The Mount Lyell salamander (''Hydromantes platycephalus'') is a species of web-toed salamander in the family

Plethodontidae Plethodontidae, or lungless salamanders, are a family of salamanders. With over 500 species, lungless salamanders are by far the largest family of salamanders in terms of their diversity. Most species are native to the Western Hemisphere, from B ...

. This species was first observed on Mount Lyell in

Yosemite National Park Yosemite National Park ( ) is a List of national parks of the United States, national park of the United States in California. It is bordered on the southeast by Sierra National Forest and on the northwest by Stanislaus National Forest. The p ...

in 1915, during the Yosemite Natural History Survey conducted by the California Museum of Vertebrate Zoology. It is

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...

to the

Sierra Nevada The Sierra Nevada ( ) is a mountain range in the Western United States, between the Central Valley of California and the Great Basin. The vast majority of the range lies in the state of California, although the Carson Range spur lies primari ...

mountains of California in the United States. It is found in a range of high elevation microhabitats, such as rock exposures, talus and rock fissures, and under rocks or in caves or crevices. Its altitudinal range is

above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of a location's vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) in reference to a vertical datum based on a historic mean sea level. In geodesy, it is formalized as orthometric height. The zero level ...

. No significant threats to this species are known.

Description

The Mount Lyell salamander has a flat, slender body with short legs and a stubby tail that are a deep brown-black in color with

dorsal Dorsal (from Latin ''dorsum'' ‘back’) may refer to: * Dorsal (anatomy), an anatomical term of location referring to the back or upper side of an organism or parts of an organism * Dorsal, positioned on top of an aircraft's fuselage The fus ...

grey-green mottling. In juveniles, the mottling is usually more gold-green in color, but there is wide variation among individuals. Populations tend to have mottling that matches the color of the granite in the region. The species' head is noticeably flattened, as its latin eponym (''platycephalus'', meaning "flat head") suggests. Four toes on the species' front feet and five toes on its hind feet are webbed, as is typical of the ''

Hydromantes ''Hydromantes'', commonly referred to as web-toed salamanders, is a genus of the lungless salamander family, Plethodontidae; they achieve respiration through their skin and the tissues lining their mouth. They are endemic to mountains of Californ ...

'' genus. Adults grow to approximately in length. They typically have 12-13 costal grooves. Populations on the eastern slopes of the Sierra differ slightly in coloration from those on the western slopes. Individuals on the western slopes tend to have "speckled" mottling, while individuals on the eastern slopes have mottling that is more continuous and blocky, with some individuals even appearing to have a completely solid-colored back. At one time, individuals on the eastern slopes were considered to potentially be a separate species (The Owens Valley Web-toed Salamander), but this is no longer the case.

Distribution

Contrary to its name, the Mount Lyell salamander is not endemic to one specific mountain, though the range is entirely within California. It can be found from roughly Alpine County to Tulare County at elevations between and . However, because it resides in difficult terrain at high elevations, the species' range is not very well mapped, and new populations are still being discovered. For example, the Blackwood Canyon population in Lake Tahoe Basin, which filled a major gap in the species' distribution and was the first record of the species in Placer County, was only discovered in 2006. A large proportion of the species' observations come from the Yosemite National Park area, due to the park's accessibility and high volume of observers.

Habitat

The species is typically found in rocky areas with minimal topsoil at high elevation. Individuals can occupy a variety of microhabitats, including rock exposures, talus, rock fissures, caves, crevices, and under rocks. Like other plethodontid salamanders, the Mount Lyell salamander is lungless and conducts respiration through its skin, and therefore requires some exposure to moisture, so they are often found in the presence of water sources such as melting snow, spring run-off, or waterfalls. At lower elevations, the species is more closely tied with riparian corridors. Vegetation such as moss, forbs, lichen, ferns, wildflowers, heather, willow, and scrubby pines may be present in their habitat, however large shrubs and trees are uncommon. Mount Lyell Salamander 02

Life History

Lifespan

Nothing is known about the species lifespan or maturity. If similar to other plethodontids, then the species likely takes around 2-3 years to mature and lives for up to 20 years.

Reproduction

While its reproductive habits are not well documented, it is believed that Mount Lyell salamander females lay 6-14 eggs in deep rock crevices during the fall, which they guard until hatching in spring or early summer. Museum specimens of females collected in the summer contained 6-14 eggs, and apparent hatchlings have been found in the summer. Oviposition has never been observed in this species.

Activity

The species is largely nocturnal, and most active on the surface during or after rainfall. It's active period is believed to be from May through late August, depending on temperature and snowfall. It seeks out deep rock fissures and other moist crevices during the winter and during dry periods.

Home Range

Individuals appear to have very small home ranges, perhaps even less than . A pair of biologists who located a single individual near Nevada Falls in Yosemite National Park in 2006 (at the time the species had not been reported there), returned to the same location ten years later in 2016 and again found an individual within of the original observation.

Diet

The species' most common prey items are small invertebrates such as centipedes, spiders, termites, beetles, and adult or larval flies.

Predation

It is believed that predators of the Mount Lyell salamanders include birds, snakes, and mammals that typically feed on similar species. However, because of their secrecy and habitation of remote, high elevation sites, it is unlikely that they are an important prey source for most species.

Competition

Few other salamander species occupy the preferred habitat of this species, and those that do typically only overlap with low-elevation populations. The species appears to be a high elevation talus specialist that avoids both predation and interspecies competition by residing in habitats that are too harsh for most other species to survive in.

Behavior

Locomotion

The salamander relies on its webbed toes and stocky tail when scaling down slopes. Its toes likely provide suction and grip when traversing the rocky terrain it resides in. The species also uses its short, muscular tail as a "walking stick" to brace itself each time it lifts a rear foot. This aids the salamander in ascending steep inclines, and provides additional balance.

Feeding

The salamander possesses a large, ballistic tongue, which it launches to eat small invertebrates.

Anti-Predation Behaviors

When threatened, the species will raise its head and tail and lean its body downwards, likely as an intimidation tactic to appear larger. It may also maintain a coiled position when picked up, so that if dropped, it may effectively and quickly roll away. This technique is likely particularly useful given the species' naturally steep habitat.