
Naryshkin Baroque, also referred to as Moscow Baroque or Muscovite Baroque, is a particular style of
Baroque architecture
Baroque architecture is a highly decorative and theatrical style which appeared in Italy in the late 16th century and gradually spread across Europe. It was originally introduced by the Catholic Church, particularly by the Jesuits, as a means to ...
and decoration that was fashionable in
Moscow
Moscow is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Russia by population, largest city of Russia, standing on the Moskva (river), Moskva River in Central Russia. It has a population estimated at over 13 million residents with ...
from the late 17th century into the early 18th century. In the late 17th century, the Western European
Baroque
The Baroque ( , , ) is a Western Style (visual arts), style of Baroque architecture, architecture, Baroque music, music, Baroque dance, dance, Baroque painting, painting, Baroque sculpture, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from ...
style of architecture combined with traditional
Russian architecture
The architecture of Russia refers to the architecture of modern Russia as well as the architecture of both the original Kievan Rus', the Russian principalities, and Imperial Russia. Due to the geographical size of modern and Imperial Russia, i ...
to form this unique style. It is called Muscovite Baroque as it was originally only found within Moscow and the surrounding areas. It is more commonly referred to as Naryshkin Baroque, as the first church designed in this style was built on one of the
Naryshkin family
The House of Naryshkin () is a noble Russian boyar family of Crimean Tatar descent, going back to a certain Mordko Kurbat Naryshko, who moved to Moscow in the 15th century.Sergei O. Prokofieff, ''The Spiritual Origins of Eastern Europe and the ...
's estates.
History
The first church built in the Naryshkin Baroque style was the
Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin in the village of
Fili, that was built on the estate of the
Naryshkin family
The House of Naryshkin () is a noble Russian boyar family of Crimean Tatar descent, going back to a certain Mordko Kurbat Naryshko, who moved to Moscow in the 15th century.Sergei O. Prokofieff, ''The Spiritual Origins of Eastern Europe and the ...
, who were Moscow
boyar
A boyar or bolyar was a member of the highest rank of the feudal nobility in many Eastern European states, including Bulgaria, Kievan Rus' (and later Russia), Moldavia and Wallachia (and later Romania), Lithuania and among Baltic Germans. C ...
s. The member of this family that is most related with this style of architecture is Lev Kirillovich Naryshkin, the uncle of
Peter the Great
Peter I (, ;
– ), better known as Peter the Great, was the Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia, Tsar of all Russia from 1682 and the first Emperor of Russia, Emperor of all Russia from 1721 until his death in 1725. He reigned j ...
. Lev Naryshkin erected this first church with the help of an architect, who is presumed to be
Yakov Bukhvostov. This church became the staple of the Naryshkin Baroque style and inspired the building of other churches in this style within Moscow.
Naryshkin Baroque was contrasted with the
Petrine Baroque
Petrine Baroque (Russian: Петровское барокко) is a style of 17th and 18th century Baroque architecture and decoration favoured by Peter the Great and employed to design buildings in the newly founded Russian capital, Saint Peters ...
, which was favored by Peter the Great and used widely in
St. Petersburg
Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. The city had a population of 5,601, ...
. The contrast of these two styles are exemplified by the color, form, scale, and the materials used. The
St. Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg, and the
Menshikov Tower in Moscow, are notable examples of the Petrine Baroque style.
Style
The churches designed in the Naryshkin Baroque style were often built in red brick, which differed them from other buildings of the time. They were also thoroughly decorated with details in white
limestone
Limestone is a type of carbonate rock, carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material Lime (material), lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different Polymorphism (materials science) ...
.
The structure of the building was also different from anything else being built in Russia at the time. This
architectural style
An architectural style is a classification of buildings (and nonbuilding structures) based on a set of characteristics and features, including overall appearance, arrangement of the components, method of construction, building materials used, for ...
was classified as "under the bell" or "under the ring" (Ru. под звоном). Churches that are "under the bell" mean that the bell tower is placed on top of the main volume, instead of next to the building as was common in the 17th century.
The
bell tower
A bell tower is a tower that contains one or more bells, or that is designed to hold bells even if it has none. Such a tower commonly serves as part of a Christian church, and will contain church bells, but there are also many secular bell to ...
s were often built in the shape of an octagon, with the main volume of the building being a quadrangle. This
octagon on quadrangle shape was a classic Baroque composition for churches. The window trimmings were decorated, as on all Baroque style temples.
Cupola
In architecture, a cupola () is a relatively small, usually dome-like structure on top of a building often crowning a larger roof or dome. Cupolas often serve as a roof lantern to admit light and air or as a lookout.
The word derives, via Ital ...
s replaced the
tented roof
A tented roof (also known as a pavilion roof) is a type of polygonal hip roof, hipped roof with steeply pitched slopes rising to a peak.W. Dean EastmanHometown Handbook: Architecture./ref> Tented roofs, a hallmark of medieval religious archite ...
, which was previously widespread in
Russian church architecture. These placed upon a high
drum
The drum is a member of the percussion group of musical instruments. In the Hornbostel–Sachs classification system, it is a membranophone. Drums consist of at least one membrane, called a drumhead or drum skin, that is stretched over a ...
created feeling of loftiness and impression of a variety of forms. The design for octagon on quadrangle churches was originally believed to have been taken from
Ukrainian Baroque
Ukrainian Baroque (), also known as Cossack Baroque () or Mazepa Baroque, is an style (visual arts), artistic style that was widespread in Ukraine in the 17th and 18th centuries. It was the result of a combination of local traditions and Europea ...
architecture, but further research proved that that wasn't true, as the first church built in this style was in Russia.

The style spread continually, even to architecture that wasn't
religious architecture
Sacral architecture (also known as sacred architecture or religious architecture) is a religious architectural practice concerned with the design and construction of places of worship or sacred or intentional space, such as churches, mosques, s ...
. Many monasteries remodeled their walls and buildings in this style, as it was the latest fashion. The most notable examples of these monasteries were the
Novodevichy Convent
Novodevichy Convent, also known as Bogoroditse-Smolensky Monastery (), is probably the best-known cloister of Moscow. Its name, sometimes translated as the ''New Maidens' Monastery'', was devised to differ from the Ascension Convent, Old Maidens ...
and the
Donskoy Monastery
Donskoy Monastery () is a major monastery in Moscow, founded in 1591 in commemoration of Moscow's deliverance from the threat of an invasion by the Crimean Khan Kazy-Girey. Commanding a highway to the Crimea, the monastery was intended to def ...
in Moscow. There are some examples outside of Moscow as well;
Krutitsy
Krutitsy Metochion (), full name: Krutitsy Patriarchal Metochion () is an operating ecclesiastical estate of Russian Orthodox Church, located in Tagansky District of Moscow, Russia, 3 kilometers south-east from the Kremlin. The name ''Krutitsy' ...
,
Metochion
A ''metochion'' or ''metochi'' ( or ; ) is an ecclesiastical embassy church within Eastern Orthodox tradition. It is usually from one autocephalous or autonomous church to another. The term is also used to refer to a parish representation (or ...
and Solotcha Cloister are near
Riazan. Non-religious architecture adopted this style as well, as could be seen in the
Sukharev Tower
The Sukharev Tower (Сухарева башня) was a Moscow landmark until its destruction by Soviet authorities in 1934. Tsar Peter I of Russia had the tower built in the Moscow baroque style at the intersection of the Garden Ring with Srete ...
in Moscow.
In the 1730s, the Naryshkin Baroque style ended and it evolved into the
Rastrelliesque, or the
Elizabethan Baroque
Elizabethan Baroque ( or ) is a term for the Russian Baroque architectural style, developed during the reign of Elizabeth of Russia between 1741 and 1762. It is also called style Rocaille or Rococo style. The Italian architect Francesco Bartol ...
style.
Notable architects
The most important architects that worked in the Naryshkin Baroque style were
Yakov Bukhvostov and
Pyotr Potapov.
Yakov Bukhvostov
Yakov Grigorievich Buhvostov was born in the mid 17th-century, as a serf to Mikhail Tatishchev. The
Tatishchev family were influential Boyars in
Nikolskoe. Little is known about the early life of Bukhvostov, only that he was granted his freedom in the 1690s, when he was recognized as a great architect.
The most notable example of his work as an architect is the Church of the Savior in Ubory.
Pyotr Potapov
Pyotr Potapov is the hypothetical architect of the Church of the Assumption of the Holy Virgin on Pokrovka.
Nothing is known about his life, or if he was even a real person. His name is known exclusively by the inscription on the Assumption Church, which reads "The summer of 7204 (1699) October 25 is the work of human hands, the work of Pyotr Potapov" (). From this inscription it is unclear whether he was the architect or the stone carver, but it is believed that he was the architect.
Examples
Further reading
* William Craft Brumfield. ''A History of Russian Architecture'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) (See Chapter Seven: "The Seventeenth Century: From Ornamentalism to the New Age")
See also
*
Octagon on Cube
*
Siberian Baroque
*
Russian architecture
The architecture of Russia refers to the architecture of modern Russia as well as the architecture of both the original Kievan Rus', the Russian principalities, and Imperial Russia. Due to the geographical size of modern and Imperial Russia, i ...
References
External links
*
{{Baroque architecture by country
Baroque architectural styles
Architecture in Russia by period or style
Architecture in Russia