' () is a type of flour made from ground toasted

barley Barley (), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains; it was domesticated in the Fertile Crescent around 9000 BC, giving it nonshattering spikele ...

or other toasted grains. It is used in

Bolivian Bolivian may refer to: * Something of, or related to, Bolivia ** Bolivian people ** Demographics of Bolivia ** Culture of Bolivia * SS Bolivian, SS ''Bolivian'', later SS ''Alfios'', a British-built standard cargo ship {{disambiguation ...

Ecuadorian Ecuadorians () are people identified with the South American country of Ecuador. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Ecuadorians, several (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source o ...

and

Peruvian cuisine Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients including influences mainly from the indigenous population, including the Andean and Amazonian cuisine, and cuisines brought by immigrants from Europe (Spanish cuisine and Italian cuisine) ...

History

Spanish colonists brought the technique of toasting grain to enhance its nutritional value, then grinding the toasted grain into flour, from

Central America Central America is a subregion of North America. Its political boundaries are defined as bordering Mexico to the north, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. Central America is usually ...

to the Andean region. The Mesoamerican product, ', uses toasted corn, but in Ecuador the process was applied primarily to barley.

Production

Grain is toasted, then ground finely.

Uses

' is used in a variety of foods that are part of Andean cuisine. These include ', an herbal tea

decoction Decoction is a method of extraction by boiling herbal or plant material (which may include stems, roots, bark and rhizomes) to dissolve the chemicals of the material. It is the most common preparation method in various herbal medicine systems. D ...

made with

lemongrass ''Cymbopogon'', also known as lemongrass, barbed wire grass, silky heads, oily heads, Cochin grass, Malabar grass, citronella grass or fever grass, is a genus of Asian, African, Australian, and tropical island plants in the grass family. Some ...

lemon verbena ''Aloysia citrodora'', lemon verbena, is a species of flowering plant in the verbena family Verbenaceae, native to South America. Other common names include lemon beebrush. It was brought to Europe by the Spanish and the Portuguese in the 17th ...

or other herbs; another beverage called ' made by mixing the ' with hot or cold liquid; ', a

nougat Nougat refers to a variety of similar confections made from a sweet paste hardened to a chewy or crunchy consistency.. The usual version in Western and Southern Europe is made from a mousse of whipped egg white sweetened with sugar or ho ...

confection made using ' (unrefined cane sugar), eggs, ' and a variety of walnut called '; ', a variety of bread baked using ' in addition to untoasted flour; '—akin to but distinct from '—a beverage prepared in a manner similar to ' but which also includes ground ' and spices such as anise, cinnamon and cloves; ', any of a variety of savory soups or stews thickened with '; and ', a cake baked with '. Soups to which ' is added typically have a base of carrots, legumes, onions and potatoes, and may or may not contain meat. It is used to batter and season meat to be fried, such as

pork rind Pork rind is the culinary term for the skin of a pig. It can be used in many different ways. It can be rendered, fried in fat, baked, or roasted to produce a kind of pork cracklings (US), crackling (UK), or scratchings (UK); these are ...

s or shellfish including shrimp. ' is sometimes also added to

hot chocolate Hot Chocolate are a British soul band formed by Errol Brown and Tony Wilson. The group had at least one hit song every year on the UK Singles Chart from 1970 to 1984. Their hits include " You Sexy Thing", a UK number two which also made ...

or cold juice, and has been used to flavor ice cream. It is incorporated into

stroopwafel A ''stroopwafel'' (; ) is a thin, round cookie made from two layers of sweet baked dough held together by syrup filling.

s (a cookie which originated in the Netherlands) made in Peru and filled with other Andean ingredients such as passion fruit and ''

chicha ''Chicha'' is a Fermentation, fermented (alcoholic) or non-fermented beverage of Latin America, emerging from the Andes and Amazonia regions. In both the pre- and post-Spanish conquest of Peru, Spanish conquest periods, corn beer (''chicha de jo ...

''. Some indigenous peoples use ' to prepare ', a traditional meat.

Nutritional value

One hundred grams of ' made from barley contains 344

calorie The calorie is a unit of energy that originated from the caloric theory of heat. The large calorie, food calorie, dietary calorie, kilocalorie, or kilogram calorie is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one liter o ...

s (kcal), 8.6 grams protein, 0.7 g fat, 77.4 grams carbohydrates, 6.6 g

fiber Fiber (spelled fibre in British English; from ) is a natural or artificial substance that is significantly longer than it is wide. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest engineering materials often inco ...

, 74 mg calcium, 320 mg phosphorus, 12.3 mg iron, 0.12 mg vitamin B₁, 0.25 mg vitamin B₂, 8.7 mg niacin, and 1.9 mg vitamin C. For ''máchica'' made from wheat, 100 grams contain 347 calories, 7.9 g protein, 1.2 g fat, 79.9 g carbohydrates, 4.1 g fiber, 67 mg calcium, 0.9 mg iron, and 2.7 mg vitamin C.

Other varieties

In Peru, the product sold as ' is most often made of toasted corn flour. It is mixed with sugar and cinnamon in a manner similar to both Central American ' and Ecuadorian '. ' may also refer to flour made with ground toasted wheat, a variation also found in Peru, as well as in Bolivia, where it is the most common type of '.

References