Nature's Valley is a holiday resort and small village on the

Garden Route The Garden Route (Afrikaans: ''Tuinroete'') is a stretch of the south-eastern coast of South Africa which extends from Witsand in the Western Cape to the border of Tsitsikamma Storms River in the Eastern Cape. The name comes from the verdant an ...

along the southern Cape coast of South Africa. Nature's Valley lies between the Salt River, the foothills of the Tsitsikamma Mountains, the Indian Ocean and the Groot River lagoon. Nature's Valley has a balmy climate and is surrounded by the de Vasselot Nature Reserve which is part of the Tsitsikamma Park, and in turn part of the Garden Route National Park. Nature's Valley02

History

Nature's Valley, and the surrounding coastline, was occupied by Old Stone Age or

Paleolithic The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (), also called the Old Stone Age (from Greek: παλαιός '' palaios'', "old" and λίθος ''lithos'', "stone"), is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone to ...

man from 1 million years ago. Paleolithic man lived in the area in caves and under overhangs, collecting food in the tidal zone and hunting for a rich variety of wildlife. Various glacial periods interrupted this coastal occupation. San hunter-gatherers lived in this area from about 10,000 years ago until they were displaced by

Khoikhoi Khoekhoen (singular Khoekhoe) (or Khoikhoi in the former orthography; formerly also '' Hottentots''"Hottentot, n. and adj." ''OED Online'', Oxford University Press, March 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/88829. Accessed 13 May 2018. Citing G. S. ...

herders from the interior.

The Groot River pass

For a long time travel along the Garden Route parallel to the coastline was impossible, due to the extremely deep and precipitous river gorges blocking all east-west traffic. Charles Collier Michell reported in 1839: "''there is no practical way – not even a footpath, from

Plettenberg Bay Plettenberg Bay, nicknamed Plet or Plett, is the primary town of the Bitou Local Municipality in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. As of the census of 2001, there were 29,149 population. It was originally named Bahia Formosa ("beautifu ...

to the Tzitzikamma country''". Thomas Bain built a road from George to

Knysna Knysna () is a town with 76,150 inhabitants (2019 mid-year estimates) in the Western Cape province of South Africa. and is one of the destinations on the loosely defined Garden Route tourist route. It lies at 34° 2' 6.3168'' S and 23° 2' 47. ...

, the so-called "Seven Passes Road", which took from 1867 to 1883 to complete. Previously, access to the coastal area which lay further east was possible only via the

Langkloof The Langkloof is a 160 km long valley in South Africa, lying between Herold, a small village northeast of George, and The Heights - just beyond Twee Riviere. History The kloof was given its name by Isaq Schrijver in 1689, and more thorough ...

valley, which lies immediately north of the Tsitsikamma Mountains. Nature's Valley only became easily accessible after Thomas Bain completed the

Grootrivier Pass Grootrivier Pass, is situated in the Western Cape province of South Africa on the R102 regional road. The Grootrivier (Afrikaans for "Great River") is one of various mountain streams that over millions of years have cut through the coastal plate ...

in 1880. He and Captain Christopher Harison (later Conservator of Forests) first explored the route in 1868 to test its feasibility. Harison's interest in the road stemmed from his belief that it could be used to halt the runaway destruction of the forest started by

Dutch East India Company The United East India Company ( nl, Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, the VOC) was a chartered company established on the 20th March 1602 by the States General of the Netherlands amalgamating existing companies into the first joint-stock c ...

woodcutters in 1777 and carried on by their descendants. At the time that Bain and Harison reconnoitred the route, Bain was supervising the construction of no fewer than six passes, so that 10 years would elapse before he could start work on the Groot River Pass. A hundred years later the demands of road transport would dictate the building of a freeway with enormous concrete bridges – a tribute to the skill of engineers, and bringing in its wake considerable collateral damage to the environment.

Permanent settlement

After Bain's completion of the Groot River Pass, the Forestry Department proclaimed three lots in the Valley – one for its own use and the other two sold to private individuals. The first person to settle in the now accessible valley, and who acquired a 69-hectare lot from Telfer Anderson, was Hendrik Jacobus Hermanus Barnardo lso referred to as Hendrick Grootrivier who had been a foreman at Bain's Groot River construction camp. Barnardo was an enigmatic character who went to extreme lengths to protect the trees of the area, but enthusiastically led the slaughter of wildlife throughout the region. Barnardo married three times and fathered 19 children. The names of his wife's, (no first name) Van Rooyen; with children(4), Michael John, Christian Henry, Susie, Babes. (no first name) Stroebel; with children(2), Harding Jouy, Hercule en Easy. Luanna Toit; with children(6),Maggie, Willem, Eddy, Leon, Benny, Ivy. They lived at Covie, just opposite the graveyard where the forefathers and relatives were buried. It is still in existence (2022). Another member of his family shot the last Tsitsikamma elephant in 1881. In the face of continued pressure to sell a portion of his farm, Barnardo finally relented in 1941 and sold an area of 1.6963

morgen A morgen was a unit of measurement of land area in Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Lithuania and the Dutch colonies, including South Africa and Taiwan. The size of a morgen varies from . It was also used in Old Prussia, in the Balkans, Norw ...

to a syndicate of ten buyers for the sum of £755. In 1943 Baron Ulrich Behr of Kurland bought the option to purchase the remainder of Barnardo's property from the Van Reenen family, who had acquired the option in the 1920s, but had never exercised it. Behr then went through all the steps necessary to have the land proclaimed for development. In 1953 the township was declared and formally named "Nature's Valley" by Behr, a name that had been used by the syndicate at the suggestion of Wide du Preez of "The Crags".

The Valley and surrounding area

A network of trails covers the surrounding hills and beaches. The lagoon offers sheltered water for sailing and canoeing, without powerboating and beach buggies. A walk along beaches and a rocky path leads to the Salt River Mouth after crossing Pebble Beach, a large area completely covered in sea-smoothed cobbles. East of Nature's Valley is the Groot River Lagoon, which marks the end of the Otter Trail, starting at Storms River Mouth, 60 km further east. This 5-day trail is considered by many hikers to be the finest in South Africa, being strenuous, scenic and extremely varied. The route meanders along the coast through evergreen forest, past boulder-strewn beaches and frequently crossing tannin-stained streams. Huts are available for the hiker at the end of each day, but bookings have to be made well in advance. The Brenton blue butterfly, '' Orachrysops niobe'', was first described from

Roland Trimen Roland Trimen FRS (29 October 1840 in London – 25 July 1916 in London) was a British-South African naturalist, best known for ''South African Butterflies'' (1887–89), a collaborative work with Colonel James Henry Bowker. He was among ...

in 1858, and was not seen again until discovered in 1977 at Nature's Valley and shortly thereafter in 1979 at Brenton-on-Sea. The Nature's Valley population was assumed to be extinct when no more sightings were made after 1984. The cause of this decline was felt to be the absence of fynbos fires causing a shortage of the butterfly's foodplant ''Indigofera erecta'', and accordingly a

controlled burn A controlled or prescribed burn, also known as hazard reduction burning, backfire, swailing, or a burn-off, is a fire set intentionally for purposes of forest management, farming, prairie restoration or greenhouse gas abatement. A contro ...

was carried out in April 2003, with a reintroduction of butterfly eggs in August 2005. In 2000 researchers from the Albany Museum in

Grahamstown Makhanda, also known as Grahamstown, is a town of about 140,000 people in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. It is situated about northeast of Port Elizabeth and southwest of East London. Makhanda is the largest town in the Makana Loc ...

discovered a number of aquatic insect species new to science in the Salt River, which lies at the western end of Nature's Valley. The isolated position of the river, a lack of fish and its acidic and unpolluted water are thought to have been factors in ensuring the undisturbed survival of these primitive forms. New housing developments within the catchment area of the Salt River may threaten the continued existence of these unique insects.

Selected fauna and flora of Nature's Valley

Mammals

*''Chlorotalpa duthieae'' –

Duthie's golden mole Duthie's golden mole (''Chlorotalpa duthieae'') is a species of mammal in the family Chrysochloridae. It is endemic to South Africa. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, moist savanna, temperate grassland, arab ...

*''Amblysomus hottentotus devilliersi'' – Hottentot golden mole *''Amblysomus iris corriae'' – Knysna golden mole *''Myosorex varius'' – forest shrew *''Crocidura flavescens'' –

greater red musk shrew The greater red musk shrew (''Crocidura flavescens'') is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. It is found in Lesotho, Mozambique, South Africa, and Eswatini. Its natural habitats are moist savanna, temperate grassland A grassland is ...

*''Rousettus aegyptiacus leachii'' – Egyptian fruit bat *''Rhinolophus clivosus'' –

Geoffroy's horseshoe bat Geoffroy's horseshoe bat (''Rhinolophus clivosus'') is a species of bat in the family Rhinolophidae found in Africa. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, caves and other su ...

*''Rhinolophus capensis'' –

Cape horseshoe bat The Cape horseshoe bat (''Rhinolophus capensis'') is a species of bat in the family Rhinolophidae. It is endemic to South Africa, and is potentially threatened by habitat loss and disturbance of its roosting sites, although it is present in larg ...

*''Nycteris thebaica'' – Egyptian slit-faced bat *''Miniopterus fraterculus'' – lesser long-fingered bat *''Kerivoula lanosa'' – lesser woolly bat *''Myotis tricolor'' – Cape hairy bat *''Pipistrellus kuhlii broomi'' – subspecies of Kuhl's pipistrelle *''Eptesicus hottentotus'' –

long-tailed house bat The long-tailed house bat or long-tailed serotine bat (''Eptesicus hottentotus'') is a species of vesper bat found in Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. It is found in savanna, subtropical o ...

*''Cercopithecus pygerythrus'' –

vervet monkey The vervet monkey (''Chlorocebus pygerythrus''), or simply vervet, is an Old World monkey of the family Cercopithecidae native to Africa. The term "vervet" is also used to refer to all the members of the genus '' Chlorocebus''. The five distinc ...

*''Papio ursinus'' –

chacma baboon The chacma baboon (''Papio ursinus''), also known as the Cape baboon, is, like all other baboons, from the Old World monkey family. It is one of the largest of all monkeys. Located primarily in southern Africa, the chacma baboon has a wide vari ...

*''Lepus saxatilis'' – scrub hare *''Myomyscus verreauxi'' –

Verreaux's mouse Verreaux's mouse or Verreaux's white-footed rat (''Myomyscus verreauxii'') is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is the only member of the genus ''Myomyscus''. Other species that had been previously assigned to ''Myomyscus'' are now co ...

*''Thamnomys dolichurus'' –

woodland thicket rat The woodland thicket rat (''Grammomys dolichurus'') is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It is found in Angola, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, South Sudan, Eswatini, Tanzan ...

*''Otomys irroratus'' – vlei rat *''Dendromus mesomelas'' –

Brant's climbing mouse Brants's climbing mouse (''Dendromus mesomelas'') is a species of rodent in the family Nesomyidae. It is found in Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zambia. Its natural habi ...

*''Graphiurus ocularis'' –

spectacled dormouse The spectacled dormouse or ''namtap'' (''Graphiurus ocularis'') is a species of rodent in the family Gliridae, and one of four dormouse species endemic to South Africa. It has a bushy, squirrel-like tail, a fairly short muzzle, small ears an ...

*''Graphiurus murinus'' – woodland dormouse *''Hystrix africae-australis'' – Cape porcupine *''Bathyergus suillus'' –

Cape dune mole-rat The Cape dune mole-rat (''Bathyergus suillus'') is a species of solitary burrowing rodent in the family Bathyergidae. It is endemic to South Africa and named for the Cape of Good Hope. Description The Cape dune mole-rat is the largest of all t ...

*''Georychus capensis'' –

Cape mole-rat The Cape mole-rat (''Georychus capensis'') is a species of mole-rat endemic to South Africa. It is the only extant species currently described as belonging to the genus ''Georychus''. Description Cape mole-rats closely resemble other African ...

*''Cryptomys hottentotus'' – common mole-rat *''Mellivora capensis'' – ratel *''Ictonyx striatus'' – striped polecat *''Aonyx capensis'' –

African clawless otter The African clawless otter (''Aonyx capensis''), also known as the Cape clawless otter or groot otter, is the second-largest freshwater otter species. It inhabits permanent water bodies in savannah and lowland forest areas through most of sub-Sa ...

*''Genetta tigrina'' – Cape genet *''Herpestes ichneumon cafer'' –

Egyptian mongoose The Egyptian mongoose (''Herpestes ichneumon''), also known as ichneumon (), is a mongoose species native to the coastal regions along the Mediterranean Sea between North Africa and Turkey, tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrub ...

*''Herpestes pulverulentus'' – Cape grey mongoose *''Atilax paludinosus'' – marsh mongoose *''Felis lybica cafra'' –

wildcat The wildcat is a species complex comprising two small wild cat species: the European wildcat (''Felis silvestris'') and the African wildcat (''F. lybica''). The European wildcat inhabits forests in Europe, Anatolia and the Caucasus, while the ...

*''Leptailurus serval'' –

serval The serval (''Leptailurus serval'') is a wild cat native to Africa. It is widespread in sub-Saharan countries, except rainforest regions. Across its range, it occurs in protected areas, and hunting it is either prohibited or regulated in ran ...

*''Caracal caracal'' –

caracal The caracal (''Caracal caracal'') () is a medium-sized wild cat native to Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and arid areas of Pakistan and northwestern India. It is characterised by a robust build, long legs, a short face, long tufted e ...

*''Panthera pardus melanotica'' –

leopard The leopard (''Panthera pardus'') is one of the five extant species in the genus '' Panthera'', a member of the cat family, Felidae. It occurs in a wide range in sub-Saharan Africa, in some parts of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia ...

*''Loxodonta africana'' – African bush elephant *''Procavia capensis'' – Cape hyrax *''Potamochoerus porcus koiropotamus'' –

bushpig :''"Bush pig" may also refer to the red river hog. The bushpig (''Potamochoerus larvatus'') is a member of the pig family that inhabits forests, woodland, riverine vegetation and cultivated areas in East and Southern Africa. Probably introdu ...

*''Pelea capreolus'' – grey rhebok *''Tragelaphus scriptus sylvaticus'' –

bushbuck The Cape bushbuck (''Tragelaphus sylvaticus'') is a common and a widespread species of antelope in sub-Saharan Africa.Wronski T, Moodley Y. (2009)Bushbuck, harnessed antelope or both? ''Gnusletter'', 28(1):18-19. Bushbuck are found in a wide rang ...

*''Cephalophus monticola'' –

blue duiker The blue duiker (''Philantomba monticola'') is a small antelope found in central, southern and eastern Africa. It is the smallest duiker. The species was first described by Swedish naturalist Carl Peter Thunberg in 1789. 12 subspecies are iden ...

*''Oreotragus oreotragus'' – klipspringer *''Raphicerus melanotis'' –

Cape grysbok The Cape or southern grysbok (''Raphicerus melanotis'') is a small antelope that is endemic to the Western Cape region of South Africa between Albany and the Cederberg mountains The Cederberg mountains are located near Clanwilliam, appr ...

Birds

* Cape spurfowl * Red-necked spurfowl * Common quail * Helmeted guineafowl *

Egyptian goose The Egyptian goose (''Alopochen aegyptiaca'') is a member of the duck, goose A goose (plural, : geese) is a bird of any of several waterfowl species in the family (biology), family Anatidae. This group comprises the genera ''Anser (bird), ...

African black duck The African black duck (''Anas sparsa'') is a species of duck of the genus ''Anas''. It is genetically closest to the mallard group, but shows some peculiarities in its behavior and (as far as they can be discerned) plumage; it is accordingly pla ...

Yellow-billed duck The yellow-billed duck (''Anas undulata'') is a 51–58 cm long dabbling duck which is an abundant resident breeder in southern and eastern Africa. This duck is not migratory, but wanders in the dry season to find suitable waters. It is hi ...

* Red-billed teal *

Scaly-throated honeyguide The scaly-throated honeyguide (''Indicator variegatus'') is a species of bird in the family Indicatoridae. Range thumb , left , 200px , Dorsal view, Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, coastal Kenya It is found in Angola, Burundi, DRC, Eswatini, Ethiop ...

Greater honeyguide The greater honeyguide (''Indicator indicator'') is a bird in the family Indicatoridae, paleotropical near passerine birds related to the woodpeckers. Its English and scientific names refer to its habit of guiding people to bee colonies. C ...

Lesser honeyguide The lesser honeyguide (''Indicator minor'') is a species of bird in the family Indicatoridae. Range It is found in Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republ ...

Brown-backed honeybird The brown-backed honeybird (''Prodotiscus regulus''), also known as Wahlberg's honeybird, Wahlberg's honeyguide and sharp-billed honeyguide, is a species of bird in the family Indicatoridae. This bird is named after the Swedish naturalist Joha ...

Knysna woodpecker The Knysna woodpecker (''Campethera notata'') is a species of bird in the family Picidae. It is endemic to South Africa, where its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, moist savanna, and subtropical or tropical mois ...

* Cardinal woodpecker *

Olive woodpecker The olive woodpecker (''Dendropicos griseocephalus'') is a species of bird in the woodpecker family Picidae. Taxonomy The olive woodpecker was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1780 in his ''Histoire Natu ...

* Crowned hornbill * African hoopoe *

Green wood hoopoe The green wood hoopoe (''Phoeniculus purpureus'') is a large, up to long, near-passerine tropical bird native to Africa. It is a member of the family Phoeniculidae, the wood hoopoes, and was formerly known as the red-billed wood hoopoe. Descr ...

* Narina trogon *

European roller The European roller (''Coracias garrulus'') is the only member of the roller family of birds to breed in Europe. Its overall range extends into the Middle East, Central Asia and the Maghreb. The European roller is found in a wide variety of ha ...

* Half-collared kingfisher *

Malachite kingfisher The malachite kingfisher (''Corythornis cristatus'') is a river kingfisher which is widely distributed in Africa south of the Sahara. It is largely resident except for seasonal climate-related movements. Taxonomy The malachite kingfisher was de ...

Brown-hooded kingfisher The brown-hooded kingfisher (''Halcyon albiventris'') is a species of bird in the subfamily Halcyoninae, the tree kingfishers. It has a brown head and blackish and turquoise wings. It is found in Sub-Saharan Africa, living in woodland, scrubland, ...

* Giant kingfisher * Pied kingfisher * Speckled mousebird * Red-faced mousebird * Red-chested cuckoo * Black cuckoo * Klaas's cuckoo *

African emerald cuckoo The African emerald cuckoo (''Chrysococcyx cupreus'') is a species of cuckoo that is native to Africa. Taxonomy and phylogeny As a member of the family Cuculidae, the African emerald cuckoo is an Old World cuckoo. There are four subspecies, name ...

Diederik cuckoo The diederik cuckoo (''Chrysococcyx caprius''), formerly dideric cuckoo or didric cuckoo is a member of the cuckoo order of birds, the Cuculiformes, which also includes the roadrunners and the anis. Taxonomy The diederik cuckoo was described ...

* Burchell's coucal *

Alpine swift The alpine swift (''Tachymarptis melba'') formerly ''Apus melba'', is a species of swift found in Africa, southern Europe and Asia. They breed in mountains from southern Europe to the Himalaya. Like common swifts, they are migratory; the souther ...

* African black swift * Little swift * Horus swift * White-rumped swift *

Knysna turaco The Knysna turaco (''Tauraco corythaix''), or, in South Africa, Knysna loerie, is a large turaco, one of a group of African musophagidae birds. It is a resident breeder in the mature evergreen forests of southern and eastern South Africa, and Sw ...

Barn owl The barn owl (''Tyto alba'') is the most widely distributed species of owl in the world and one of the most widespread of all species of birds, being found almost everywhere except for the polar and desert regions, Asia north of the Himala ...

* Cape eagle-owl * Spotted eagle-owl *

African wood owl The African wood owl (''Strix woodfordii'') or Woodford's owl, is a typical owl from the genus '' Strix'' in the family Strigidae which is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa. Description The African wood owl is a medium-sized owl which has the typ ...

Fiery-necked nightjar The fiery-necked nightjar (''Caprimulgus pectoralis'') is a species of nightjar in the family Caprimulgidae, which is found mostly in Africa south of the equator, though it has been spotted in a few countries north of the equator. It is most ...

* European nightjar *

Rock dove The rock dove, rock pigeon, or common pigeon ( also ; ''Columba livia'') is a member of the bird family Columbidae (doves and pigeons). In common usage, it is often simply referred to as the "pigeon". The domestic pigeon (''Columba livia domes ...

* Lemon dove *

Laughing dove The laughing dove (''Spilopelia senegalensis'') is a small pigeon that is a resident breeder in Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and Western Australia where it has established itself in the wild after being released from Perth Zoo in 1898. T ...

* Cape turtle dove * Red-eyed dove * Tambourine dove * Emerald-spotted wood dove *

Speckled pigeon The speckled pigeon (''Columba guinea''), or (African) rock pigeon, is a pigeon that is a resident breeding bird in much of Africa south of the Sahara. It is a common and widespread species in open habitats over much of its range, although there ...

* African olive pigeon * Denham's bustard *

African finfoot The African finfoot (''Podica senegalensis'') is an aquatic bird from the family Heliornithidae (the finfoots and sungrebe). The species lives in the rivers and lakes of western, central, and southern Africa. Description The African finfoot is a ...

* Buff-spotted flufftail * Striped flufftail *

Common moorhen The common moorhen (''Gallinula chloropus''), also known as the waterhen or swamp chicken, is a bird species in the rail family (Rallidae). It is distributed across many parts of the Old World. The common moorhen lives around well-vegetated mar ...

* Red-knobbed coot * Common whimbrel * Common greenshank *

Marsh sandpiper The marsh sandpiper (''Tringa stagnatilis'') is a small wader. It is a rather small shank, and breeds in open grassy steppe and taiga wetlands from easternmost Europe to the Russian Far East. The genus name ''Tringa'' is the New Latin name given ...

* Wood sandpiper *

Common sandpiper The common sandpiper (''Actitis hypoleucos'') is a small Palearctic wader. This bird and its American sister species, the spotted sandpiper (''A. macularia''), make up the genus ''Actitis''. They are parapatric and replace each other geographical ...

Ruddy turnstone The ruddy turnstone (''Arenaria interpres'') is a small cosmopolitan wading bird, one of two species of turnstone in the genus ''Arenaria''. It is now classified in the sandpiper family Scolopacidae but was formerly sometimes placed in the pl ...

* Sanderling * Ruff *

Water thick-knee The water thick-knee or water dikkop (''Burhinus vermiculatus'') is a species of bird in the thick-knee family Burhinidae. The species is found across sub-Saharan Africa, usually close to water. Distribution and habitat The water thick-knee has ...

Spotted thick-knee The spotted thick-knee (''Burhinus capensis''), also known as the spotted dikkop or Cape thick-knee, is a wader in the family Burhinidae. It is native to tropical regions of central and southern Africa. Description The spotted thick-knee, which ...

African black oystercatcher The African oystercatcher or African black oystercatcher (''Haematopus moquini''), is a large charismatic wader resident to the mainland coasts and offshore islands of southern Africa. This near-threatened oystercatcher has a population of ...

Black-winged stilt The black-winged stilt (''Himantopus himantopus'') is a widely distributed very long-legged wader in the avocet and stilt family ( Recurvirostridae). The scientific name ''H. himantopus'' is sometimes applied to a single, almost cosmopolitan sp ...

* Grey plover * White-fronted plover * Blacksmith lapwing *

Black-winged lapwing The black-winged lapwing or greater black-winged lapwing (''Vanellus melanopterus'') is an east African species that is found from the Ethiopian highlands in the north to central Kenya (race ''V. m. melanopterus''), and again at middle to coasta ...

Arctic skua The parasitic jaeger (''Stercorarius parasiticus''), also known as the Arctic skua, Arctic jaeger or parasitic skua, is a seabird in the skua family Stercorariidae. It is a migratory species that breeds in Northern Scandinavia, Scotland, Ice ...

* Kelp gull * Grey-headed gull *

Caspian tern The Caspian tern (''Hydroprogne caspia'') is a species of tern, with a subcosmopolitan but scattered distribution. Despite its extensive range, it is monotypic of its genus, and has no accepted subspecies. The genus name is from Ancient Greek ...

* Swift tern *

Sandwich tern The Sandwich tern (''Thalasseus sandvicensis'') is a tern in the family Laridae. It is very closely related to the lesser crested tern (''T. bengalensis''), Chinese crested tern (''T. bernsteini''), Cabot's tern (''T. acuflavidus''), and ele ...

Roseate tern The roseate tern (''Sterna dougallii'') is a species of tern in the family Laridae. The genus name ''Sterna'' is derived from Old English "stearn", "tern", and the specific ''dougallii'' refers to Scottish physician and collector Dr Peter McDo ...

Common tern The common tern (''Sterna hirundo'') is a seabird in the family Laridae. This bird has a circumpolar distribution, its four subspecies breeding in temperate and subarctic regions of Europe, Asia and North America. It is strongly migrat ...

Arctic tern The Arctic tern (''Sterna paradisaea'') is a tern in the family Laridae. This bird has a circumpolar breeding distribution covering the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of Europe (as far south as Brittany), Asia, and North America (as far ...

Osprey The osprey (''Pandion haliaetus''), , also called sea hawk, river hawk, and fish hawk, is a diurnal, fish-eating bird of prey with a cosmopolitan range. It is a large raptor reaching more than in length and across the wings. It is brown o ...

Black-winged kite The black-winged kite (''Elanus caeruleus''), also known as the black-shouldered kite (not to be confused with the closely-related Australian species of the same name), is a small diurnal bird of prey in the family Accipitridae best known for i ...

* African marsh harrier * Black harrier * African harrier-hawk *

African cuckoo-hawk The African cuckoo-hawk, or African baza, (''Aviceda cuculoides'') is a medium-sized raptor in the family Accipitridae so named because it resembles the common cuckoo. It is found in sub-Saharan Africa and along the eastern parts of Southern A ...

African goshawk The African goshawk (''Accipiter tachiro'') is an African species of bird of prey in the genus '' Accipiter'' which is the type genus of the family Accipitridae. Description The African goshawk is a medium-sized to large ''Accipiter'' which i ...

* Little sparrowhawk * Rufous-chested sparrowhawk *

Black sparrowhawk The black sparrowhawk (''Accipiter melanoleucus''), sometimes known as the black goshawk or great sparrowhawk, is the largest African member of the genus '' Accipiter''.Arkive. Black goshawk (''Accipiter melanoleucus''). In: Arkive: Images of Li ...

* Palmnut vulture *

Steppe buzzard The common buzzard (''Buteo buteo'') is a medium-to-large bird of prey which has a large range. A member of the genus ''Buteo'', it is a member of the family Accipitridae. The species lives in most of Europe and extends its breeding range across ...

* Forest buzzard * Jackal buzzard *

Black eagle The black eagle (''Ictinaetus malaiensis'') is a bird of prey. Like all eagles, it is in the family Accipitridae, and is the only member of the genus ''Ictinaetus''. They soar over forests in the hilly regions of tropical and subtropical South ...

Booted eagle The booted eagle (''Hieraaetus pennatus'', also classified as ''Aquila pennata'') is a medium-sized mostly migratory bird of prey with a wide distribution in the Palearctic and southern Asia, wintering in the tropics of Africa and Asia, with a ...

Martial eagle The martial eagle (''Polemaetus bellicosus'') is a large eagle native to sub-Saharan Africa.Ferguson-Lees & Christie, ''Raptors of the World''. Houghton Mifflin Company (2001), . It is the only member of the genus ''Polemaetus''. A species of ...

Long-crested eagle The long-crested eagle (''Lophaetus occipitalis'') is an African bird of prey. Like all eagles, it is in the family Accipitridae. It is currently placed in a monotypic genus ''Lophaetus''. It is characterized by the feathers making up the shaggy ...

* African crowned eagle *

African fish eagle The African fish eagle (''Haliaeetus vocifer'') or the African sea eagle, is a large species of eagle found throughout sub-Saharan Africa wherever large bodies of open water with an abundant food supply occur. It is the national bird of Malawi, ...

* Rock kestrel *

Peregrine falcon The peregrine falcon (''Falco peregrinus''), also known as the peregrine, and historically as the duck hawk in North America, is a cosmopolitan bird of prey ( raptor) in the family Falconidae. A large, crow-sized falcon, it has a blue-grey ...

* White-faced whistling duck *

Little grebe The little grebe (''Tachybaptus ruficollis''), also known as dabchick, is a member of the grebe family of water birds. The genus name is from Ancient Greek ''takhus'' "fast" and ''bapto'' "to sink under". The specific ''ruficollis'' is from Lat ...

Red-tailed tropicbird The red-tailed tropicbird (''Phaethon rubricauda'') is a seabird native to tropical parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. One of three closely related species of tropicbird (Phaethontidae), it was described by Pieter Boddaert in 1783. Supe ...

* Cape gannet *

African darter The African darter (''Anhinga rufa''), sometimes called the snakebird, is a water bird of sub-Saharan Africa and Iraq. Taxonomy The African darter is a member of the darter family, Anhingidae, and is closely related to American (''Anhinga anh ...

* Reed cormorant *

Crowned cormorant The crowned cormorant (''Microcarbo coronatus'') is a small cormorant that is endemic to the waters of the cold Benguela Current of southern Africa. It is an exclusively coastal species and is not found more than 10 km (6 mi) away fro ...

* White-breasted cormorant * Cape cormorant * Little egret *

Cattle egret The cattle egret (''Bubulcus ibis'') is a cosmopolitan species of heron (family Ardeidae) found in the tropics, subtropics, and warm-temperate zones. It is the only member of the monotypic genus ''Bubulcus'', although some authorities regard ...

Grey heron The grey heron (''Ardea cinerea'') is a long-legged wading bird of the heron family, Ardeidae, native throughout temperate Europe and Asia and also parts of Africa. It is resident in much of its range, but some populations from the more northern ...

* Black-headed heron * Purple heron * Green-backed heron *

Black-crowned night heron The black-crowned night heron (''Nycticorax nycticorax''), or black-capped night heron, commonly shortened to just night heron in Eurasia, is a medium-sized heron found throughout a large part of the world, including parts of Europe, Asia, and N ...

* White-backed night heron * Dwarf bittern *

Hamerkop The hamerkop (''Scopus umbretta'') is a medium-sized wading bird. It is the only living species in the genus ''Scopus'' and the family Scopidae. The species and family was long thought to sit with the Ciconiiformes but is now placed with th ...

Lesser flamingo The lesser flamingo (''Phoeniconaias minor'') is a species of flamingo occurring in sub-Saharan Africa and western India. Birds are occasionally reported from further north, but these are generally considered vagrants. Characteristics The lesser ...

* Hadeda ibis * African sacred ibis *

African spoonbill The African spoonbill (''Platalea alba'') is a long-legged wading bird Great frigatebird The great frigatebird (''Fregata minor'') is a large seabird in the frigatebird family. There are major nesting populations in the tropical Pacific (including the Galapagos Islands) and Indian Oceans, as well as a tiny population in the South ...

African penguin The African penguin (''Spheniscus demersus''), also known as Cape penguin or South African penguin, is a species of penguin confined to southern African waters. Like all extant penguins, it is flightless, with a streamlined body and wings stiffe ...

* Indian yellow-nosed albatross *

Southern giant petrel The southern giant petrel (''Macronectes giganteus''), also known as the Antarctic giant petrel, giant fulmar, stinker, and stinkpot, is a large seabird of the southern oceans. Its distribution overlaps broadly with the similar northern giant pe ...

* Pintado petrel *

Blue petrel The blue petrel (''Halobaena caerulea'') is a small seabird in the shearwater and petrel family, Procellariidae. This small petrel is the only member of the genus ''Halobaena'', but is closely allied to the prions. It is distributed across the So ...

White-chinned petrel The white-chinned petrel (''Procellaria aequinoctialis'') also known as the Cape hen and shoemaker, is a large shearwater in the family Procellariidae. It ranges around the Southern Ocean as far north as southern Australia, Peru and Namibia, ...

* Black-headed oriole * Fork-tailed drongo *

Blue-mantled crested flycatcher The blue-mantled crested flycatcher or African crested flycatcher (''Trochocercus cyanomelas'') is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae found in eastern and south-eastern Africa. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry for ...

African paradise flycatcher The African paradise flycatcher (''Terpsiphone viridis'') is a medium-sized passerine bird. The two central tail feathers of the male are extended into streamers that commonly are more than twice as long as the body. The female tail feathers are ...

Black-backed puffback The black-backed puffback (''Dryoscopus cubla'') is a species of passerine bird in the family Malaconotidae. They are common to fairly common sedentary bushshrikes in various wooded habitats in Africa south of the equator. They restlessly move ...

* Southern tchagra * Southern boubou *

Olive bushshrike The olive bushshrike (''Chlorophoneus olivaceus'') is a species of bird in the family Malaconotidae. It is found in Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Eswatini, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropica ...

* Cape batis * Cape crow * Pied crow *

White-necked raven The white-necked raven (''Corvus albicollis'') is somewhat smaller (50–54 cm in length) than the common raven or its nearest relative, the thick-billed raven ''C. crassirostris''. It is native to eastern and southern Africa. Descriptio ...

Southern fiscal The southern fiscal or fiscal shrike (''Lanius collaris'') is a member of the shrike family found through most of southern Africa. It is also sometimes named jackie hangman or butcher bird due to its habit of impaling its prey on acacia thorns ...

Grey cuckooshrike The grey cuckooshrike (''Ceblepyris caesius'') is a species of bird in the cuckooshrike family Campephagidae. It is a medium-sized forest bird, with grey to blue-grey plumage and large black eyes. There are two subspecies that occur in forest p ...

* Black cuckooshrike *

Barn swallow The barn swallow (''Hirundo rustica'') is the most widespread species of swallow in the world. In fact, it appears to have the largest natural distribution of any of the world's passerines, ranging over 251 million square kilometres globally. ...

* White-throated swallow *

Greater striped swallow The greater striped swallow (''Cecropis cucullata'') is a large swallow that is native to Africa south of the equator. Taxonomy The greater striped swallow was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1780 in h ...

* Brown-throated martin * Rock martin *

Common house martin The common house martin (''Delichon urbicum''), sometimes called the northern house martin or, particularly in Europe, just house martin, is a migratory passerine bird of the swallow family which breeds in Europe, north Africa and across the ...

* Black saw-wing * Cape bulbul *

Sombre greenbul The sombre greenbul (''Andropadus importunus'') is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is a resident breeder in coastal bush, evergreen forest and dry shrub land in eastern and southern Africa. It is the only member of the genu ...

Terrestrial brownbul The terrestrial brownbul (''Phyllastrephus terrestris'') is a species of songbird in the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae. It is found in eastern and south-eastern Africa. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or ...

Cape grassbird The Cape grassbird or Cape grass warbler (''Sphenoeacus afer'') is an African warbler found in southern Africa. Taxonomy Formerly placed in the family Sylviidae, it is the only member of the genus ''Sphenoeacus''. The taxonomy of the "African w ...

Victorin's warbler Victorin's warbler (''Cryptillas victorini'') or Victorin's scrub warbler, is a species of African warbler, formerly placed in the family Sylviidae. It was recently split from the genus ''Bradypterus'' and now belongs to a monotypic genus ''Cryp ...

* Long-billed crombec *

Little rush warbler The little rush warbler or African bush warbler (''Bradypterus baboecala'') is a species of Old World warbler in the family Locustellidae. Range and habitat It is found in Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Republic of the Congo, DRC, E ...

* Knysna warbler *

Yellow-throated woodland warbler The yellow-throated woodland warbler (''Phylloscopus ruficapilla'') is a species of Old World warbler in the family Phylloscopidae. It is found in Eswatini, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habi ...

Willow warbler The willow warbler (''Phylloscopus trochilus'') is a very common and widespread leaf warbler which breeds throughout northern and temperate Europe and the Palearctic, from Ireland east to the Anadyr River basin in eastern Siberia. It is strongl ...

Cape white-eye The Cape white-eye (''Zosterops virens'') is a small passerine bird in the white-eye family. It is native to southern Africa. It is commonly found in suburbia, parks and gardens, besides a variety of mesic to well-watered habitats. Taxonomy Ther ...

Grey-backed cisticola The grey-backed cisticola or red-headed cisticola (''Cisticola subruficapilla'') is a small passerine bird. This cisticola is a resident breeder in southernmost Angola, Namibia and western South Africa. The grey-backed cisticola is a very commo ...

* Levaillant's cisticola * Neddicky * Karoo prinia *

Bar-throated apalis The bar-throated apalis (''Apalis thoracica'') is a small African passerine bird belonging to the genus ''Apalis'' of the family Cisticolidae. It is native to the eastern and southern Afrotropics. Range and habitat It inhabits forest and scrub i ...

* Bleating warbler * Cape rock thrush * Olive thrush *

Southern black flycatcher The southern black flycatcher (''Melaenornis pammelaina'') is a small passerine bird of the genus ''Melaenornis'' in the flycatcher family, Muscicapidae, native to open and lightly wooded areas of eastern and southern Africa. This species has ...

* Fiscal flycatcher * Spotted flycatcher *

African dusky flycatcher The African dusky flycatcher (''Muscicapa adusta''), also known as the dusky-brown flycatcher or dusky alseonax, is a small passerine bird of the Old World flycatcher family, Muscicapidae. It is a resident breeder in Africa from Nigeria, th ...

* White-starred robin *

Cape robin-chat The Cape robin-chat (''Cossypha caffra'') is a small passerine bird of the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae. It has a disjunct range from South Sudan to South Africa. The locally familiar and confiding species has colonized and benefited f ...

* Chorister robin-chat * White-browed scrub robin * African stonechat * Red-winged starling *

Black-bellied starling The black-bellied starling (''Notopholia corusca'') is a species of starling in the family Sturnidae. It is found in Eswatini, Kenya, Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe Zimbabwe (), officially the Republic of Zim ...

Wattled starling The wattled starling (''Creatophora cinerea'') is a nomadic resident bird in eastern and southern Africa. It is a species of grassland, open woodland, and cultivation. This is the only African starling that appears to show affinities with the A ...

Common starling The common starling or European starling (''Sturnus vulgaris''), also known simply as the starling in Great Britain and Ireland, is a medium-sized passerine bird in the starling family, Sturnidae. It is about long and has glossy black plumag ...

* Orange-breasted sunbird *

Grey sunbird The grey sunbird or mouse-coloured sunbird (''Cyanomitra verreauxii'') is a species of bird in the family Nectariniidae. It is found in Eswatini Eswatini ( ; ss, eSwatini ), officially the Kingdom of Eswatini and formerly named Swaziland ( ...

* Amethyst sunbird * Malachite sunbird * Collared sunbird * Southern double-collared sunbird * Greater double-collared sunbird * Cape sugarbird * Cape weaver *

Yellow bishop The yellow bishop (''Euplectes capensis''), also known as Cape bishop, Cape widow or yellow-rumped widow, is a resident breeding bird species in Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya, Leso ...

African quailfinch The African quailfinch, spectacled quailfinch, or white-chinned quailfinch (''Ortygospiza atricollis fuscocrissa''), is a common species of estrildid finch found in eastern and southern Africa. Some taxonomists consider it to be conspecific wi ...

Swee waxbill The swee waxbill (''Coccopygia melanotis''), is a common species of estrildid finch native to Southern Africa. Description and subspecies The swee waxbill is 9–10 cm long with a grey head and breast, pale yellow belly, olive back and ...

* Common waxbill *

African firefinch The African firefinch (''Lagonosticta rubricata''), also called the blue-billed firefinch, is a common species of estrildid finch found in many parts of Africa. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of . Taxonomy The African firefinch ...

Pin-tailed whydah The pin-tailed whydah (''Vidua macroura'') is a small songbird with a conspicuous pennant-like tail in breeding males. It is a resident breeding bird in most of Africa south of the Sahara Desert. Taxonomy The pin-tailed whydah was first desc ...

House sparrow The house sparrow (''Passer domesticus'') is a bird of the sparrow family Passeridae, found in most parts of the world. It is a small bird that has a typical length of and a mass of . Females and young birds are coloured pale brown and grey, an ...

* Southern grey-headed sparrow * Cape wagtail * Cape canary * Brimstone canary * White-throated canary * Protea seedeater *

Streaky-headed seedeater The streaky-headed seedeater or streaky-headed canary (''Crithagra gularis'') is a small passerine bird in the finch family. It is an unobtrusive but widespread species in suitable habitats of southern Africa. Its presence in an area is revealed ...

* Cape siskin *

Golden-breasted bunting The golden-breasted bunting (''Emberiza flaviventris'') is a passerine bird in the bunting family Emberizidae. It occurs in dry open woodlands and moist savanna in Africa south of the Sahara, but is absent from the equatorial forest belt. Descri ...

Amphibians

* '' Breviceps fuscus'' - Plain rain frog/blaasoppie * ''

Amietophrynus rangeri The raucous toad (''Sclerophrys capensis''), also known as Ranger's toad, is a species of toad from Southern Africa.Du Preez, L. H., Carruthers, Vincent; A complete guide to the frogs of southern Africa. Pub: Cape Town, South Africa : Struik Natu ...

'' – Ranger's toad * ''

Cacosternum boettgeri The Boettger's dainty frog or common caco (''Cacosternum boettgeri'') is a species of frog in the family Pyxicephalidae. It is found in Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zam ...

'' – Boettger's dainty frog * '' Hyperolius horstockii'' – Arum frog * '' Amietia fuscigula'' – Cape river frog * '' Strongylopus bonaspei'' – Banded stream frog * '' Strongylopus grayii'' – Gray's stream frog * ''

Tomopterna delalandii Delalande's sand frog (''Tomopterna delalandii''), also known as Delalande's frog, Cape sand frog, or striped pixie, is a species of frog in the family Pyxicephalidae. It is endemic to western and southern South Africa and occurs in the low-lying ...

'' – Delalande's sand frog * ''

Xenopus laevis The African clawed frog (''Xenopus laevis'', also known as the xenopus, African clawed toad, African claw-toed frog or the ''platanna'') is a species of African aquatic frog of the family Pipidae. Its name is derived from the three short claws ...

'' – African clawed frog

Snakes

*''

Pelamis platurus The yellow-bellied sea snake (''Hydrophis platurus'') is a venomous species of snake from the subfamily Hydrophiinae (the sea snakes) found in tropical oceanic waters around the world except for the Atlantic Ocean. For many years, it was place ...

'' - yellow-bellied sea snake *''

Rhinotyphlops lalandei ''Rhinotyphlops lalandei'', known commonly as Delalande's beaked blind snake, is a species of snake in the family Typhlopidae. The species is endemic to southern Africa. Etymology The specific name, ''lalandei'', is in honor of French naturali ...

'' – pink earth snake *'' Leptotyphlops nigricans'' – black worm snake *'' Lycodonomorphus rufulus'' – brown water snake *''

Lycophidion capense The Cape wolf snake (''Lycophidion capense'') is a species of oviparous, non venomous snake which occurs over a wide area of Southern, Central, and East Africa. Though docile and harmless, it may be confused with the very venomous stiletto snak ...

'' - Cape wolf snake *'' Lamprophis aurora'' – Aurora snake *'' Lycodonomorphus inornatus'' – olive house snake *'' Boaedon fuliginosus'' – brown house snake *''

Philothamnus hoplogaster ''Philothamnus'' is a genus of snakes in the family Colubridae. The genus is endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa.. www.reptile-database.org. Species The following 24 species are recognized as being valid. *'' Philothamnus angolensis'' *'' Philothamnu ...

'' – green water snake *'' Philothamnus natalensis'' – Natal green snake *'' Prosymna sundevallii'' – southern shovel-snout snake *''

Pseudaspis cana The mole snake (''Pseudaspis cana'') is a species of snake. It has been placed in the family Lamprophiidae, and more recently in the family Pseudaspididae, along with the genus '' Pythonodipsas''. It is native to much of southern Africa, and ...

'' – mole snake *'' Duberria lutrix'' – slug-eater snake *'' Dasypeltis scabra'' – common egg-eater snake *'' Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia'' – red-lipped snake *'' Amplorhinus multimaculatus'' – reed snake *'' Dispholidus typus'' – boomslang *''

Psammophylax rhombeatus ''Psammophylax rhombeatus'' (psammo=sand, phylax=guard) or Rhombic Skaapsteker, is a small, attractively patterned, Southern African snake usually measuring between 45 and 85 centimetres in length, though occasionally reaching 140 cm. In co ...

'' – spotted grass snake *''

Psammophis crucifer ''Psammophis'' is a genus of snakes in the family Psammophiidae. The genus comprises 33 species, which are found in Africa and Asia.. www.reptile-database.org. ''Psammophis'' are diurnal and prey on lizards and rodents which they actively hunt. ...

'' – cross-marked grass snake *'' Homoroselaps lacteus'' – spotted harlequin snake *''

Hemachatus haemachatus The rinkhals (; ''Hemachatus haemachatus''), also known as the ringhals or ring-necked spitting cobra, is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is found in parts of southern Africa. It is not a true cobra in that it ...

'' – rinkhals *'' Naja nivea'' – Cape cobra *'' Causus rhombeatus'' – night adder *''

Bitis arietans The puff adder (''Bitis arietans'') is a viper species found in savannahs and grasslands from Morocco and western Arabia throughout Africa except for the Sahara and rainforest regions.U.S. Navy. 1991. ''Venomous Snakes of the World''. US Govt. ...

'' – puff adder *'' Bitis atropos'' – berg adder *'' Bitis albanica'' – hornsman adder

Lizards

* '' Pachydactylus geitjie'' - Ocellated thick-toed gecko * '' Afrogecko porphyreus'' – Marbled leaf-toed gecko * ''

Lygodactylus capensis The Cape dwarf gecko (''Lygodactylus capensis'')('lygodactylus' = 'flexible fingers') is a species of dwarf gecko found in the woodlands and forests of central and southern Africa. It also occurs commonly in towns and cities and is sometimes ke ...

'' - Cape dwarf gecko * ''

Agama atra The southern rock agama or southern African rock agama (''Agama atra'') is a species of lizard from the family Agamidae that occurs in Southern Africa in Zambia, South Africa, Eswatini, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Botswana. It lives in small colon ...

'' – Southern rock agama * '' Bradypodion damaranum'' – Knysna dwarf chameleon * ''

Ninurta coeruleopunctatus ''Ninurta coeruleopunctatus'' (syn. ''Cordylus coeruleopunctatus''), the blue-spotted girdled lizard or simply blue-spotted lizard, is a monotypic genus that is endemic to southern, coastal South Africa South Africa, officially the Republ ...

'' – Blue-spotted girdled lizard * ''

Acontias meleagris ''Acontias meleagris'', the Cape legless skink, is a species of skink found in the southern Cape of South Africa. It has no limbs, like most members of the subfamily Acontinae Acontinae is a subfamily of limbless skinks within the family Sci ...

'' - Cape legless skink * '' Eremias lineocelata'' - Sand lizard * '' Pedioplanis lineocellata'' - Spotted sand lizard * ''

Trachylepis capensis ''Trachylepis capensis'' is a species of skink, a lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is native to southern Africa. Naming Named for the Cape of Good Hope, ''T. trachylepis'' is commonly known as the Cape skink or Cape three-lined ...

'' – Cape skink * ''

Trachylepis homalocephala ''Trachylepis homalocephala'', commonly known as the red-sided skink, is a small, slender species of skink in the subfamily Mabuyinae. Geographic range and habitat ''T. homalocephala'' is indigenous to Southern Africa, where it typically occurs ...

'' - Red-sided skink * ''

Gerrhosaurus flavigularis The yellow-throated plated lizard or plated lizard (''Gerrhosaurus flavigularis'') is a species of lizard, which is about 45½ cm (18 inches) in total length (including tail) and lives in the grassland and scrub of Sudan, Ethiopia and along East ...

'' - Yellow-throated plated lizard * ''

Tetradactylus seps ''Tetradactylus seps'', commonly known as the short-legged seps or five-toed whip lizard, is a species of lizard in the family Gerrhosauridae The Gerrhosauridae are a family of lizards native to Africa and Madagascar. Habitat Also known ...

'' - Short-legged seps * '' Chamaesaura anguina'' - Cape grass lizard * ''

Cordylus cordylus ''Cordylus cordylus'', the Cape girdled lizard, is a medium-sized lizard indigenous to the southern Cape region of South Africa, where it inhabits crags, rocky outcrops and mountain summits. They evade predators by wedging themselves firmly in ro ...

'' - Cape girdled lizard * ''

Pseudocordylus microlepidotus ''Pseudocordylus microlepidotus'', the Cape crag lizard, is a species of lizard native to shrublands and grasslands of South Africa. Three subspecies have been named: ''Pseudocordylus microlepidotus microlepidotus'', ''Pseudocordylus microlepidot ...

'' - Cape crag lizard * '' Tropidosaura gularis'' - Yellow-striped mountain lizard * ''

Varanus exanthematicus The savannah monitor (''Varanus exanthematicus'') is a medium-sized species of monitor lizard native to Africa. The species is known as Bosc's monitor in Europe, since French scientist Louis Bosc first described the species. It belongs to the ...

'' - Rock monitor

Tortoises, turtles and terrapins

* ''

Eretmochelys imbricata The hawksbill sea turtle (''Eretmochelys imbricata'') is a critically endangered sea turtle belonging to the family Cheloniidae. It is the only extant species in the genus ''Eretmochelys''. The species has a global distribution, that is l ...

'' - Hawksbill sea turtle * ''

Chelonia mydas The green sea turtle (''Chelonia mydas''), also known as the green turtle, black (sea) turtle or Pacific green turtle, is a species of large sea turtle of the family Cheloniidae. It is the only species in the genus ''Chelonia''. Its range exten ...

'' - Green turtle * ''

Caretta caretta The loggerhead sea turtle (''Caretta caretta'') is a species of sea turtle, oceanic turtle distributed throughout the world. It is a marine reptile, belonging to the Family (biology), family Cheloniidae. The average loggerhead measures around ...

'' - loggerhead turtle * ''

Dermochelys coriacea The leatherback sea turtle (''Dermochelys coriacea''), sometimes called the lute turtle or leathery turtle or simply the luth, is the largest of all living turtles and the heaviest non-crocodilian reptile, reaching lengths of up to and weights ...

'' - leatherback turtle * ''

Stigmochelys pardalis The leopard tortoise (''Stigmochelys pardalis'') is a large and attractively marked tortoise found in the savannas of eastern and southern Africa, from Sudan to the southern Cape. It is the only extant member of the genus ''Stigmochelys'', althoug ...

'' - leopard tortoise * '' Chersina angulata'' - angulate tortoise * '' Homopus areolatus'' - common padloper * '' Pelomedusa subrufa'' - marsh terrapin https://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/conservation/scientific/coastal/appendix08.pdf

Trees, shrubs and lianes

*'' Acokanthera oppositifolia'' *'' Afrocanthium mundianum'' *'' Afrocarpus falcatus'' *'' Allophylus decipiens'' *'' Apodytes dimidiata'' *''

Berzelia intermedia ''Berzelia'' is a genus consisting of 12 species of upright, wiry-stemmed, evergreen shrubs with a dense covering of small, fine, needle-like leaves. The flowers which appear in spring and summer, are minute but are packed in spherical clusters ...

'' *''

Brachylaena glabra ''Brachylaena'' is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae. Several are endemic to Madagascar, and the others are distributed in mainland Africa, especially the southern regions.Beentje, H. J. (2000)The genus ''Brachylaena'' ( ...

'' *''

Brachylaena neriifolia ''Brachylaena neriifolia'', commonly known as the Cape silver oak, water white alder or waterwitels, is a small tree which is native to river valleys in southern Africa. It grows up to about 6 metres and is usually found along river banks or oth ...

'' *''

Brunia nodiflora ''Brunia'' may refer to: * ''Brunia'' (moth), a genus of insects in the family Erebidae * ''Brunia'' (plant), a genus of plants in the family Bruniaceae {{Genus disambiguation ...

'' *''

Buddleja saligna ''Buddleja saligna'', the false olive or bastard olive, is almost endemic to South Africa where it has a wide distribution. It occurs most often in ravines and against outcrops, and is distributed from coastal elevations to the central plateau at ...

'' *'' Buddleja salviifolia'' *''

Burchellia bubalina ''Burchellia'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus contains only one species, viz. ''Burchellia bubalina'', which is endemic to southern Africa: the Cape Provinces, KwaZulu-Natal and the Northern Province ...

'' *'' Calodendrum capense'' *'' Canthium kuntzeanum'' *''

Canthium ventosum ''Canthium'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. They are shrubs and small trees. The leaves are deciduous and the stems are usually thorny. Distribution ''Canthium'' species are predominantly found in Southeast Asia, espe ...

'' *''

Capparis sepiaria ''Capparis sepiaria'', also commonly called hedge caper or wild caper bush, is a shrub that has a pantropical distribution, especially in dry deciduous forests, foothills and scrub jungles. Description ''Capparis sepiaria'' is a prickly, eve ...

'' var. ''citrifolia'' *''

Carissa bispinosa ''Carissa'' is a genus of shrubs or small trees native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Australia and Asia. Until recently about 100 species were listed, but most of them have been relegated to the status of synonyms or assigne ...

'' *'' Cassine aethopica'' *''

Cassine crocea Cassine may refer to: * Cassine, Piedmont, town and commune of the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont * Cassine (plant), genus of trees, of the plant family Celastraceae See also * Casine (disambiguation) Casein ( , from ...

'' *'' Cassine eucleaeformis'' *'' Cassine papillosa'' *''

Cassine parvifolia Cassine may refer to: * Cassine, Piedmont, town and commune of the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont * Cassine (plant), genus of trees, of the plant family Celastraceae See also * Casine (disambiguation) * Cassino (disamb ...

'' *''

Cassine peragua ''Cassine peragua'', also known as Cape saffron, bastard saffron and forest spoonwood, is a medium-sized tree with fragrant flowers, decorative fruits and a saffron-coloured trunk. It is indigenous to the Afro-montane forests of South Africa. A ...

'' *''

Cassine tetragona Cassine may refer to: * Cassine, Piedmont, town and commune of the Province of Alessandria in the Italian region Piedmont * Cassine (plant), genus of trees, of the plant family Celastraceae See also * Casine (disambiguation) * Cassino (disamb ...

'' *'' Cassinopsis ilicifolia'' *''

Celtis africana ''Celtis africana'', the white stinkwood, is a deciduous tree in the family Cannabaceae. Its habit ranges from a tall tree in forest to a medium-sized tree in bushveld and open country, and a shrub on rocky soil. It occurs in Yemen and over la ...

'' *'' Chionanthus foveolatus subsp. foveolatus'' *'' Chrysanthemoides monilifera'' *'' Clausena anisata'' *''

Clematis brachiata ''Clematis brachiata'', commonly known as traveller's joy, is a hardy, deciduous Southern African liana of the family Ranunculaceae. It tends to clamber to the tops of trees and shrubs, sprawling over the crowns. Leaves are compound with from 1 ...

'' *'' Clutia affinis'' *'' Colpoon compressum'' *'' Cunonia capensis'' *''

Curtisia dentata ''Curtisia dentata'' (commonly known as the Assegai tree or Cape lancewood, af, Assegaai, xh, Umgxina, zu, Umagunda) is a flowering tree from Southern Africa. It is the sole species in genus ''Curtisia'', which was originally classed as a typ ...

'' *''

Cussonia thyrsiflora ''Cussonia thyrsiflora'', known as the Cape coast cabbage tree, or Kaapse kuskiepersol in Afrikaans, is a small evergreen tree in the family Araliaceae. Range It naturally occurs in South Africa along the southern Cape coast, between Cape Town a ...

'' *'' Cyathea capensis'' (L.f.) J. E. Sm. *''

Cynanchum ellipticum ''Cynanchum ellipticum'' is a South African climbing plant of the family Apocynaceae, with slender stems and branches, exuding milky, bitter latex that is non-irritant. It occurs in coastal scrub from Cape Town as far north as Mozambique and fur ...

'' (Harv.) R. A. Dyer *''

Diospyros dichrophylla ''Diospyros dichrophylla'' (Michel Gandoger, Gand.) De Winter (known as the "poison star-apple" or "Bostolbos") is a Southern African tree belonging to the ebony family of Ebenaceae and closely related to the Persimmon (''Diospyros kaki''). Des ...

'' *''

Diospyros glabra ''Diospyros'' is a genus of over 700 species of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs. The majority are native to the tropics, with only a few species extending into temperate regions. Individual species valued for their hard, heavy, dark ti ...

'' *'' Diospyros whyteana'' *''

Dodonaea viscosa ''Dodonaea viscosa'', also known as the broadleaf hopbush, is a species of flowering plant in the ''Dodonaea'' (hopbush) genus that has a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of Africa, the Americas, south ...

'' var. ''angustifolia'' *'' Dovyalis rhamnoides'' *'' Ekebergia capensis'' *''

Empleurum unicapsulare ''Empleurum unicapsulare'' or false buchu is a South African shrub of the family Rutaceae and occurs from the southwestern districts of the Cape Province to the Uitenhage area. Buchu in commerce is generally accepted as the dried leaves of ''A ...

'' (L. f.) Skeels *'' Erica floribunda'' *''

Euclea polyandra ''Euclea'', from the Greek '' eukleia'' meaning "glory and fame", denotes a group of flowering plants in the Ebenaceae or ebony family. They were described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1774. The genus includes evergreen trees and shrubs, native to ...

'' *''

Euclea racemosa ''Euclea racemosa'' (the sea guarrie or dune guarrie) is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree that is indigenous to the Indian Ocean coast of Africa from Egypt to South Africa, as well as in Comoros, Oman and Yemen. ''Euclea racemosa'' has l ...

'' *'' Euclea schimperi'' var. ''schimperi'' *''

Euclea undulata ''Euclea'', from the Greek ''eukleia'' meaning "glory and fame", denotes a group of flowering plants in the Ebenaceae or ebony family. They were described as a genus by Linnaeus in 1774. The genus includes evergreen trees and shrubs, native to ...

'' *''

Euryops virgineus ''Euryops'' is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family. They are native mostly to rocky sites in southern Africa, with a few species in other parts of Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula. They produce daisy-like flowerheads from ...

'' (L.f.) DC. *'' Excoecaria simii'' (Kuntze) Pax *'' Faurea macnaughtonii'' *'' Ficus burtt-davyi'' *'' Ficus sur'' *'' Gnidia denudata'' *''

Gonioma kamassi ''Gonioma'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1838. It is native to South Africa, Madagascar, and Eswatini. ;Species * '' Gonioma kamassi'' E.Mey. - Cape Province, Eswatini, KwaZulu-Natal * '' ...

'' *''

Grewia occidentalis ''Grewia occidentalis'', the crossberry, is a small, hardy, attractive tree indigenous to Southern Africa. Description A small, scrambling, deciduous tree reaching a height of about 3 m, its purple, star-shaped flowers appear in summer, ...

'' *'' Gymnanthemum mespilifolium'' (Less.) H.Rob. *'' Halleria lucida'' *'' Hartogiella schinoides'' Codd *'' Heteromorpha arborescens'' *''

Hippobromus pauciflorus ''Hippobromus pauciflorus'' ( Afrikaans: Baster-perdepis = False horse urine), commonly known as false horsewood, is a small South African semi-deciduous tree occurring on the margins of forest, stream banks and in scrub forest. Frequently growi ...

'' *''

Ilex mitis ''Ilex mitis'' (commonly called Cape holly, African holly, waterboom or umDuma) is a tall, dense, evergreen tree that is indigenous to Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. It makes an excellent fast-growing hedge for gardens - growing tall, str ...

'' *'' Kiggelaria africana'' *''

Lachnostylis hirta ''Lachnostylis'' is a genus of the family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1846. It is native to the Eastern Cape and the Western Cape Provinces of South Africa. It is often included in '' Savia''. It is dioecious Dioecy (; ; adj. ...

'' *''

Laurophyllus capensis ''Laurophyllus'' is a monotypic genus of dioecious shrubs in the subfamily Anacardioideae of the cashew and sumac family Anacardiaceae. It contains the single species ''Laurophyllus capensis'', which is endemic to the Eastern Cape The East ...

'' *'' Leucadendron adscendens'' *'' Leucadendron conicum'' *''

Leucadendron eucalyptifolium ''Leucadendron eucalyptifolium'', the gum-leaved conebush, is a flower-bearing shrub belonging to the genus ''Leucadendron'' and forms part of the fynbos. The plant is native to the Western Cape and the Eastern Cape, where it occurs in the Potbe ...

'' *'' Leucospermum attenuatum'' *'' Maerua cafra'' *''

Maerua racemulosa ''Maerua racemulosa'' is a species of plant in the Capparaceae family, which is almost endemic to South Africa's coastal regions, where it is a constituent of shady forest understory and valley bushveld. They are shrubs or small trees, with most ...

'' *'' Maytenus acuminata'' *''

Maytenus heterophylla ''Gymnosporia heterophylla'', the common spike-thorn, is a small, hardy, deciduous African tree up to 5m tall, occurring in rocky places with a wide distribution from Ethiopia, the Sudan and the Congo, south to the Cape Province and west to Ango ...

'' *''

Maytenus nemorosa ''Gymnosporia nemorosa'' is a spiny, somewhat sprawling evergreen shrub or small tree with drooping branches growing to some 5 m tall and found along forest edges in Mpumalanga, Eswatini, KwaZulu-Natal south to the Garden Route in the Southern Ca ...

'' (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Marais *''

Maytenus peduncularis ''Maytenus'' ''Sunset Western Garden Book,'' 1995:606–607 is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. Members of the genus are distributed throughout Central and South America, Southeast Asia, Micronesia and Australasia, the Ind ...

'' *'' Myrica humilis'' *''

Myrica cordifolia ''Myrica'' is a genus of about 35–50 species of small trees and shrubs in the family Myricaceae, order Fagales. The genus has a wide distribution, including Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America, and missing only from Austra ...

'' *''

Myrica serrata ''Myrica'' is a genus of about 35–50 species of small trees and shrubs in the family Myricaceae, order Fagales. The genus has a wide distribution, including Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America, and missing only fro ...

'' *'' Nuxia floribunda'' *'' Ochna arborea'' *''

Ocotea bullata ''Ocotea bullata'', (stinkwood or black stinkwood, af, Stinkhout, xh, Umhlungulu, zu, Umnukane) is a species of flowering tree native to South Africa. It produces very fine and valuable timber which was formerly much sought after to make fur ...

'' *''

Olea capensis ''Olea capensis'', the black ironwood, is an African tree species in the olive family Oleaceae. It is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa: from the east in Somalia, Ethiopia and Sudan, south to the tip of South Africa, and west to Cameroon, Sierra ...

'' subsp. ''capensis'' *''

'' subsp. ''macrocarpa'' * ''Olea europaea'' subsp. ''cuspidata'' *''

Olea exasperata ''Olea'' ( ) is a genus of about 40 species in the family Oleaceae, native to warm temperate and tropical regions of the Middle East, southern Europe, Africa, southern Asia, and Australasia. They are evergreen trees and shrubs, with sma ...

'' *''

Olinia cymosa ''Olinia'' is a genus of small trees and shrubs with 10 species in the family Penaeaceae. The species of ''Olinia'' are native to Africa, ranging from west Africa to South Africa. It was previously regarded as the sole genus in the family Oliniac ...

'' *'' Passerina falcifolia'' *''

Phylica paniculata ''Phylica'' is a genus of plants in the family Rhamnaceae. It contains about 150 species, the majority of which are restricted to South Africa, where they form part of the '. A few species occur in other parts of southern Africa, and on islands ...

'' Willd. *''

Pittosporum viridiflorum ''Pittosporum viridiflorum'' (Cape cheesewood, af, Kasuur, st, Kgalagangwe, xh, Umkhwenkwe, zu, Umfusamvu) is a protected tree in South Africa. Morphology The leaves are obovate with margin entire and wavy, conspicuous net veining, crowde ...

'' *''

Platylophus trifoliatus ''Platylophus trifoliatus'' is a species of trees in the family Cunoniaceae. It is endemic to South Africa and the only species of the genus ''Platylophus''. Leaves are opposite with three leaflets. Flowers are creamish or yellowish and arranged ...

'' *'' Podocarpus latifolius'' *''

Polygala myrtifolia ''Polygala myrtifolia'', the myrtle-leaf milkwort, is an evergreen 2-4m tall South African shrub or small tree found along the southern and south-eastern coasts, from near Clanwilliam in the Western Cape to KwaZulu-Natal. It is a fast-growing ...

'' *''

Protea mundii ''Protea mundii'', the forest sugarbush, is a flowering shrub native to the Cape Provinces of South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by ...

'' *'' Protea neriifolia'' *''

Prunus africana ''Prunus africana'', the African cherry, has a wide distribution in Africa, occurring in montane regions of central and southern Africa and on the islands of Bioko, São-Tomé, Grande Comore, and Madagascar. It can be found at above sea level. I ...

'' *'' Pseudophyllanthus ovalis'' *'' Psoralea pinnata'' *''

Psychotria capensis ''Psychotria capensis'', the bird-berry, is a southern African evergreen shrub or small tree. It belongs to a genus which is used medicinally in many regions, 'Psychotria' being from the Greek for 'rejuvenating', in reference to the healing prope ...

'' *''

Psydrax obovata ''Psydrax'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It consists of trees, shrubs, and a few lianas in the paleotropics. Taxonomy The genus was named by Joseph Gaertner in 1788 in his book, ''De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum' ...

'' *''

Pterocelastrus rostratus ''Pterocelastrus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Celastraceae. It includes four species native to southeastern and southern Africa, ranging from Malawi and Mozambique to Zimbabwe and South Africa. Species *''Pterocelastrus drege ...

'' *'' Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus'' *'' Pyrenacantha scandens'' Planch. ex Harv. *'' Rapanea melanophloeos'' *'' Rhamnus prinoides'' *''

Rhoicissus tomentosa ''Rhoicissus tomentosa'' (or the Cape grape) is a vigorous, evergreen vine that is indigenous to the afro-montane forests of southern Africa. It is increasingly popular as an ornamental creeper in gardens, and it has a wide range of uses in tra ...

'' *''

Rhus chirindensis ''Searsia chirindensis'' is a medium-sized, semi-deciduous, trifoliate Southern African dioecious tree of up to 10 m tall, rarely 20 m, often multi-stemmed, occurring along the coastal belt from the Cape, through KwaZulu/Natal, Eswatini, Zimbabw ...

'' *'' Rhus crenata'' *''

Rhus glauca ''Searsia glauca'' (or the blue kuni-rhus) is a small, compact tree or bush that is commonly found along the coastline of southern Africa. Although commonest near the coast, it is also found inland among fynbos vegetation. Description The lea ...

'' *''

Rhus longispina Sumac ( or ), also spelled sumach, is any of about 35 species of flowering plants in the genus ''Rhus'' and related genera in the cashew family ( Anacardiaceae). Sumacs grow in subtropical and temperate regions throughout the world, including ...

'' *''

Rhus lucida ''Searsia lucida'', previously known as ''Rhus lucida'', and commonly known as the varnished kuni-rhus (English) or blinktaaibos (Afrikaans). Description The tree seldom reaches a height of more than 2 metres and can spread as a shrub over seve ...

'' *'' Rhus tomentosa'' *''

Rhus undulata Sumac ( or ), also spelled sumach, is any of about 35 species of flowering plants in the genus ''Rhus'' and related genera in the cashew family ( Anacardiaceae). Sumacs grow in subtropical and temperate regions throughout the world, including ...

'' *''

Rothmannia capensis ''Rothmannia capensis'' is a South African tree belonging to the Rubiaceae, usually about 5 m high in the open, but reaching 20 m under forest conditions. It occurs from the south-western Cape Province along the coastal regions and in ...

'' *'' Salix mucronata'' subsp. ''capensis'' *'' Schefflera umbellifera'' *''

Scutia myrtina ''Scutia myrtina'' is a species of plant in the family Rhamnaceae. It is commonly known as cat-thorn. Description ''Scutia myrtina'' is a variable plant that may grow as a shrub or tree of 2-10 m tall with trunk diameter to 30 cm or ...

'' *''

Secamone alpini ''Secamone alpini'' (also known as monkey rope or melktou) is a species of forest creeper in the family Apocynaceae. Its natural habitat is the afro-montane forests of eastern and southern Africa, from Kenya to Cape Province. References ...

'' *''

Schotia afra ''Schotia afra'' is a flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Detarioideae. It occurs in Southern Africa. The genus was named for Richard van der Schot by Jacquin who was the director of the Imperial Gardens a ...

'' var. ''afra'' *''

Schotia latifolia ''Schotia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Detarioideae. It occurs in southern Africa. The genus was named for Richard van der Schot by Jacquin who was the director of the Imperial Gard ...

'' *'' Scolopia mundii'' *'' Scolopia zeyheri'' *''

'' *'' Sideroxylon inerme'' *''

Sparrmannia africana ''Sparrmannia africana'', the African hemp or African linden, is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family (biology), family Malvaceae, native plant, native to open woodland in South Africa and Madagascar. It is one of up to seven species ...

'' *''

Strelitzia alba ''Strelitzia alba'' also known as white-flowered wild banana, or Cape wild banana is a plant of the Bird of Paradise family and is endemic to the Garden Route along the southernmost coastal regions of the district of Humansdorp Eastern and dist ...

'' *'' Strychnos decussata'' *'' Tarchonanthus camphoratus'' *''

Trichocladus crinitus ''Trichocladus crinitus'' is a species of the genus ''Trichocladus'', in the family ''Hamamelidaceae''. It is also called black witch-hazel.Coates-Palgrave, M. 2002. Keith Coates-Palgrave. "Trees of Southern Africa", edn 3, imp. 4. Random House S ...

'' *''

Trimeria grandifolia Trimeria may refer to: * ''Trimeria'' (wasp), a genus of wasps in the family Vespidae * ''Trimeria'' (plant), a genus of plants in the family Salicaceae {{Genus disambiguation ...

'' *''

Vepris lanceolata ''Vepris lanceolata'' (umZane or white ironwood) is a large, evergreen tree native to southern and eastern Africa. It ranges from southeastern Kenya through Tanzania and Mozambique to South Africa, where it grows in coastal evergreen thicket or o ...

'' *'' Virgilia oroboides'' *'' Zanthoxylum capense'' *'' Zanthoxylum davyi''

References

*''Southern Cape Forests and Trees'' – F von Breitenbach (Government Printer, Pretoria 1974) *''A Checklist of Birds of Nature's Valley'' – Geoff McIlleron (Nature's Valley Trust 2005) *''The Story of Nature's Valley'' – Nora and Chris Sinclair (Nature's Valley Trust 2005)
Pristine river threatened by projectsNature's Valley newsletterGetaway Magazine article
*Ross, Graham – ''The Romance of Cape Mountain Passes'' (David Philip, Cape Town 2002)

External links

*
Nature's Valley Ratepayers Association

{{Garden Route District Municipality Populated places in the Bitou Local Municipality