani, also known as Dyah Gitarja or Gitarja, was a Javanese queen regnant/ empress and the third Majapahit monarch, reigning from 1328 to 1350. She also be ...

to conquer this kingdom. The third invasion was launched in 1355 under

Hayam Wuruk Hayam Vuruk ( Indonesian: ''Hayam Wuruk'', Sanskrit: हयम् वुरुक्, Kawi: ꦲꦪꦩ꧀ꦮꦸꦫꦸꦏ꧀) (1334–1389), also called Rajasanagara, Pa-ta-na-pa-na-wu, or Bhatara Prabhu after 1350, was a Javanese Hindu emperor fr ...

. This invasion was led by Ampu Jatmika from Kalingga, Kediri, alongside his companions as recorded in

. Nan Sarunai at the time was led by Raden Anyan or Datu Tatuyan Wulau Miharaja Papangkat Amas. Multiple battles happened such as in 1358Kusmartono dan Widianto (1998), based on ash sample analysis in 1996 of burned Majapahit forces corpses from first nansarunai battle in Tambak Wasi and Candi Agung, Amuntai, gave the date April 1358. and 1362. These invasions were recorded in Dayak Ma'anyan poetry as ''Nansarunai Usak Jawa'' (, Nan Sarunai destroyed by Javanese). Afterward Ampu Jatmika founded the kingdom of Negara Dipa in 1380 or 1387. According to

, he also built Candi Agung over an older site in Amuntai. There are some disagreements by historians as there was also a kingdom called Kuripan of whether this was the continuation of same kingdom or also destroyed alongside the founding to Negara Dipa. According to a different version of

, ''Tutur Candi'', the previous king of Kuripan adopted Ampu Jatmika as successor and after he died, the kingdom came to be called ''Negara Dipa'', from the place where Ampu Jatmika ruled.

Rule under Lambung Mangkurat

Ampu Jatmika had two sons called Ampu Mandastana (also Empu Mandastani) and Lambung Mangkurat (also Lembu Mangkurat and believed to be ''Dayak Ma'anyan's'' Dambung Mangkurap ISBN 978-979-21-1657-1). According to oral history, before he died Ampu Jatmika instructed both sons not to succeed him as they are descendant of traders ( waisya) and not aristocracy ( ksatria) or they will face disasters. After Ampu Jatmika died, he was succeeded by his second son, Lambung Mangkurat, because of the prohibition with the title ''Raja'' he took the title ''Ratu Kuripan''. According to

, he expanded the rule of his kingdom to include regions in Tanjung Silat and Tanjung Puting. He as a king ruled over smaller regions (called Sakai), each was led by a ''Mantri Sakai''. These regions listed in

were: Batang Barito, Batang Alai, Batang Hamandit, Batang Balangan, Batang Pitap, Biaju Kecil (Kapuas Murung River), Biaju Besar (Kahayan River), Sabangau, Mendawai Dayak, Katingan Dayak, Sampit Dayak and its subordinate, Pambuang Dayak and its subordinate. Johannes Jacobus Ras,

in malay translated by Siti Hawa Salleh, Percetakan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Lot 1037, Mukim Perindustrian PKNS - Ampang/Hulu Kelang -

Selangor Selangor ( ; ), also known by the Arabic language, Arabic honorific Darul Ehsan, or "Abode of Sincerity", is one of the 13 states of Malaysia. It is on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and is bordered by Perak to the north, Pahang to the e ...

Darul Ehsan,

Malaysia Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. Featuring the Tanjung Piai, southernmost point of continental Eurasia, it is a federation, federal constitutional monarchy consisting of States and federal territories of Malaysia, 13 states and thre ...

1990 Important events of 1990 include the Reunification of Germany and the unification of Yemen, the formal beginning of the Human Genome Project (finished in 2003), the launch of the Hubble Space Telescope, the separation of Namibia from South ...

. Trying to follow his father's instructions Lambung Mangkurat tried to balampah (meditate) and met with Putri Junjung Buih coming up from ''buih'' (sea foam). According to Ras, she was the daughter of Ngabehi Hileer and was believed to be of local Dayak descent. Moreover, she was believed to be the manifestation of the female god ''Jata'' or ''Tambun'' ruler of the underwater world, which are sometimes described as large

naga Naga or NAGA may refer to: Mythology * Nāga, a serpentine deity or race in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain traditions ** Phaya Naga, mythical creatures believed to live in the Laotian stretch of the Mekong River ** Naga, another name for Bakunawa, an ...

that support the earth. She was then raised to be Rajaputri and was married with a

Majapahit Majapahit (; (eastern and central dialect) or (western dialect)), also known as Wilwatikta (; ), was a Javanese people, Javanese Hinduism, Hindu-Buddhism, Buddhist thalassocracy, thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia based on the island o ...

prince by the name of Suryanata (Sun Prince). This union also has roots in the Ngaju

Kaharingan ''Kaharingan'' is an Native Indonesians, indigenous Animism, animistic folk religion of the Dayak people such as Katingan people, Katingan, Lawangan people, Lawangan, Ma'anyan people, Ma'anyan, Ngaju people, Ngaju, Ot Danum people, Ot Danum peopl ...

belief of the union of sky and water. This Majapahit prince mentioned in

as Rahadyan Putra is believed to be Raden Aria Gegombak Janggala Rajasa.

References

{{Precolonial states in Indonesia Former countries in Borneo Medieval Hindu kingdoms Hindu Buddhist states in Indonesia Precolonial states of Indonesia