Muna Language

Muna is an Austronesian language spoken principally on the island of Muna as well as North-west Buton Island, off the southeast coast of Sulawesi in Indonesia. The language is well-documented, especially by linguist René van den Berg. In 2010, the language had around speakers.

Classification

Muna belongs to the Muna–Buton subgroup, which is a branch of the larger Celebic subgroup. Within the Muna–Buton languages, Muna is the largest member of the ''Munic'' subbranch, which also includes smaller languages such as Pancana, Kioko, Liabuku, Kaimbulawa, and Busoa.

Muna forms a dialect web with the other languages of Sulawesi and Buton.

Dialects

Muna has three dialects:
*The "Standard" Muna is the most widely spoken, found in the northern and central part of Muna Island, as well as on the northwestern coast of Buton Island and in 1989 had around 150,000 speakers
*the ''Tiworo'' dialect, spoken on Muna in the northwestern Tikep district with about 10,000 speakers
*southern Muna, with two subdialects: and ''Siompu'' (~7000 speakers) and the various ''Gumas'' dialects (~60,000 speakers)
Differences between these dialects are mostly lexical, but also phonological.

Health

In the ''Ethnologue'' database, Muna is classified "threatened" in category 6b, meaning "The language is used for face-to-face communication within all generations, but it is losing users." The language of instruction in academia in Muna-speaking areas in Indonesian, except in lower forms but Muna is being taught in some primary schools and thus being acquired by the next generation.

Despite the fact that Indonesian is used in schools, Muna is the dominant language and is spoken in all other areas. The vast majority of the population of Muna is fluent in the languages, but not all are fluent in Indonesian Despite its small population and the fact that it is not used as the main medium of instruction in schools, the Muna language does not seem to be in immediate danger. Its population of fluent speakers on the island has stayed fairly stable between 1989 and 2007.

Phonology

Consonants

Muna has the following consonant phonemes.

Notes:
*The phoneme is realized as a labiodental approximant before unrounded vowels, and as a bilabial approximant before rounded vowels.
*In rapid speech, the sequences have trilled allophones in stressed position.
*In the alveolar column, and are actually apico- dental.

Vowels

The vowel inventory comprises five vowels: , , , , . They can freely combine into sequences of two or three vowels. Sequences of two like vowels are pronounced as a long vowel, e.g. 'knee'. In sequences of three vowels, there is an optional non-phonemic glottal stop after the first vowel, e.g. 'it has veins'.

Syllable structure

Like many other languages on Sulawesi, Muna only has open syllables of the types CV (consonant-vowel) and V (vowel), e.g. 'plantation', 'citronella', 'I will wash them with it'. Loanwords from Malay/Indonesian and other source languages are adapted to the syllable structure of Muna: < Malay 'work', < Malay 'office' (from Dutch ), < Malay 'time' (from Arabic ).

Grammar

Verbs

Verbs are inflected for mood and person (of both subject and object). Person marking is strictly nominative–accusative: person marking prefixes indicate the subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, while person marking suffixes are used to mark the direct and indirect object.

There are three verb classes, which have slightly different forms for the subject prefix. The classes are named after the first person singular prefix.

For ''ae''-class and ''ao''-class verbs, mood is only distinguished by the use of the respective subject prefix:

: 'we read' (realis) ~ 'we will read' (irrealis)
: 'he sleeps' (realis) ~ 'he will sleep' (irrealis)

With ''a''-class verbs, irrealis mood is additionally marked by the infix '''':

: 'it flies' (realis) ~ 'it will fly' (irrealis)

Intransitive verbs mostly employ ''a''-class or ''ao''-class prefixes. As a general rule, ''a''-class verbs are dynamic intransitive verbs, while ''ao''-class verbs are stative intransitive verbs. With a few exceptions, transitive verbs use ''ae''-class prefixes with an indefinite object, but ''a''-class prefixes with a definite object.
: 'He took a machete' (indefinite, ''ae''-class prefix)
: 'He took his machete' (definite, ''a''-class prefix)

There are two sets of object suffixes, marking direct and indirect objects.

Combinations of two suffixes are restricted to indirect object suffixes + the third person singular direct object suffix ''-e'':
: 'I will buy it for you.'

References

Further reading

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{{Languages of Indonesia

Muna–Buton languages
Languages of Sulawesi