Muslim Ibn Quraysh
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Abu Al-Makarim Muslim ibn Quraysh () also known by the honorific title Sharaf al-Dawla (), was the  Uqaylid emir of 
Mosul Mosul ( ; , , ; ; ; ) is a major city in northern Iraq, serving as the capital of Nineveh Governorate. It is the second largest city in Iraq overall after the capital Baghdad. Situated on the banks of Tigris, the city encloses the ruins of the ...
 and 
Aleppo Aleppo is a city in Syria, which serves as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most populous Governorates of Syria, governorate of Syria. With an estimated population of 2,098,000 residents it is Syria's largest city by urban area, and ...
. He was born between 12 Safar to 20 Rabi' al-Awwal 435 H, corresponding to September to October 1043 AD, and died in Rajab 478 H corresponding to June 1085 AD.


History

Muslim's father Quraysh bin Badran, who was known by his honorific title 'Alam al-Din, was the
Arab Arabs (,  , ; , , ) are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa. A significant Arab diaspora is present in various parts of the world. Arabs have been in the Fertile Crescent for thousands of years ...
emir of
Mosul Mosul ( ; , , ; ; ; ) is a major city in northern Iraq, serving as the capital of Nineveh Governorate. It is the second largest city in Iraq overall after the capital Baghdad. Situated on the banks of Tigris, the city encloses the ruins of the ...
who acknowledged the supremacy of the
Seljuks The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids ( ; , ''Saljuqian'',) alternatively spelled as Saljuqids or Seljuk Turks, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture. The founder of th ...
, although he later came into conflict with them and was temporarily expelled from Mosul. He accompanied the Mamluk soldier Basasiri when the latter took
Baghdad Baghdad ( or ; , ) is the capital and List of largest cities of Iraq, largest city of Iraq, located along the Tigris in the central part of the country. With a population exceeding 7 million, it ranks among the List of largest cities in the A ...
at the end of 1058, but the Seljuks retook the city in the next year. Quraysh died in 1061, and was followed by his son, Muslim ibn Quraysh. As Muslim was a
Shiite Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam. It holds that Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib () as both his political successor (caliph) and as the spiritual leader of the Muslim community (imam). However, his right is understood ...
, he initially recognised the
Caliph A caliphate ( ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with Khalifa, the title of caliph (; , ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of ...
of
Cairo Cairo ( ; , ) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, being home to more than 10 million people. It is also part of the List of urban agglomerations in Africa, largest urban agglomeration in Africa, L ...
but due to the growing power of the Seljuks accepted an alliance with
Alp Arslan Alp Arslan, born Muhammad Alp Arslan bin Dawud Chaghri, was the second List of sultans of the Seljuk Empire, sultan of the Seljuk Empire and great-grandson of Seljuk (warlord), Seljuk, the eponymous founder of the dynasty and the empire. He g ...
around the year 1066. His ties to the
Seljuks The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids ( ; , ''Saljuqian'',) alternatively spelled as Saljuqids or Seljuk Turks, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture. The founder of th ...
were strengthened by a marriage to Safiyya, who was an aunt to the later Sultan Malik-Shah, but he seems to have explored anyways an alliance with the
Fatimids The Fatimid Caliphate (; ), also known as the Fatimid Empire, was a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimid dynasty, Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shi'a dynasty. Spanning a large area of North Africa ...
. In 1077, he joined as Malik-Shah's vassal the sultan's brother emir
Tutush I Abu Sa'id Taj al-Dawla Tutush (; died 25 February 1095) or Tutush I, was the Seljuk emir of Damascus from 1078 to 1092, and sultan of Damascus from 1092 to 1094. Years under Malik Shah Tutush was a brother of the Seljuk sultan Malik-Shah I. In ...
campaign to capture Aleppo during the reign of Sabiq ibn Mahmud of the Mirdasids. However, Muslim was personally fond of Sabiq, opposed a Seljuk takeover of
Aleppo Aleppo is a city in Syria, which serves as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most populous Governorates of Syria, governorate of Syria. With an estimated population of 2,098,000 residents it is Syria's largest city by urban area, and ...
, and admonished the Kilabi chiefs for inviting Turkoman foreigners against their kinsman. Moreover, he persuaded the Kilab to defect from Tutush's army and had Waththab and Shabib reconcile with and join their brother Sabiq in Aleppo. Muslim informed Tutush that he was withdrawing from the siege, but before departing he entered Aleppo through Bab al-Iraq where he allowed his troops to sell the residents of Aleppo food and supplies. Tutush maintained the siege and had called for reinforcements from Malik Shah I before Muslim's withdrawal. On his way back to Mosul, Muslim encountered the 1,000 Seljuk reinforcements at
Sinjar Sinjar (; , ) is a town in the Sinjar District of the Nineveh Governorate in northern Iraq. It is located about five kilometers south of the Sinjar Mountains. Its population in 2013 was estimated at 88,023, and is predominantly Yazidi. History ...
. After failing to persuade them to turn back, he sent Sabiq warnings of their presence. Sabiq sent for help from the Kilabi chief Abu Za'ida Muhammad ibn Za'ida who led a coalition of Arab tribesmen to ambush and rout the Seljuk reinforcements at
Wadi Butnan Dhahab River or Dhahab Valley ( ''Gold River'' or ''Gold Valley''), also in medieval times known as Wadi Butnan () or Butnan Habib, is an intermittent river and valley in northern Syria. The principal towns in the valley are al-Bab, Bizaah and Ta ...
, slaying most of them. This prompted Tutush to leave Aleppo. In 1080, Tutush influenced Sabiq to cede the emirate to Muslim bin Quraysh, in which its inhabitants had hopes that he could protect them from Seljuk raids. He also took
Harran Harran is a municipality and Districts of Turkey, district of Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey. Its area is 904 km2, and its population is 96,072 (2022). It is approximately southeast of Urfa and from the Syrian border crossing at Akçakale. ...
from the Numayrids in the following year. Soon, however, he ran into trouble with the Seljuks himself. He fought against Sultan Malik Shah I's forces and was defeated, but he was pardoned. After
Suleiman ibn Qutalmish Suleiman Shah I ibn Qutalmish (; ; ) founded an independent Seljuk Turkish state in Anatolia and ruled as Seljuk Sultan of Rûm from 1077 until his death in 1086. Life Suleiman was the son of Qutalmish, who had struggled unsuccessfully agai ...
had taken over
Antioch Antioch on the Orontes (; , ) "Antioch on Daphne"; or "Antioch the Great"; ; ; ; ; ; ; . was a Hellenistic Greek city founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 300 BC. One of the most important Greek cities of the Hellenistic period, it served as ...
in December 1084, Muslim demanded the tribute the Philaretos Brachamios used to pay him but Suleiman refused this on grounds of being a Muslim himself. In June 1085, he was killed fighting the
Seljuks The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids ( ; , ''Saljuqian'',) alternatively spelled as Saljuqids or Seljuk Turks, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture. The founder of th ...
of
Suleiman ibn Qutalmish Suleiman Shah I ibn Qutalmish (; ; ) founded an independent Seljuk Turkish state in Anatolia and ruled as Seljuk Sultan of Rûm from 1077 until his death in 1086. Life Suleiman was the son of Qutalmish, who had struggled unsuccessfully agai ...
after his Turkoman mercenaries deserted him and sided with Suleiman and his
Arab Arabs (,  , ; , , ) are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa. A significant Arab diaspora is present in various parts of the world. Arabs have been in the Fertile Crescent for thousands of years ...
forces fled. Following Sharaf al-Dawla's death, his brother Ibrahim ibn Quraysh, who had previously been imprisoned, was released and declared as his successor. Ibrahim would eventually be succeeded by his nephew, Ali ibn Muslim.


Legacy

Muslim ibn Quraysh was regarded as the last strong
Arab Arabs (,  , ; , , ) are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa. A significant Arab diaspora is present in various parts of the world. Arabs have been in the Fertile Crescent for thousands of years ...
prince in northern
Syria Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to Syria–Turkey border, the north, Iraq to Iraq–Syria border, t ...
, whose death resulted in the almost entire obliteration of the Arab
Bedouins The Bedouin, Beduin, or Bedu ( ; , singular ) are pastorally nomadic Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the desert regions in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, the Levant, and Mesopotamia (Iraq). The Bedouin originated in the Sy ...
and the dominance of the Turcoman nomads.


Tomb

The alleged tomb of Muslim ibn Quraysh was the Imam Dur Mausoleum in
Samarra Samarra (, ') is a city in Iraq. It stands on the east bank of the Tigris in the Saladin Governorate, north of Baghdad. The modern city of Samarra was founded in 836 by the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tasim as a new administrative capital and mi ...
. However, the identity of the entombed is disputed. An inscription on the exterior states that the mausoleum is built in honour of Imam Muhammad al-Durri, an alleged son of the seventh Shia Imam,
Musa al-Kadhim Musa al-Kazim (; 745–799) was a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the seventh imam in Twelver Shia Islam. Musa is often known by the title al-Kazim (), apparently a reference to his patience and gentle disposition. He was born ...
.


References


Bibliography

* * * * * * * * {{Authority control 1085 deaths 11th-century Arab people Uqaylid dynasty Emirs of Mosul Emirs of Aleppo Iraqi Shia Muslims