Muna Lee (writer)
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Muna Lee (January 29, 1895 – April 3, 1965) was an American
poet A poet is a person who studies and creates poetry. Poets may describe themselves as such or be described as such by others. A poet may simply be the creator (thought, thinker, songwriter, writer, or author) who creates (composes) poems (oral t ...
,
author In legal discourse, an author is the creator of an original work that has been published, whether that work exists in written, graphic, visual, or recorded form. The act of creating such a work is referred to as authorship. Therefore, a sculpt ...
, and
activist Activism consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in social, political, economic or environmental reform with the desire to make changes in society toward a perceived common good. Forms of activism range from mandate build ...
, who first became known and widely published as a lyric poet in the early 20th century. She also was known for her writings that promoted
Pan-Americanism Pan-Americanism is a movement that seeks to create, encourage, and organize relationships, an association (a Union), and cooperation among the states of the Americas, through diplomatic, political, economic, and social means. The term Pan-Amer ...
and
feminism Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideology, ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social gender equality, equality of the sexes. Feminism holds the position that modern soci ...
. She translated and published in ''
Poetry Poetry (from the Greek language, Greek word ''poiesis'', "making") is a form of literature, literary art that uses aesthetics, aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meaning (linguistics), meanings in addition to, or in ...
'' a 1925 landmark anthology of Latin American poets, and continued to translate from poetry in Spanish. A long-term resident of
Puerto Rico ; abbreviated PR), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a Government of Puerto Rico, self-governing Caribbean Geography of Puerto Rico, archipelago and island organized as an Territories of the United States, unincorporated territo ...
from 1920 to her death 45 years later, she was an activist in the 1920s and 1930s, working on issues of
women's suffrage Women's suffrage is the women's rights, right of women to Suffrage, vote in elections. Several instances occurred in recent centuries where women were selectively given, then stripped of, the right to vote. In Sweden, conditional women's suffra ...
and equal rights in Puerto Rico and
Latin America Latin America is the cultural region of the Americas where Romance languages are predominantly spoken, primarily Spanish language, Spanish and Portuguese language, Portuguese. Latin America is defined according to cultural identity, not geogr ...
. Lee worked for more than two decades in cultural affairs for the
United States State Department The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations. Equivalent to the ministry of foreign affairs o ...
, promoting artistic and literature exchanges between Latin America and the US, as well as other countries.


Biography

Born in
Raymond Raymond is a male given name of Germanic origin. It was borrowed into English from French (older French spellings were Reimund and Raimund, whereas the modern English and French spellings are identical). It originated as the Germanic ᚱᚨᚷá ...
,
Mississippi Mississippi ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern and Deep South regions of the United States. It borders Tennessee to the north, Alabama to the east, the Gulf of Mexico to the south, Louisiana to the s ...
in 1895, the eldest of nine children, Lee was the daughter of Benjamin Floyd Lee, "a self-taught druggist" and son of a planter, and Mary Maud (McWilliams) Lee, whose father was a physician.JONATHAN COHEN, "MUNA LEE: A PAN-AMERICAN LIFE
Three of her siblings died in infancy. Her parents encouraged her early interest in literature and art. When Muna was seven her family moved to Hugo, Oklahoma">Hugo, Oklahoma">Hugo, Oklahoma, where her father set up his store. It was in the heart of "Indian country", at a time when many whites were moving to Oklahoma. Lee returned to Mississippi at age 14 to attend Blue Mountain College (then scaled like a prep school). After a year and summer study at the University of Oklahoma, she went on to the University of Mississippi, where she graduated in 1913 at the age of eighteen. Lee published her first poem soon after. After college, she started working as a teacher in Oklahoma, then in Texas. By fall of 1916, she was teaching in
Tonkawa, Oklahoma Tonkawa is a city in Kay County, Oklahoma, Kay County, Oklahoma, United States, along the Salt Fork Arkansas River. The population was 3,015 as of the 2020 United States census. History Named after the Tonkawa tribe, the city of Tonkawa was foun ...
, at a new junior college, University Preparatory School (now
Northern Oklahoma College Northern Oklahoma College (NOC) is a public community college in Tonkawa, Oklahoma, with additional campuses located in Enid, Oklahoma and Stillwater, Oklahoma. Student enrollment is approximately 2,700. NOC bought the former Phillips University ...
). Through all these moves and her teaching, she kept writing and submitting poems to magazines. In 1916, she succeeded in getting several poems published in national literary magazines: ''
Poetry Poetry (from the Greek language, Greek word ''poiesis'', "making") is a form of literature, literary art that uses aesthetics, aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meaning (linguistics), meanings in addition to, or in ...
: A Magazine of Verse,'' '' Smart Set,'' ''Contemporary Verse'', and ''Others: A Magazine of the New Verse.'' Three of these were new magazines devoted to contemporary poetry. Her year of publication was crowned in September by her winning the first Lyric Prize of ''Poetry'' magazine. Lee taught herself Spanish and got a job with the
United States Secret Service The United States Secret Service (USSS or Secret Service) is a federal law enforcement agency under the Department of Homeland Security tasked with conducting criminal investigations and providing protection to American political leaders, thei ...
in
New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
, where she worked as a translator during
World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
. She translated confidential letters from Spanish, Portuguese and French. By this time she had already published two dozen poems in ''Smart Set'', and was its second-most frequent contributor. In New York, she quickly learned about the Pan American movements and began to explore Latin American literature. In 1918 she had poems published in ''Pan American Poetry'' and ''Pan-American Magazine.'' All were translated by
Nicaragua Nicaragua, officially the Republic of Nicaragua, is the geographically largest Sovereign state, country in Central America, comprising . With a population of 7,142,529 as of 2024, it is the third-most populous country in Central America aft ...
n poet Salomón de la Selva, who was editor-in-chief of the poetry magazine).


Marriage and family

It was through her poetry being translated into Spanish and published in the Pan American magazines that she met her future husband
Luis Muñoz Marín José Luis Alberto Muñoz Marín (February 18, 1898April 30, 1980) was a Puerto Rican journalist, politician, statesman and was the first elected governor of Puerto Rico, regarded as the "Architect of the Puerto Rico Commonwealth." In 1948 he ...
, a Puerto Rican poet and journalist. He had started a new bilingual magazine "devoted to Pan-American culture," called ''Revista de Indias'' (Indies Review), and wanted to publish her work. The magazine soon folded but was a sign of the artistic ferment in the city. They became passionately involved and were married on July 1, 1919. The couple moved to Puerto Rico in 1920, but divided their time between New York and Puerto Rico for years. Soon they had two children together: daughter Muna Muñoz Lee (known as ''Munita'') and son Luis Muñoz Lee (known as ''Luisito''). They were often separated; Muñoz Marín lived in Greenwich Village for extended periods, due to his dependence on
opium Opium (also known as poppy tears, or Lachryma papaveris) is the dried latex obtained from the seed Capsule (fruit), capsules of the opium poppy ''Papaver somniferum''. Approximately 12 percent of opium is made up of the analgesic alkaloid mor ...
, in the 1920s as he continued to work at poetry. They were legally separated by 1938 and officially divorced on November 15, 1946. In 1948, Muñoz Marín became the first democratically elected
Governor of Puerto Rico The governor of Puerto Rico () is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, an unincorporated territory of the United States. Elected to a 4 year-term through popular vote by the residents of the archipelago and island, ...
.


To Puerto Rico and back

Lee became a longterm resident of Puerto Rico in 1920 when moving there with her husband, Muñoz Marín. By 1923 they had returned to the New York area, and his mother lived with them at their house in
Teaneck Teaneck () is a township in Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is a bedroom community in the New York metropolitan area. The town is know for their pancake throwing contest held every September. As of the 2020 United States cen ...
,
New Jersey New Jersey is a U.S. state, state located in both the Mid-Atlantic States, Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States, Northeastern regions of the United States. Located at the geographic hub of the urban area, heavily urbanized Northeas ...
. Muñoz Marín also returned to Puerto Rico, working more in politics. Lee stayed in New Jersey because of their young children. In 1920 Lee published her first poems in translation from Spanish, in Thomas Walsh's ''Hispanic Anthology.'' She became immersed in Latin American poetry and began to work on a project of an anthology of poets in Spanish. This was published in June 1925, in a special issue of ''Poetry'' magazine. She had selected and translated 31 poets from Latin America. This was a "landmark publication, among the first of its kind in the history of twentieth-century literary magazines." The year before, Lee's essay, "Contemporary Spanish-American Poetry," was published in ''North American Review,'' reviewing major trends in Pan American literature. She became an advocate for and translator of
Latin American Latin Americans (; ) are the citizenship, citizens of Latin American countries (or people with cultural, ancestral or national origins in Latin America). Latin American countries and their Latin American diaspora, diasporas are Metroethnicity, ...
literature, making major contributions to the modern Pan-American literary tradition. She wrote about translating from Spanish, that the poetry "is only partially translatable — that is, so much of its beauty depends upon the intricately braided jet and silver of its cadences that a great deal is necessarily lost by translation into a less liquid tongue." After Lee and all the family returned to Puerto Rico in 1926, they lived in San Juan. Muñoz Marín took over '' La Democracia'', a newspaper started by his father, and got more involved in politics. In 1927 Lee started working for the
University of Puerto Rico The University of Puerto Rico (Spanish language, Spanish: ''Universidad de Puerto Rico;'' often shortened to UPR) is the main List of state and territorial universities in the United States, public university system in the Commonwealth (U.S. i ...
as director of International Relations, where she served for nearly a decade. She was the university's chief publicist and established relationships with other academic institutions and governments. She and her husband were more financially secure, for the first time in years. But later that year, Muñoz Marín returned to New York, remaining there for most of three years.


Political activism

Lee became involved in feminist activism, making important contributions to the modern women's movement, in particular the struggle for equal rights. She was a founder of the
Inter-American Commission of Women The Inter-American Commission of Women (, , ), abbreviated CIM, is an organization that falls within the Organization of American States. It was established in 1928 by the Sixth Pan-American Conference and is composed of one female representative ...
, for which she worked in Washington, DC, in the summers of 1928 and 1929. She helped represent Puerto Rico and joined with women of Latin America at the Sixth Pan American Congress in 1928 in
Havana Havana (; ) is the capital and largest city of Cuba. The heart of La Habana Province, Havana is the country's main port and commercial center. They advocated for women's equal rights and suffrage (the latter passed in Puerto Rico in 1929, restricted to literate women, and then universal suffrage was passed in 1935.) In 1930 Lee returned with her children to Washington, DC, on leave of absence from the university. She was director of national activities from 1930 through 1931 for the
National Woman's Party The National Woman's Party (NWP) was an American women's political organization formed in 1916 to fight for women's suffrage. After achieving this goal with the 1920 adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the NWP ...
. She frequently traveled across the US in representing it, and worked against discrimination against women in employment, including restrictions on certain kinds of work. The
Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic reductions in industrial production and international trade, and widespread bank and ...
was causing suffering for working people. Her work in poetry continued, as she published her own work in American literary magazines. In addition, she translated poems by Latin American writers. She produced 37 translations of poems by twenty writers for the groundbreaking book, ''Anthology of Contemporary Latin-American Poetry'' (1941), published by New Directions. In a separate endeavor, from 1934 to 1938, Lee wrote five detective novels under the pen name Newton Gayle (co-authored with Maurice Guinness, an American
Shell Oil Shell plc is a British multinational oil and gas company, headquartered in London, England. Shell is a public limited company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and secondary listings on Euronext Amsterdam and the New Y ...
executive in Puerto Rico). The books were published in the United States and the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
, and well received at the time, particularly for their use of bilingual dialogue in English and Spanish. They have been translated into
French French may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France ** French people, a nation and ethnic group ** French cuisine, cooking traditions and practices Arts and media * The French (band), ...
and
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, a Romance ethnic group related to or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance languag ...
.


State Department

In 1941, Lee joined the
U.S. State Department The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations. Equivalent to the ministry of foreign affairs ...
in Washington, DC, as an inter-American cultural affairs specialist. She arranged "exchanges of literature, art, and film with Latin American nations," Exhibit: ''Murder with Southern Hospitality''
2004, Archives & Special Collections, University of Mississippi, accessed 6 November 2013
which kept her involved in the arts for the rest of her life. She also continued to write poetry.
to ''A Pan American Life: Selected Poetry and Prose of Muna Lee'', Edited and with biography by Jonathan Cohen, University of Wisconsin Press: The Americas series, 2004''
Lee won the Department's Meritorious Service Award in 1952 and the Superior Service Award in 1963. She worked with the State Department until 1965, retiring two months before her death from lung cancer on April 3, 1965, in
San Juan San Juan, Spanish for Saint John (disambiguation), Saint John, most commonly refers to: * San Juan, Puerto Rico * San Juan, Argentina * San Juan, Metro Manila, a highly urbanized city in the Philippines San Juan may also refer to: Places Arge ...
. She was buried at
Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery __NOTOC__ The Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery () is a colonial-era Catholic cemetery located in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico. It is the final resting place of many of Puerto Rico's most prominent natives and residents. Construction began in ...
in
Old San Juan Old San Juan () is a historic district located at the "northwest triangle" of the San Juan Islet, islet of San Juan in San Juan, Puerto Rico, San Juan. Its area roughly correlates to the Ballajá, Old San Juan, Ballajá, Catedral, Old San Juan, ...
. She had long worked for her vision of "our achieving what she called Pan-American character, a multicultural American ethos composed of 'aboriginal copper, carbon of
Ethiopia Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Ken ...
, Latin dream, and stark
Anglo-Saxon The Anglo-Saxons, in some contexts simply called Saxons or the English, were a Cultural identity, cultural group who spoke Old English and inhabited much of what is now England and south-eastern Scotland in the Early Middle Ages. They traced t ...
reality'."


Mystery series

The books were published in the US by Scribner's and Sons, and in Britain by Gollancz. *''Death Follows a Formula'' (1935)"Gayle, Newton"
Golden Age of Detection, accessed 6 November 2013
*''The Sentry Box'' (1936) *''Murder at 28:10'' (1937) *''Death in the Glass'' (1938) *''Sinister Crag'' (1939)


Poetry

*''Sea-Change'' (1923) *Among 16 translators of works in ''Anthology of Contemporary Latin-American Poetry'' (1941) *''Secret Country'' translated from the Spanish of
Jorge Carrera Andrade Jorge Carrera Andrade was an Ecuadorian poet, historian, author, and diplomat during the 20th century. He was born in Quito, Ecuador in 1902. He died in 1978. During his life and after his death he has been recognized with Jorge Luis Borges, Vic ...
(1946)


See also

*
List of Puerto Rican writers This is a list of Puerto Rican literary figures, including poets, novelists, short story authors, and playwrights. It includes people who were born in Puerto Rico, people who are of Puerto Rican ancestry, and long-term residents or immigrants w ...
*
List of Puerto Ricans This is a list of notable people from Puerto Rico which includes people who were born in Puerto Rico (Borinquen) and people who are of full or partial Puerto Rican people, Puerto Rican descent. Puerto Rican citizens are included, as the governm ...
*
Puerto Rican literature Puerto Rican literature is the body of literature produced by writers of Puerto Rican descent. It evolved from the art of Oral literature, oral storytelling. Written works by the indigenous inhabitants of Puerto Rico were originally prohibited ...


References


Further reading

*''A Pan-American Life: Selected Poetry and Prose of Muna Lee'', Edited and with biography by Jonathan Cohen, foreword by Aurora Levins Morales, University of Wisconsin Press: The Americas series, 2004


External links

*
"Muna Lee"
, University of Mississippi Press *

biography by Jonathan Cohen
Muna Lee's Grave
Find A Grave website * {{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, Muna 1895 births 1965 deaths Burials at Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery People from Raymond, Mississippi Writers from Mississippi Writers of the Golden Age of Detective Fiction American women poets Deaths from lung cancer in Puerto Rico 20th-century American poets 20th-century American women writers People from Hugo, Oklahoma People from Tonkawa, Oklahoma