Musa Anter (1920 – 20 September 1992), also known as "Apê Musa" (, literally "Uncle Musa"), was a Kurdish writer, journalist and intellectual. Anter was assassinated by Turkish JITEM in September 1992.

Early life and education

He was born in the Eskimağara (''Zivingê'') village in Mardin Province. His name after the Surname Law was Şeyhmus Elmas, after Sheikh Şeyhmus, and Elmas meaning Diamond in Turkish. However, he rejected it and wanted to be called Musa Anter. He was born into a respected family and after the death of his father, his mother became the Muhtar of the village who communicated with the tax collectors. His birth date is not known; he was first registered as born in 1924, and then in 1920, but based on his mother's account, who said that Anter was born after the

Armenian genocide The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenians, Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Spearheaded by the ruling Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), it was implemented primarily t ...

, Anter assumed to have been born in either 1917 or 1918. He completed his primary education in Mardin, and then studied at junior and senior high school in Adana. During his high school studies, the Dersim rebellion led by Seyid Riza was going on, which lead to some frictions with his Turkish classmates following which he was shortly detained. By 1941, he left for Istanbul to study Law. Mango, Andrew (1994). p. 978 While studying, he was able to run a catering business for the mostly Kurdish students of the Dicle and Firat student halls. During his time at the university, he had often been to

Syria Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to Syria–Turkey border, the north, Iraq to Iraq–Syria border, t ...

during his summer holidays and came into acquaintance with Kurdish nationalist intellectuals such as Celadet and Kamuran Bedir Khan, Kadri and Ekrem Cemilpaşa, Dr. Nafiz, Nûredin Zaza, Nuri Dersimi, Qedrîcan, Osman Sabri, Haco Agha and his son Hasan, Emînê Perîxanê's son Şikriye Emîn, Mala Elyê Unus, Teufo Ciziri and Cigerxwîn. In 1944, he married Ayşe Hanım, the daughter of . Ayse was a member of a noble Kurdish family and had studied in a German school in Istanbul. At one moment, he even helped to organize an event for the German Ambassador to Turkey Franz von Papen. Following his military service in the Turkish army, he settled in Diyarbakir, where he became a manager of a Hotel nearby the NATO military base.

Professional career and Kurdish political activism

Anter actively promoted the use of the Kurdish language with his journalistic work, which caused him quite some turmoil during his lifetime. During the 1950s, he established three media outlets: ''Şark Mecmuasi'', (1951), ''Şark Postasi'' (1954) and ''İleri Yurt'' (1958). Anter was arrested in 1959, after publishing the Kurdish-language poem ''Qimil'' in the newspaper ''İleri Yurt''. His arrest provoked a wave of Kurdish protests, in the aftermath of which a trial against fifty Kurdish intellectuals began, known as the "". He eventually served some time in prison but was soon released due to an amnesty. In 1963, Musa Anter and 23 other intellectuals were arrested and sentenced to 3 years for allegedly having attempted to establish an independent Kurdish state. He was released in 1964. In the General elections of 1965 he was an independent candidate for Diyarbakir but was not elected. In 1970, he was one of the charged in the trial of the Revolutionary Cultural Eastern Hearths (DDKO) members. Three years after his release, he settled in Aksaru, a village in the Nusaybin district. Following the coup d'etat in 1980, he was shortly jailed for "Kurdish propaganda" in Nusaybin. In June 1990, he was one of the eighty-one founding members of the People's Labour Party (HEP). He later supported the establishments of the Mesopotamian Cultural Center in 1991 and the Kurdish Institute in Istanbul in 1992.

Death

Anter was shot on 20 September 1992 in an incident in which Orhan Miroğlu was also seriously injured. Ümit Cizre claimed that Abdülkadir Aygan, a former member of the

Kurdistan Workers' Party The Kurdistan Workers' Party, or the PKK, isDespite the PKK's 12th Congress announcing plans for total organisational dissolution, the PKK has not yet been dissolved de facto or de jure. a Kurds, Kurdish militant political organization and armed ...

(PKK) who had surrendered in 1985, who had been posteriorly recruited as part of the first staff of the JİTEM (the Turkish Gendarmerie's Intelligence and Counter-terrorism Service), reported having been part of a JİTEM unit and, alongside a "Hamit" from Şırnak, had assassinated Musa Anter. The former Major of the Turkish army Cem Ersever claimed that the murder was facilitated by Alaattin Kanat, a former PKK member who was shortly released during the time of the assassination. ''Özgür Politika'' and '' Zaman'' (now-defunct Gülen movement newspaper) claimed that the perpetrator was PKK defector Murat İpek, who had allegedly received orders from the Turkish state's contract killer Mahmut Yıldırım (alias "Yeşil"), or Yeşil himself. After long investigations, Turkish Gendarmerie Intelligence and Counter-Terrorism was found guilty of Anter's assassination by the

European Court of Human Rights The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), also known as the Strasbourg Court, is an international court of the Council of Europe which interprets the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The court hears applications alleging that a co ...

(ECHR) in 2006, which sentenced Turkey to a fine of 28,500 Euros. A Diyarbakır court in 2013 allegedly charged four individuals with Anter's murder, including Mahmut Yıldırım (alias "Yeşil") and Abdülkadir Aygan.

Legacy

He is viewed as an important and influential Kurdish poet and author. He wrote for numerous publications such as ''İleri Yurt'', ''Deng'', '' Yön'', '' Özgür Gündem, Dicle-Firat, Barış Dünyası'' amongst others and was also the author of a Kurdish-language dictionary. In 1997, the Turkish Human Rights Association (IHD) supported a peace initiative called the Musa Anter Peace Train.

Works

Birîna Reş, 1959 Qimil, 1962 Ferhenga Kurdî (Kurdish Dictionary), 1967 Hatıralarım (My Memories), First Edition, 1991 Hatıralarım (My Memories), Second Edition, 1992 Çinara Min, 1999

Personal life

Musa Anter and Ayşe Hanım married in 1944. His wife was a descendant of Bedir Khan Beg and related to the AKP politician Cuneyd Zapsu. He was the father of three children.

References

External links

ECtHR judgment
*Ahmet Alış
"Üç Devrin" Tanığı: Modern Kürt Siyasi Tarihinin İçinden Musa Anter'i Okumak
''Birikim'', 20 September 2010. {{DEFAULTSORT:Anter, Musa 1920 births Assassinated Kurdish journalists 20th-century Kurdish writers Kurdish journalists Assassinated Turkish journalists People from Nusaybin Istanbul University alumni Istanbul University Faculty of Law alumni Kurdish writers Turkish Kurdish people Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights European Court of Human Rights cases involving Turkey 1992 deaths Turkish writers Persecution of Kurds in Turkey Kurdish-language writers