Na (Indic)

Na is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Na is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter after having gone through the Gupta script, Gupta letter .

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of न are:
*न = 20 (२०)
*नि = 2,000 (२ ०००)
*नु = 200,000 (२ ०० ०००)
*नृ = 20,000,000 (२ ०० ०० ०००)
*नॢ = 2 (२ ×१०^९)
*ने = 2 (×१०^११)
*नै = 2 (×१०^१३)
*नो = 2 (×१०^१५)
*नौ = 2 (×१०^१७)

Historic Na

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi script, Brahmi and its variants, Kharosthi, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian alphabet, Tocharian, the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Na as found in standard Brahmi, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta . The Tocharian Na had an alternate Tocharian alphabet#Script, Fremdzeichen form, . The third form of na, in Kharoshthi (file:Буква NА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter NA.svg, 15px, Na) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Na

The Brahmi letter , Na, is Brahmi script#origin, probably derived from the Aramaic Nun (letter), Nun , and is thus related to the modern Latin N and Greek Nu (letter), Nu. Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Na can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period. As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Tocharian Na

The Tocharian letter is derived from the Brahmi , and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Nä.

Kharoṣṭhī Na

The Kharoṣṭhī letter file:Буква NА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter NA.svg, 15px, Na is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Nun (letter), Nun , and is thus related to N and Nu (letter), Nu, in addition to the Brahmi Na.

Devanagari Na

Na (न) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , after having gone through the Gupta script, Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati script, Gujarati letter ન, and the Modi alphabet, Modi letter 𑘡.

Devanagari-using Languages

In all languages, न is pronounced as or when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Conjuncts with न

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi language, Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.

Ligature conjuncts of न

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include the Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Repha, Repha and Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Rakar, Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali language, Nepali and Marathi language, Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.
* न্ (n) + न (na) gives the ligature nna:

* Repha र্ (r) + न (na) gives the ligature rna:

* Eyelash र্ (r) + न (na) gives the ligature rna:

* न্ (n) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature nra:

Stacked conjuncts of न

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature. As the trailing letter in many conjuncts, Na will show a reduced form, angling down and to the right in order to stack under the preceding consonant.
* भ্ (b^h) + न (na) gives the ligature b^hna:

* ब্ (b) + न (na) gives the ligature bna:

* छ্ (c^h) + न (na) gives the ligature c^hna:

* च্ (c) + न (na) gives the ligature cna:

* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + न (na) gives the ligature ḍʱna:

* ड্ (ḍ) + न (na) gives the ligature ḍna:

* ध্ (dʱ) + न (na) gives the ligature dʱna:

* द্ (d) + न (na) gives the ligature dna:

* घ্ (ɡʱ) + न (na) gives the ligature ɡʱna:

* ग্ (g) + न (na) gives the ligature gna:

* ग্ (g) + न্ (n) + य (ya) gives the ligature gnya:

* ह্ (h) + न (na) gives the ligature hna:

* झ্ (j^h) + न (na) gives the ligature j^hna:

* ज্ (j) + न (na) gives the ligature jna:

* ख্ (k^h) + न (na) gives the ligature k^hna:

* क্ (k) + न (na) gives the ligature kna:

* ल্ (l) + न (na) gives the ligature lna:

* म্ (m) + न (na) gives the ligature mna:

* न্ (n) + च (ca) gives the ligature nca:

* न্ (n) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature nddʱa:

* ङ্ (ŋ) + न (na) gives the ligature ŋna:

* न্ (n) + ज (ja) gives the ligature nja:

* न্ (n) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature njña:

* न্ (n) + ल (la) gives the ligature nla:

* ण্ (ṇ) + न (na) gives the ligature ṇna:

* न্ (n) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature nña:

* ञ্ (ñ) + न (na) gives the ligature ñna:

* फ্ (p^h) + न (na) gives the ligature p^hna:

* प্ (p) + न (na) gives the ligature pna:

* श্ (ʃ) + न (na) gives the ligature ʃna:

* स্ (s) + न (na) gives the ligature sna:

* ष্ (ṣ) + न (na) gives the ligature ṣna:

* थ্ (t^h) + न (na) gives the ligature t^hna:

* त্ (t) + न (na) gives the ligature tna:

* ठ্ (ṭ^h) + न (na) gives the ligature ṭ^hna:

* ट্ (ṭ) + न (na) gives the ligature ṭna:

* त্ (t) + त্ (t) + न (na) gives the ligature ttna:

* व্ (v) + न (na) gives the ligature vna:

* य্ (y) + न (na) gives the ligature yna:

Bengali Na

The Bengali script ন is derived from the Siddhaṃ , and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, न. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ন will sometimes be transliterated as "no" instead of "na". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /n̪o/.
Like all Indic consonants, ন can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

ন in Bengali-using languages

ন is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali alphabet, Bengali and Assamese alphabet, Assamese.

Conjuncts with ন

Bengali ন exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards a trailing ন realized as a reduced form in stacked ligatures, similar to Va (Indic)#Bengali Va-phala, Va-phala, and initial ন appending a reduced form onto the vertical stemline of the following consonant, or as a fully stacked ligature.
* ধ্ (dʱ) + ন (na) gives the ligature dʱna:

* ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + ন (na) gives the ligature ɡʱna:

* গ্ (g) + ন (na) gives the ligature gna:

* গ্ (g) + ন্ (n) + য (ya) gives the ligature gnya, with the ya phala suffix:

* ক্ (k) + ষ্ (ṣ) + ন (na) gives the ligature kṣna:

* ম্ (m) + ন (na) gives the ligature mna:

* ন্ (n) + দ (da) gives the ligature nda:

* ন্ (n) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature nḍa:

* ন্ (n) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature nḍra, with the ra phala suffix:

* ন্ (n) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:

* ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ndʱra, with the ra phala suffix:

* ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ndʱya, with the ya phala suffix:

* ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature ndra, with the ra phala suffix:

* ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature ndva, with the va phala suffix:

* ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + য (ya) gives the ligature ndya, with the ya phala suffix:

* ন্ (n) + ম (ma) gives the ligature nma:

* ন্ (n) + ন (na) gives the ligature nna:

* ন্ (n) + ত (ta) gives the ligature nta:

* ন্ (n) + থ (t^ha) gives the ligature nt^ha:

* ন্ (n) + থ্ (t^h) + র (ra) gives the ligature nt^hra, with the ra phala suffix:

* ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature ntra, with the ra phala suffix:

* ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature ntrya, with the ra phala and ya phala suffixes

* ন্ (n) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature nṭa:

* ন্ (n) + ঠ (ṭ^ha) gives the ligature nṭ^ha:

* ন্ (n) + ট্ (ṭ) + র (ra) gives the ligature nṭra, with the ra phala suffix:

* ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + ব (va) gives the ligature ntva, with the va phala suffix:

* ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature ntya, with the ya phala suffix:

* ন্ (n) + ব (va) gives the ligature nva, with the va phala suffix:

* ন্ (n) + য (ya) gives the ligature nya, with the ya phala suffix:

* প্ (p) + ন (na) gives the ligature pna:

* র্ (r) + ন (na) gives the ligature rna, with the Ra (Indic)#Bengali Repha, repha prefix:

* শ্ (ʃ) + ন (na) gives the ligature ʃna:

* স্ (s) + ন (na) gives the ligature sna:

* ত্ (t) + ন (na) gives the ligature tna:

Gujarati Na

Na (ન) is the twentieth consonant of the Gujarati script, Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Na with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter .

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati language, Gujarati and Kutchi language, Kutchi languages. In both languages, ન is pronounced as or when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Conjuncts with ન

Gujarati ન exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. Most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari.
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. One of the most common variants includes a form of #Gujarati Na, Na that angles downward. Other non-half form variants include the Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Repha, Repha and Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Rakar, Rakar forms of Ra.
* ર્ (r) + ન (na) gives the ligature RNa:

* ન્ (n) + ર (ra) gives the ligature NRa:

* ન્ (n) + ન (na) gives the ligature NNa:

* ડ્ (ɖ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ḌNa:

* ઢ્ (ɖʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ḌhNa:

* ખ્ (k^h) + ન (na) gives the ligature KhNa:

* ગ્ (g) + ન (na) gives the ligature GNa:

* ઘ્ (ɡʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature GhNa:

* ચ્ (c) + ન (na) gives the ligature CNa:

* ઞ્ (ɲ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ÑNa:

* ત્ (t) + ન (na) gives the ligature TNa:

* થ્ (t^h) + ન (na) gives the ligature ThNa:

* દ્ (d) + ન (na) gives the ligature DNa:

* ધ્ (dʱ) + ન (na) gives the ligature DhNa:

* પ્ (p) + ન (na) gives the ligature PNa:

* બ્ (b) + ન (na) gives the ligature BNa:

* ભ્ (b^h) + ન (na) gives the ligature BhNa:

* મ્ (m) + ન (na) gives the ligature MNa:

* ય્ (y) + ન (na) gives the ligature YNa:

* લ્ (l) + ન (na) gives the ligature LNa:

* ળ્ (ɭ̆) + ન (na) gives the ligature LlNa:

* વ્ (v) + ન (na) gives the ligature VNa:

* શ્ (ʃ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ŚNa:

* હ્ (h) + ન (na) gives the ligature HNa:

Javanese Na

Telugu Na

Na (న) is a consonant of the Telugu script, Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter . It is closely related to the Kannada script, Kannada letter ನ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (Indic)#Telugu Ṣa, Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada script, Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Na

Na (ന) is a consonant of the Malayalam script, Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Grantha script, Grantha letter ''Na''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Conjuncts of ന

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, ''put̪iya lipi'', may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in ''paḻaya lipi'', due to Malayalam script#Orthography reform, changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.
* ന് (n) + ത (ta) gives the ligature nta:

* ന് (n) + ഥ (t^ha) gives the ligature nt^ha:

* ന് (n) + ദ (da) gives the ligature nda:

* ന് (n) + ധ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:

* ക് (k) + ന (na) gives the ligature kna:

* ഗ് (g) + ന (na) gives the ligature gna:

* ഘ് (ɡʱ) + ന (na) gives the ligature ɡʱna:

* ത് (t) + ന (na) gives the ligature tna:

* ന് (n) + ന (na) gives the ligature nna:

* പ് (p) + ന (na) gives the ligature pna:

* ശ് (ʃ) + ന (na) gives the ligature ʃna:

* സ് (s) + ന (na) gives the ligature sna:

* ഹ് (h) + ന (na) gives the ligature hna:

* ന് (n) + മ (ma) gives the ligature nma:

* ന് (n) + റ (rra) gives the ligature nrra:

Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Ne

ᓀ, ᓂ, ᓄ and ᓇ are the base characters "Ne", "Ni", "No" and "Na" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant ᓐ (N) is a small version of the A-series letter ᓇ, although the Western Cree letter ᐣ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for N. The character ᓀ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter न, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring.Andrew Dalby (2004:139) ''Dictionary of Languages''

Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Odia Na

Na (ନ) is a consonant of the Odia script, Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ script, Siddhaṃ letter ''Na''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Conjuncts of ନ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The subjoined form of Na is one of these mismatched forms, and is referred to as "Na Phala". The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.
* ନ୍ (n) + ଦ (da) gives the ligature nda:

* ନ୍ (n) + ଧ (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:

Kaithi Na

Na (𑂢) is a consonant of the Kaithi script, Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ script, Siddhaṃ letter ''Na''. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Conjuncts of 𑂢

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

* 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂢 (na) gives the ligature rna:

Tirhuta Na

Na (𑒢) is a consonant of the Tirhuta script, Tirhuta abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter , via the Siddhaṃ script, Siddhaṃ letter ''Na''. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent sylables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Conjuncts of 𑒢

As is common in Indic scripts, Tirhuta joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using an explicit virama. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, other consonants take unique combining forms when in conjunct with other letters, and there are a several vertical conjuncts and true ligatures that can be found in Tirhuta writing.

* 𑒑୍ (g) + 𑒢 (na) gives the ligature gna:
file:Tirhuta conjunct GNa.svg
* 𑒯୍ (h) + 𑒢 (na) gives the ligature hna:
file:Tirhuta conjunct HNa.svg
* 𑒐୍ (kʰ) + 𑒢 (na) gives the ligature kʰna:
file:Tirhuta conjunct KhNa.svg
* 𑒢୍ (n) + 𑒠 (da) gives the ligature nda:
file:Tirhuta conjunct NDa.svg
* 𑒢୍ (n) + 𑒡 (dʱa) gives the ligature ndʱa:
file:Tirhuta conjunct NDha.svg
* 𑒢୍ (n) + 𑒯 (ha) gives the ligature nha:
file:Tirhuta conjunct NHa.svg
* 𑒢୍ (n) + 𑒢 (na) gives the ligature nna:
file:Tirhuta conjunct NNa.svg
* 𑒢୍ (n) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature nra:
file:Tirhuta conjunct NRa.svg
* 𑒢୍ (n) + 𑒞 (ta) gives the ligature nta:
file:Tirhuta conjunct NTa.svg
* 𑒢 (n) + 𑒅 (u) gives the ligature nu:
file:Tirhuta conjunct Nu.svg
* 𑒢୍ (n) + 𑒫 (va) gives the ligature nva:
file:Tirhuta conjunct NVa.svg
* 𑒢୍ (n) + 𑒨 (ya) gives the ligature nya:
file:Tirhuta conjunct NYa.svg
* 𑒤୍ (pʰ) + 𑒢 (na) gives the ligature pʰna:
file:Tirhuta conjunct PhNa.svg
* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒢 (na) gives the ligature rna:
file:Tirhuta conjunct RNa.svg
* 𑒮୍ (s) + 𑒢 (na) gives the ligature sna:
file:Tirhuta conjunct SNa.svg
* 𑒞୍ (t) + 𑒢 (na) gives the ligature tna:
file:Tirhuta conjunct TNa.svg

Comparison of Na

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Na, are related as well.

Character encodings of Na

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Na in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Na from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

References

:: Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha (Indic), Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

{{DEFAULTSORT:Na (Indic)
Indic letters