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The National Mandate Party (), frequently abbreviated to PAN, is a non-sectarian, religion-basedAl-Hamdi, Ridho (2017). ''Moving towards a Normalised Path: Political Islam in Contemporary Indonesia''. Jurnal Studi Pemerintahan (Journal of Government & Politics). Vol. 8 No. 1, February 2017. pp. 52, 56, 62.Al-Hamdi, Ridho (2013). ''Partai politik Islam: Teori dan praktik di Indonesia'' (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.
political party A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular area's elections. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about politics, and parties may promote specific political ideology, ...
in
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...
. It was founded by the modernist strand of Muslim society in Indonesia, including
Amien Rais Muhammad Amien Rais (born 26 April 1944) is an Indonesian politician and conspiracy theorist. He was one of the leaders of the reform movement that forced the resignation of President Suharto in 1998. Amien Rais was the leader of Muhammadiyah, o ...
, the chairman of the
Muhammadiyah Muhammadiyah (), officially Muhammadiyah Society () is a major Islamic non-governmental organization in Indonesia.A. Jalil HamidTackle the rising cost of living longer New Straits Times, 30 October 2016. Accessed 1 November 2016. The organization ...
organization, during the
Indonesian Revolution The Indonesian National Revolution (), also known as the Indonesian War of Independence (, ), was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during p ...
. The party contested the
2009 elections The following elections occurred in the year 2009. * Electoral calendar 2009 * 2009 United Nations Security Council election Caribbean * 2009 Antiguan general election * 2009 Aruban general election * 2009 Caymanian constitutional referendum ...
under the chairmanship of Sutrisno Bachir.Dhakidae pp. 228 It is described as a nationalist Muslim party. It also upholds the Pancasila doctrine. In 2014, the party obtained 7.59 percent of the popular vote, which is an increase from 6.03 percent in 2009 and 6.44 percent in 2004.


Background

On 14 May 1998, around 50 political figures, including Goenawan Mohammad, Faisal Basri, and
Amien Rais Muhammad Amien Rais (born 26 April 1944) is an Indonesian politician and conspiracy theorist. He was one of the leaders of the reform movement that forced the resignation of President Suharto in 1998. Amien Rais was the leader of Muhammadiyah, o ...
established an organization called the Peoples Mandate Council () open to anybody who wanted to listen and express opinions. At the time, Amien Rais said that MARA would assess the performance of President Suharto's
cabinet Cabinet or The Cabinet may refer to: Furniture * Cabinetry, a box-shaped piece of furniture with doors and/or drawers * Display cabinet, a piece of furniture with one or more transparent glass sheets or transparent polycarbonate sheets * Filin ...
over the next six months. He also said that the people needed a strong forum that was respected by those in power and that the power structure under Suharto was not good at listening to people's opinions because it had become arrogant. At the time of the downfall of the Suharto regime in 1998, many new parties were being established and some of them wanted Amien Rais and other members of MARA to join them. One of these was the Crescent Star Party whose eventual leader
Yusril Ihza Mahendra Yusril Ihza Mahendra (born 5 February 1956) is an Indonesian lawyer, politician and academic, who served as the leader of the Crescent Star Party (PBB) from 2015 to 2024. Previously, he served as the leader of the PBB from 1998 until 2005, Mini ...
tried to persuade Amien Rais to establish a party. When he refused the offer, the party went its own way. On July 27, 1998 (the day after the declaration of the creation of the Crescent Star Party), Amien Rais announced the establishment of a new party to be called the People's Mandate Party (). This was changed to the current name after a lengthy voting process. The new party had its roots in the principles of religious morality, humanity, and prosperity.Kazhaim & Hamzah (1999) pp. 34-37Dhakidae pp. 228-229


2020 Party fracas

On 11 February 2020, a PAN national congress, held in
Kendari Kendari is the capital city of the Indonesian province of Southeast Sulawesi. It had a population of 289,966 at the 2010 CensusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 345,107 at the 2020 census,Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. making it the ...
,
Southeast Sulawesi Southeast Sulawesi (, ; often abbreviated to Sultra, ), is a province on the island of Sulawesi, forming the southeastern peninsula of that island, together with a number of substantial offshore islands such as Buton, Muna, Kabaena and Wawon ...
, was marred by violence when party members started throwing chairs at one another amid a dispute over candidates to lead the party. One PAN member suffered a broken leg during the melee. Reports said thugs had been deployed at the congress to support Mulfachri Harahap's candidacy for the party leadership. PAN leader Zulkifli was re-elected at the congress, receiving 331 votes, while Mulfachri received 225 votes.


PAN in the legislature


Indonesian legislative election, 1999

In the 1999 elections, PAN won 7.4 percent of the vote and 34 seats in the
legislature A legislature (, ) is a deliberative assembly with the legal authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country, nation or city on behalf of the people therein. They are often contrasted with the executive and judicial power ...
. The party then played a key role in putting together a ''central axis'' of Islamic political parties in the
People's Consultative Assembly The People's Consultative Assembly of the Republic of Indonesia (, MPR-RI) is the legislative branch in Indonesia's political system. It is composed of the members of a lower body, House of Representatives (DPR) and an upper body, Regional R ...
which helped ensure that
Abdurrahman Wahid Abdurrahman Wahid ( ; né ad-Dakhil, 7 September 1940 – 30 December 2009), more colloquially known as Gus Dur (), was an Indonesian politician and Islam in Indonesia, Islamic Kyai, religious leader who served as the fourth president of Indone ...
defeated
Megawati Sukarnoputri Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Sukarnoputri (; born 23 January 1947) is an Indonesian politician who served as the fifth president of Indonesia from 2001 to 2004 and the eighth vice president under President Abdurrahman Wahid from 1999 to 200 ...
when that chamber elected the president. However, PAN's support for Abdurrahman Wahid did not last long. Less than a year after officially confirming its support for him at its first congress in
Yogyakarta Yogyakarta is the capital city of the Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by Hamengkubuwono, a monarchy, Yogyakarta is regarded as an importan ...
in February 2000, the party withdrew this support, saying it was concerned about the condition of the nation and state of Indonesia. Not long after that, Abdurrahman Wahid was voted out of office and replaced by Megawati Sukarnoputri.


Indonesian legislative election, 2004

For the 2004 elections, the party set a target of 15 percent of the vote. To promote his presidential candidacy, Amien Rais made a series of visits around the country. He also said that he was convinced that a retired military officer should be his vice-president. However, in the legislative election, the party won 6.4% of the popular vote and 52 out of 550 legislative seats. For the
presidential election A presidential election is the election of any head of state whose official title is President. Elections by country Albania The president of Albania is elected by the Assembly of Albania who are elected by the Albanian public. Chile The p ...
, Amien Rais stood with
Siswono Yudo Husodo Siswono Yudo Husodo (born 4 July 1943) is an Indonesian politician and businessman who was the Minister of Transmigration and Minister of Public Housing during the New Order era. He was a vice presidential candidate in the 1999 presidential vo ...
as his running mate but only won 15% of the vote.Dhakidae pp. 229-2


Indonesian legislative election, 2009

The party came fifth in the 2009 legislative election with 6% of the vote, gaining 43 seats in the
People's Representative Council The House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia (, DPR-RI or simply DPR) is one of two elected chambers of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR), the national legislature of Indonesia. It is considered the lower house, while th ...
.


Indonesian legislative election, 2014

Despite its declining influence and popularity, the party aimed to garner at least 10 percent of the vote in 2014. However, in the legislative election, PAN only won 7.49 percent of the vote. A few weeks after the legislative election, PAN announced party leader Hatta Rajasa as vice presidential candidate to run alongside
Prabowo Subianto Prabowo Subianto Djojohadikusumo (born 17 October 1951) is an Indonesian politician, businessman, and former four-star Indonesian Army, army general who is serving as the eighth and current president of Indonesia since 2024. He was previously t ...
.


Party ideology and platform

At the time of own establishment in 1998, the party has declared Pancasila as its ideological base. However, subsequently, as outside scholars note, due to the party’s close cooperation with the Islamic organization
Muhammadiyah Muhammadiyah (), officially Muhammadiyah Society () is a major Islamic non-governmental organization in Indonesia.A. Jalil HamidTackle the rising cost of living longer New Straits Times, 30 October 2016. Accessed 1 November 2016. The organization ...
, its support from predominantly Muslim voters and other reasons, the party’s ideology became more religious and more Muslim or
Islamic democratic There exist a number of perspectives on the relationship between the religion of Islam and democracy (the form of government in which political power is vested in the people or the population of a state and democracy) among Islamic political th ...
, but far from
Islamism Islamism is a range of religious and political ideological movements that believe that Islam should influence political systems. Its proponents believe Islam is innately political, and that Islam as a political system is superior to communism ...
. Nowadays, PAN is the
moderate Moderate is an ideological category which entails centrist views on a liberal-conservative spectrum. It may also designate a rejection of radical or extreme views, especially in regard to politics and religion. Political position Canad ...
and most progressive among other Indonesian religious parties. PAN is open to all elements of society, regardless of gender, ethnicity, or religion. According to the party website, PAN strives for the sovereignty of the people, social justice, and a better life for the people to bring about an Indonesian nation that is prosperous, developed, independent, and dignified. It also wants to realize good and clean governance that protects all the people and brings prosperity and to see a united, sovereign nation. The party wants to play a part in implementing world order based on independence, eternal peace, and social justice, and wants Indonesia to be respected in the international community.


Election results


Legislative election results


Presidential election results

''Note: Bold text indicates the party member''


Bibliography

* * Dhakidae, Daniel (ed.), (2004) ''Partai-Partai Politik Indonesia: Ideologi dan Program 2004-2009 ndonesian Political Parties: Ideologies and Programs 2004-2009' (in Indonesian). Kompas (1999) * Evans, Kevin Raymond, (2003) ''The History of Political Parties & General Elections in Indonesia'', Arise Consultancies, Jakarta, * * Musa Kazhim & Alfian Hamzah (1999) ''5 Partai Dalam timbangan'' (''5 Parties in Consideration''), Putaka Hidaya, Bandung Indonesian


See also

*
List of Islamic political parties Below are lists of political parties espousing Islamic identity or political Islam in various approaches under the system of Islamic democracy. Islamic democracy refers to a political ideology that seeks to apply Islamic principles to public pol ...


References

{{United Development Party 1998 establishments in Indonesia Islamic democratic political parties Islamic political parties in Indonesia Pancasila political parties Political parties established in 1998 Political parties in Indonesia