Nacirema
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Nacirema ("American" spelled backwards) is a term used in
anthropology Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, society, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including archaic humans. Social anthropology studies patterns of behav ...
and
sociology Sociology is the scientific study of human society that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of Interpersonal ties, social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. The term sociol ...
in relation to aspects of the behavior and society of citizens of the
United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
. The
neologism In linguistics, a neologism (; also known as a coinage) is any newly formed word, term, or phrase that has achieved popular or institutional recognition and is becoming accepted into mainstream language. Most definitively, a word can be considered ...
attempts to create a deliberate sense of self-distancing in order that American anthropologists might look at their own culture more objectively, thus comparing
emic and etic In anthropology, folkloristics, linguistics, and the social and behavioral sciences, ''emic'' () and ''etic'' () refer to two kinds of field research done and viewpoints obtained. The ''emic'' approach is an insider's perspective, which loo ...
views of it.


"Body Ritual among the Nacirema"

The original use of the term in a social science context was in "Body Ritual among the Nacirema", which satirizes
anthropological Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including archaic humans. Social anthropology studies patterns of behaviour, wh ...
papers on "other" cultures, and the
culture of the United States The culture of the United States encompasses various social behaviors, institutions, and Social norm, norms, including forms of Languages of the United States, speech, American literature, literature, Music of the United States, music, Visual a ...
. Horace Mitchell Miner wrote the paper and originally published it in the June 1956 edition of ''
American Anthropologist ''American Anthropologist'' is the flagship journal of the American Anthropological Association The American Anthropological Association (AAA) is an American organization of scholars and practitioners in the field of anthropology. With 10,000 m ...
''. In the paper, Miner describes the Nacirema, a little-known tribe living in
North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...
. The way in which he writes about the curious practices that this group performs distances readers from the fact that the North American group described actually corresponds to modern-day Americans of the mid-1950s. Miner presents the Nacirema as a group living in the territory between the Canadian
Cree The Cree, or nehinaw (, ), are a Indigenous peoples of the Americas, North American Indigenous people, numbering more than 350,000 in Canada, where they form one of the country's largest First Nations in Canada, First Nations. They live prim ...
, the
Yaqui The Yaqui, Hiaki, or Yoeme, are an Indigenous people of Mexico and Native Americans in the United States, Native American tribe, who speak the Yaqui language, a Uto-Aztecan language. Their primary homelands are in Río Yaqui valley in the no ...
and Tarahumare of Mexico, and the Carib and
Arawak The Arawak are a group of Indigenous peoples of northern South America and of the Caribbean. The term "Arawak" has been applied at various times to different Indigenous groups, from the Lokono of South America to the Taíno (Island Arawaks), w ...
of the
Antilles The Antilles is an archipelago bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the south and west, the Gulf of Mexico to the northwest, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north and east. The Antillean islands are divided into two smaller groupings: the Greater An ...
. The paper describes the typical Western ideal for oral cleanliness, as well as providing an outside view on hospital care and on
psychiatry Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of deleterious mental disorder, mental conditions. These include matters related to cognition, perceptions, Mood (psychology), mood, emotion, and behavior. ...
. The Nacirema are described as having a highly developed
market economy A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand. The major characteristic of a mark ...
that has evolved within a rich natural habitat. Miner's article became a popular work, reprinted in many introductory textbooks and used as an example of
process analysis Process analysis is a form of technical writing and expository writing The rhetorical modes (also known as modes of discourse) are a broad traditional classification of the major kinds of formal and academic writing (including speech-writing ...
in the literature text '' The Bedford Reader''. The article received the most reprint permission requests of any article in ''American Anthropologist''. Some of the popular aspects of Nacirema culture include: medicine men and women (doctors, psychiatrists, and pharmacists), a charm-box (medicine cabinet), the mouth-rite ritual ( brushing teeth), and a cultural hero known as Notgnihsaw ( Washington spelled backwards). These
ritual purification Ritual purification is a ritual prescribed by a religion through which a person is considered to be freed of ''uncleanliness'', especially prior to the worship of a deity, and ritual purity is a state of ritual cleanliness. Ritual purification ...
practices are prescribed as how humans should comport themselves in the presence of sacred things. These sacred aspects are the rituals that the Nacirema partake in throughout their lives.


"The mysterious fall of the Nacirema"

In 1972, Neil B. Thompson revisited the Nacirema after the fall of their civilization. Thompson's paper, unlike Miner's, primarily offered a
social commentary Social commentary is the act of using rhetorical means to provide commentary on social, cultural, political, or economic issues in a society. This is often done with the idea of implementing or promoting change by informing the general populace ab ...
focused on
environmental issue Environmental issues are disruptions in the usual function of ecosystems. Further, these issues can be caused by humans (human impact on the environment) or they can be natural. These issues are considered serious when the ecosystem cannot recov ...
s. Thompson paid special attention to the Elibomotua (
automobile A car, or an automobile, is a motor vehicle with wheels. Most definitions of cars state that they run primarily on roads, Car seat, seat one to eight people, have four wheels, and mainly transport private transport#Personal transport, peopl ...
backwards) cult and its efforts to modify the environment. This article is reprinted and appears as the final chapter in an anthology, ''Nacirema: Readings on American Culture''. The volume contains an array of scholarly investigations into American social anthropology as well as one more article in the Nacirema series, by Willard Walker of Wesleyan University: "The Retention of Folk Linguistic Concepts and the ti'ycir (teacher) Caste in Contemporary Nacireman Culture" which laments the corrosive and subjugating ritual of attending ''sguwlz'' (schools). On
phonology Phonology (formerly also phonemics or phonematics: "phonemics ''n.'' 'obsolescent''1. Any procedure for identifying the phonemes of a language from a corpus of data. 2. (formerly also phonematics) A former synonym for phonology, often pre ...
, the anthropologist notes: This refers to the traditional enumeration of the 5
vowel letters A vowel is a speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract, forming the nucleus of a syllable. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, in loudness a ...
in the English alphabet (A, E, I, O, and U), which is in contrast to the much larger number (varying between accents) of distinct vowel sounds in the language (see English phonology#Vowels).


Nacirema vs. Teamsterville

Gerry Philipsen (1992) studies what he terms " speech codes" among the Nacirema, which he contrasts with the speech codes of another semi-fictionalized group of Americans, the inhabitants of Teamsterville culture. His Nacirema comprises primarily middle-class west-coast Americans.


See also

* , with a character named after the anagram of "America" * , another portrayal of America through a lens of etic distance * ''Motel of the Mysteries'' (1979), an illustrated book by David Macaulay depicting burial customs of the "Yanks of East Usa"


References


Additional bibliography

* * * *{{cite book , last=Philipsen , first=Gerry , year=1992 , title=Speaking Culturally: Explorations in Social Communication , publisher=SUNY Press , isbn=0-7914-1164-8 , url=https://archive.org/details/speakingcultural00phil , url-access=registration


External links


''Body Ritual among the Nacirema'' (PDF)
from ''American Anthropologist'', June 1956 * ''Body Ritual among the Nacirema'' in
Wikisource Wikisource is an online wiki-based digital library of free-content source text, textual sources operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikisource is the name of the project as a whole; it is also the name for each instance of that project, one f ...
format.
The Mysterious Fall of the Nacirema
from ''
Natural History Natural history is a domain of inquiry involving organisms, including animals, fungi, and plants, in their natural environment, leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study. A person who studies natural history is cal ...
'', December 1972 (Internet Archive Aug 07, 2004 version)
"Battle RItual among the Nacirema"
by Finn Johannson at Ethnography.com (2015)
''Who are the Nacirema''
from ''Living Anthropologically'', (2013, revised 2018) Culture of the United States Society of the United States Cultural anthropology Social anthropology Ethnographic literature Hoaxes in science Satire 1950s neologisms