The Eternity Range () is a range of mountains long, rising to , and trending north–south approximately in the middle of the

Antarctic Peninsula The Antarctic Peninsula, known as O'Higgins Land in Chile and Tierra de San Martin in Argentina, and originally as Graham Land in the United Kingdom and the Palmer Peninsula in the United States, is the northernmost part of mainland Antarctica. ...

. The range is divided into three main mountain blocks, the major summits in each from north to south being Mounts Faith, Hope and Charity.

Location

The Eternity Range is in northern

Palmer Land Palmer Land () is the portion of the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica that lies south of a line joining Cape Jeremy and Cape Agassiz. This application of Palmer Land is consistent with the 1964 agreement between the Advisory Committee on Antarctic N ...

, between the

Weddell Sea The Weddell Sea is part of the Southern Ocean and contains the Weddell Gyre. Its land boundaries are defined by the bay formed from the coasts of Coats Land and the Antarctic Peninsula. The easternmost point is Cape Norvegia at Princess Martha C ...

to the east and

Marguerite Bay Marguerite Bay or Margaret Bay is an extensive bay on the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula, which is bounded on the north by Adelaide Island and on the south by Wordie Ice Shelf, George VI Sound and Alexander Island. The mainland coast on th ...

to the west. It is to the east of the

Dyer Plateau Dyer Plateau () is a broad ice-covered upland of north-central Palmer Land, bounded to the north by Fleming Glacier and Bingham Glacier, and to the south by the Gutenko Mountains. It is buttressed by Goettel Escarpment. History The plateau was ...

, southeast of the Bristly Peaks, south of the head of

Lurabee Glacier Stefansson Strait () is an ice-filled strait long and wide, between the east coast of Palmer Land and Hearst Island, Antarctica. Location Stefansson Strait is on the Wilkins Coast of Palmer Land, beside the Weddell Sea to the east. It is east ...

, west of Stefansson Sound and north of the

Columbia Mountains The Columbia Mountains are a group of mountain ranges along the Upper Columbia River in British Columbia, Montana, Idaho and Washington (state), Washington. The mountain range covers 135,952 km² (52,491 sq mi). The range is bounded by th ...

. Features, from north to south, are Mount Faith, Mount Hope and Mount Charity. Nearby features include Brand Peak, Mount Duemler and Mount Sullivan to the east, and Wakefield Highland and Davies Top to the north.

Discovery and name

Lincoln Ellsworth Lincoln Ellsworth (May 12, 1880 – May 26, 1951) was an American polar explorer, engineer, surveyor, and author. He led the first Arctic and Antarctic air crossings. Early life Linn Ellsworth was born in Chicago, Illinois on May 12, 1880. His ...

discovered the range from the air during his flights of November 21 and November 23, 1935. He applied the names Eternity Range and Mounts Faith, Hope and Charity. In November 1936, the range was surveyed by

John Riddoch Rymill John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second Ep ...

of the British Graham Land Expedition (BGLE) who gave the name "Mount Wakefield" to the central mountain in the range. This complication by Rymill, and uncertainty as to the precise location or extent of Ellsworth's discovery, hindered for a time a resolution of its nomenclature. Thus, following the

United States Antarctic Service The United States Antarctic Program (or USAP; formerly known as the United States Antarctic Research Program or USARP and the United States Antarctic Service or USAS) is an organization of the United States government which has a presence in the ...

(USAS) expedition in 1939–41, the name Eternity Range or Eternity Mountains was incorrectly applied to the present

Welch Mountains Welch Mountains () is a group of mountains that dominate the area, the highest peak rising to , located north of Mount Jackson on the east margin of the Dyer Plateau of Palmer Land, Antarctica Location The Welch Mountains are near the Black ...

farther south. A careful study of the original reports, maps and photographs, and comparison with materials from subsequent expeditions such as the

Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition The Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE) was an expedition from 1947–1948 which researched the area surrounding the head of the Weddell Sea in Antarctica. Background Finn Ronne led the RARE which was the final privately sponsored exp ...

(RARE), 1947, and the

Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey The Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (FIDASE) was an aerial survey of the Falkland Islands Dependencies The Falkland Islands Dependencies was the constitutional arrangement from 1843 until 1985 for administering the v ...

(FIDS), 1960, has led to the conclusion that the range described comprises at least the core of Ellsworth's Eternity Range and appropriately commemorates his discovery. The name "Wakefield", given by Rymill, has been transferred to nearby Wakefield Highland.

Features

Mount Faith

. A massive mountain north of Mount Hope, rising to high from the north end of Eternity Range. First seen from the air and named by Lincoln Ellsworth during his flights of November 21 and 23, 1935. Surveyed by J.R. Rymill of BGLE in November 1936. The mountain was subsequently photographed from the air by the US AS in September 1940, and RARE in December 1947.

Mount Hope

. A massive mountain rising to high, forming the central and highest peak of Eternity Range. First seen from the air and named Mount Hope by Lincoln Ellsworth during his flights of November 21 and 23, 1935. The mountain was surveyed and given the name Mount Wakefield by J.R. Rymill of BGLE in November 1936. The feature was subsequently photographed from the air by the USAS in September 1940, and by RARE in December 1947. A careful study of the reports, maps, and photographs of these expeditions, as well as additional survey of the area by FIDS in 1960, has led to the conclusion that Ellsworth's Mount Hope and Rymill's Mount Wakefield are synonymous. For the sake of historical continuity the name Mount Hope has been retained for this mountain, and the name Wakefield has been transferred to Wakefield Highland located close northwestward.

Mount Charity

. A massive mountain south of Mount Hope, rising high from the south end of Eternity Range. First seen from the air and named by Lincoln Ellsworth during his flights of November 21 and 23, 1935. Surveyed by J.R. Rymill of BGLE in November 1936. The mountain was subsequently photographed from the air by the US AS in September 1940, and by RARE in December 1947. The feature is one of three major mountains in Ellsworth's Eternity Range to which he gave the names Faith, Hope and Charity.

Nearby features

File:Brand Peak, Antarctica.jpg, Brand Peak File:Mount Duemler, Antarctica.jpg, Southern Mount Duemler, view towards south File:Mount Sullivan, Antarctica.jpg, Eastern ridge of Mount Sullivan

Brand Peak

. A sharp snow-covered peak located east-southeast of the Eternity Range and northwest of Mount Duemler. Mapped by the

United States Geological Survey The United States Geological Survey (USGS), founded as the Geological Survey, is an agency of the U.S. Department of the Interior whose work spans the disciplines of biology, geography, geology, and hydrology. The agency was founded on Mar ...

(USGS) in 1974. Named by the United States

Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names The Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (ACAN or US-ACAN) is an advisory committee of the United States Board on Geographic Names responsible for recommending commemorative names for features in Antarctica. History The committee was established ...

(US-ACAN) for Timothy Brand, USARP biologist at Palmer Station in 1974.

Mount Duemler

. Mountain, high, rising southwest of the head of

Anthony Glacier Stefansson Strait () is an ice-filled strait long and wide, between the east coast of Palmer Land and Hearst Island, Antarctica. Location Stefansson Strait is on the Wilkins Coast of Palmer Land, beside the Weddell Sea to the east. It is east ...

and west of Mount Bailey, inland from the east coast of Palmer Land. This feature was first chartered by the BGLE under Rymill in 1936-37. It was photographed from the air by the USAS in 1940, and the RARE under

Finn Ronne Finn Ronne (December 20, 1899 – January 12, 1980) was a Norwegian-born U.S. citizen and Antarctic explorer. Background Finn Ronne was born in Horten, in Vestfold county, Norway. His father, Martin Rønne (1861–1932), was a polar explorer ...

in 1947, and recharted in 1947 by a joint sledge party consisting of members of the RARE and FIDS. Named by Ronne for R.F. Duemler, vice president of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Coal Co., New York, which contributed coal to the expedition.

Mount Sullivan

. A mountain, high, standing east of the north part of the Eternity Range. This feature lies in the area explored from the air by Sir Hubert Wilkins in 1928 and Lincoln Ellsworth in 1935, but it was first charted by the BGLE in 1936-37. It was photographed from the air in 1940 by the USAS and in 1947 by the RARE under Ronne. Named by Ronne for Colonel H.R. Sullivan of the Office of Research and Development of the then USAAF, which furnished equipment for the expedition.

Wakefield Highland

. A snow-covered highland in central

, bounded to the north by

Hermes Glacier Mobiloil Inlet () is an ice-filled inlet, nurtured by several northeast and east flowing glaciers, lying between the Rock Pile Peaks and Hollick-Kenyon Peninsula along the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Location Mobiloil Inlet is ne ...

and the heads of

Weyerhaeuser Glacier Mobiloil Inlet () is an ice-filled inlet, nurtured by several northeast and east flowing glaciers, lying between the Rock Pile Peaks and Hollick-Kenyon Peninsula along the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Location Mobiloil Inlet is ne ...

and

Aphrodite Glacier Bowman Inlet () is an ice-filled inlet between Kay Nunatak and Platt Point on the Hollick-Kenyon Peninsula, on the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. Location Bowman Inlet is at the southeast end of the Bowman Coast of Graham Land on the ...

, to the west by the heads of

Airy Glacier The Airy Glacier () is a glacier long and wide, flowing west to the northeast portion of Forster Ice Piedmont, near the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. The glacier was first roughly surveyed by British Graham Land Expedition of 1936&n ...

, Rotz Glacier and

Seller Glacier Seller Glacier is a well-defined glacier, 20 nautical miles (37 km) long and 4 nautical miles (7 km) wide flowing westward into Forster Ice Piedmont, western Antarctic Peninsula, just north of Flinders Peak. It was roughly surveyed by the ...

, to the south by

Fleming Glacier Fleming Glacier () is a broad glacier long on the west side of the Antarctic Peninsula, flowing west-northwest and terminating in Forster Ice Piedmont to the east of the Wordie Ice Shelf. The glacier was charted by the British Graham Land Expedi ...

and to the east by the heads of

Sunfix Glacier Casey Inlet () is an ice-filled inlet at the terminus of Casey Glacier, between Miller Point and Cape Walcott, on the east coast of Palmer Land, Antarctica. Location Casey Inlet is on the Wilkins Coast of Palmer Land on the Antarctic Peninsula ...

and Grimley Glacier. Photographed from the air by RARE on December 22, 1947. Surveyed by FIDS in November 1960. Named after Viscount Wakefield of Hythe, a contributor to BGLE, 1934-37. This toponym, concurred in by the

UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee The UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (or UK-APC) is a United Kingdom government committee, part of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, responsible for recommending names of geographical locations within the British Antarctic Territory (BAT) an ...

(UK-APC) and the US-ACAN, restores the name Wakefield in the vicinity of the BGLE's displaced "Mount Wakefield" (now Mount Hope).

Davies Top

. A conspicuous isolated peak high on the east side of Wakefield Highland, near the head of

. Photographed from the air by RARE on December 22, 1947. Surveyed by FIDS in November 1960. Named by UK-APC after Anthony G. Davies of FIDS, Medical Officer at Horseshoe Island and Stonington Island, 1960.

Notes

References

Sources

* * * {{Include-USGov , agency=United States Geological Survey Mountain ranges of Palmer Land Antarctic Peninsula