Mount Hor (

Hebrew Hebrew (; ''ʿÎbrit'') is a Northwest Semitic languages, Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family. A regional dialect of the Canaanite languages, it was natively spoken by the Israelites and ...

: , romanized: ''Hōr hāHār'') is the name given in the

Hebrew Bible The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (;"Tanach"
. '' Edom in the area south of the

Dead Sea The Dead Sea (; or ; ), also known by #Names, other names, is a landlocked salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east, the Israeli-occupied West Bank to the west and Israel to the southwest. It lies in the endorheic basin of the Jordan Rift Valle ...

, and the other is by the

Mediterranean Sea The Mediterranean Sea ( ) is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the east by the Levant in West Asia, on the north by Anatolia in West Asia and Southern Eur ...

at the Northern border of

Israel Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in West Asia. It Borders of Israel, shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the north-east, Jordan to the east, Egypt to the south-west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Isr ...

. The first Mount Hor is especially significant to the

Israelites Israelites were a Hebrew language, Hebrew-speaking ethnoreligious group, consisting of tribes that lived in Canaan during the Iron Age. Modern scholarship describes the Israelites as emerging from indigenous Canaanites, Canaanite populations ...

, as Aaron the high priest, brother of Moses, died there.

Mount Hor in Edom

This Mount Hor is situated "in the edge of the land of Edom" ( Numbers ) and was the scene of Aaron's divestiture, death and burial. The exact location of Mount Hor has been the subject of debate.

Jebel Harun

Based on the writing of Josephus, it has customarily been identified with the ''Jebel Nebi Harun'' ("Mountain of the Prophet Aaron" in Arabic) or simply ''Jebel Harun'', a twin-peaked mountain 4780 feet above sea-level in the Edomite Mountains on the east side of the Arabah section of the Jordan Rift Valley, not far from Petra. On the summit is a mosque from the Mamluk period, traditionally marking the so-called "

Tomb of Aaron A tomb ( ''tumbos'') or sepulchre () is a repository for the remains of the dead. It is generally any structurally enclosed interment space or burial chamber, of varying sizes. Placing a corpse into a tomb can be called '' immurement'', alth ...

" and built over the remains of a Byzantine church, Chapter 5.2 "The Shrine", pp.36-38 for the mosque. and in the saddle west of it are the remains of a

Byzantine The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived the events that caused the fall of the Western Roman E ...

monastery dedicated to Aaron. A memorial church built there in the 5th century became the nucleus of a monastic-pilgrimage centre, referred to in a document from among the Petra Papyri dated to 573, as "the House of our Lord the Saint High-Priest Aaron" outside Petra.

Jebel Madara

Some investigators from the mid-19th until the beginning of the 20th century dissented from this identification: for example, Henry Clay Trumbull preferred the ''Jebel Madara'', a peak about 15 miles northwest of 'Ain Kadis (possibly Kadesh Barnea), near the modern border between Israel and Egypt. Among others who favor this location are Wilton (''The Negeb'', 1863, pp. 127 ff.), :de:Frants Buhl (''Die Geschichte der Edomiter'', 1893, p. 23), G.B Gray (''A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Numbers'',
270
and Bruno J. L. Baentsch (''Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers'' 900–03 in German as ''Exodus – Leviticus – Numeri'' p. 572.)

Other sites

Mount Uhud north of Medina has a shrine similar to the mosque on top of Jebel Harun that is connected by tradition to the life of Aaron.Miettunen (2004), 5.1 History of Jabal Hārūn, and other sites connected to Hārūn, p. 36. Another site is in the Sinai, where some 2 km northwest from Saint Catherine's Monastery both Muslim and Christian shrines stand at the top of a hill. Tradition places there the site of the golden calf. The Muslim ''maqam'' marks the place where prophet Harun stood, with his footprint preserved nearby. Muslims from the area used to perform an annual '' ziyara'', a procession to the monastery accompanied by sacrificing of camels, which took place until the

Six-Day War The Six-Day War, also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab world, Arab states, primarily United Arab Republic, Egypt, Syria, and Jordan from 5 to 10June ...

Northern Mount Hor

Another Mount Hor is mentioned in the Book of Numbers (), defining the northern boundary of the Land of Israel. It is traditionally identified as the Nur or Amanus Mountains. In the Second Temple period, Jewish authors seeking to establish with greater precision the geographical definition of the

Promised Land In the Abrahamic religions, the "Promised Land" ( ) refers to a swath of territory in the Levant that was bestowed upon Abraham and his descendants by God in Abrahamic religions, God. In the context of the Bible, these descendants are originally ...

, began to construe Mount Hor as a reference to the Amanus range of the Taurus Mountains, which marked the northern limit of the Syrian plain. Rabbinic writings also declare Amanah a boundary of the land of Israel, saying "What constitutes the Land f Israel and what constitutes he placesoutside the Land f Israel All that which inclines itself and drops down recipitouslyfrom ''Turos Amanus'' and inward (i.e. towards its south) is the Land of Israel. From ''Turos Amanus'' and outward (i.e. towards its north) are lacesoutside the Land f Israel" In the 14th century, Ishtori Haparchi attempted to locate the northern Mount Hor and described the great difficulty in finding it. After discovering it, he noted that there was a place at the mountain’s summit called 'Kabutia'. Mount Hor is also called Amanah, and is known as Mount Manus in the Jerusalem Targums, and Umanis in Targum Jonathan. Historical geographer, Joseph Schwarz (1804–1865), sought to establish the bounds of the Amanah mountain range described in rabbinic literature, adding that it is to be identified with Mount Hor, "the northern terminus of Palestine", and which, according to him, "extends south of Tripoli as the promontory of ''Mount Hor'' (), called in the period of the Grecian domination ''Theuprosopon'', and now ''Ras al-Shaka'', as far as the Mediterranean, and thence it runs a distance of 12 English miles to the south of Tyre, to the '' Ras al Nakhara'', where its rocky cliffs, which are visible at a great distance, extend into the sea." (reprint of A. Hart: Philadelphia 1850) By this description, Amanah is the southernmost Anti-Lebanon Mountains, equatable with Mount Hermon, and is not to be confused with Mount Amanus in southern Turkey.

References

External links

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