Motte V Faulkner

''Motte v Faulkner'' (decided 28 November 1735) was a copyright lawsuit between Benjamin Motte and George Faulkner over who had the legal rights to publish the works of Jonathan Swift in London. This trial was one of the first to test the Statute of Anne copyright law in regards to Irish publishing independence. Although neither held the copyright to all of Swift's works, the suit became a legal struggle over Irish rights, which were eventually denied by the English courts. Faulkner, in 1735, published the ''Works'' of Jonathan Swift in Dublin. However, a few of the works were under Motte's copyright within the Kingdom of Great Britain, and when Faulkner sought to sell his book in London, Motte issued a formal complaint to Jonathan Swift and then proceeded to sue Faulkner. An injunction was issued in Motte's favor, and the book was prohibited from being sold on British soil. The basis of the law protected the rights of the author, and not the publisher, of the works, and Swift was unwilling to support a lawsuit against Faulkner. With Swift's reaction used as a basis, the lawsuit was later seen as a struggle between the rights of Irishmen to print material that were denied under English law.Ehrenpreis 1983 p. 787

Background

Benjamin Motte

Motte was a London publisher who took over Benjamin Tooke's publishing business, which printed many of Swift's earlier works. In 1726, Swift sent Motte a copy of ''Gulliver's Travels'' to be printed anonymously. Motte took great care to protect the identity of the author, and employed five publishing houses to speed production of the book and avoid unlicensed copying. In 1727, Motte formed his first direct contract with Swift in order to publish Swift's ''Miscellanies''. As part of the contract, Motte paid Tooke for the original copyright to the work.

George Faulkner

Faulkner's ''Dublin Journal'', a newspaper established in 1725, featured many articles written by Swift or inspired by writings of Swift. Between 1727 and 1730, Faulkner published many works attributed to Swift, but many were actually written by others. After 1730, only one of those works printed by Faulkner under Swift's name turned out to be written by someone besides Swift, which suggests to some critics that Swift was working with Faulkner to ensure that only authentic works were printed under Swift's name. He was the first to publish ''The Answer to the Craftsman'', Swift's final defense of the Irish economy from England's policies. Faulkner was also the first to publish the collected ''Drapier's Letters'' as ''Fraud Detected'' on 2 October 1725. Faulkner also helped edit ''An Epistle upon an Epistle'' around December 1729.

The case

On 14 August 1725, Swift wrote to Charles Ford that his work, ''Gulliver's Travels'', was finished, however, he soon added a scene referring to the ''Drapier's Letters''.Ferguson 1962 p. 135 Swift wrote, in a letter to Pope, "a printer shall be found brave enough to venture his ears". The printer Swift found was Benjamin Motte, and Swift did not control the publication in order to, as some critics say, preserve his anonymity.Lock 1981 p. 513

Although Swift found Motte willing to print the work, he was not willing to print Swift's additional scene. Swift's lack of control over the publication lead to Swift complaining of "mangled and murdered Pages". This was one of many reasons that Swift turned from Motte as his printer and sought a printer willing to produce his complete works without content removal. On 9 October 1733, Swift wrote:

Three editions of ''Gulliver's Travels'' were produced in London during 1726 and a "corrected" edition of Motte's works were printed by John Hyde in Dublin.Lock 1981 p. 514 Although Herbert Davis thought that the Hyde edition would not please Swift, some critics argue that Swift involved himself in helping Hyde make some corrections to the edition that was based on Motte's London edition. The next year, Risk, Ewing, and Smith printed in Dublin a simple reprint of Motte's original print with minor corrections. Motte then produced his "second edition" (his fourth version) of ''Gulliver's Travels'' in 1727 with many corrections. Many of the corrections of Motte's later editions were based on Swift's corrections sent to the printer via letters.

The edition published by Faulkner includes over 500 corrections to the original text, surpassing any other editions. Faulkner's version also contains over 50 passages that either not present in the original or expanded on from the original text. This has suggested to some critics that the Faulkner edition was a later rework of ''Gulliver's Travels'' and not just a correction to printing related mistakes. The inclusion of these many additions was later seen by critics as part of Swift's disapproval of Motte's versions, but others see Motte's version as being more true to the anti-government spirit of Swift's work, which confuses Swift's motivation in allowing Faulkner to reprint the work.

Swift's other works were previous collected in a four-volume set edited by Alexander Pope called ''Miscellanies'', but Swift wanted to have a "proper" edition of his works. Some critics speculate that Swift turned to having his work printed without public sponsorship because he was afraid of breaking his commitments to Pope and his publisher Motte. Regardless of what Swift may or may not be planning, he wrote to Motte in December 1732 and said: "I have cause to believe that some of our printers will collected all they think to be mine, and print them by subscription, which I will never encourage nor oppose."

On 9 February 1733, Faulkner advertised his future publication of Swift's collected works in four volumes in the ''Dublin Journal''. However, this edition led to controversy, since the London bookseller Benjamin Motte had publication rights, under English copyright law, to many of the works included in Faulkner's edition. The English, in 1735, attempted to pass a law that would allow a copyright holder to prohibit works that may violate their copyright, but this law failed to pass through Parliament.

The decision

Motte, without power to halt the introduction of Faulkner's work on his own, asked Swift to intervene, but Swift passively refused. Even without the backing of Swift, Motte turned to the English legal system to halt the introduction of Faulkner's edition. Motte issued a Bill of Complaint and sued under the Statute of Anne, claiming that Faulkner's publishing of the 1735 ''Works'' infringed on his right to publish works like ''Gulliver's Travels''. The case was heard by the Court of Chancery, and they agreed with Motte in a ruling by Lord Talbot, the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain. In the 28 November 1735, it was determined Motte could put forth an injunction to the whole of Swift's works. Although works like the ''Drapier's Letters'' were not under Motte's copyright and some works were printed before 1709, Faulkner's complete work was legally brought to a halt from being published in England.

Critical response

It is uncertain if Swift allowed Faulkner to publish the works in order to allow an Irish publisher to compete against an English publisher or if Swift had no say in the matter and Faulkner published the works against Swift's will. In a letter to Motte in May 1736, Swift did not defend Faulkner's legal right to publish the works but made sure to admonish the attitude and action of Motte as a publisher for prosecuting Faulkner instead of coming to an agreement that Faulkner would be allowed to reprint the copyrighted material.

However, some critics believe that Swift used the incident to "enlarge the affair into another example of English oppression of the Irish." Swift wrote in a letter to Motte on 25 May 1736:

There is much debate in the academic community on which printer produced the "authoritative" edition of Swift's works, especially ''Gulliver's Travels''. Harold Williams was one of the major proponents of the Faulkner edition being "correct". However, some critics argue that the Faulkner edition was instead a "corrected" edition that added new revisions, and that neither text can truly be called authoritative.

Influence

In legal terms, the report of ''Motte v Faulkner'' of 28 November 1735 is no longer in existence, but was cited in a later legal decisions on copyright issues, such as ''Miller v Taylor'' of 1769 which read: "In the case of ''Motte vs Falkner'', 28 ''November'', 1735 an injunction was granted for printing ''Pope's'' and ''Swift's'' Miscellanies. Many of these pieces were published in 1701, 1702, 1708; and the counsel strongly pressed the objection, as to these pieces. Lord ''Talbot'' continued the injunction, as to the whole: and it was acquiesced under. Yet ''Falknor'', the ''Irish'' bookseller, was a man of substance; and the general point was of consequence to him: but he was not advised to litigate further."

The case ''Pope v Curll'' 741refers to the Irish/English aspects of publishing that came up in ''Motte v Faulkner''. Curll claimed his reprinting of a work from a Dublin edition originally made by George Faulkner would, under the Statute of Anne, be lawfully reprinted in England. Lord Hardwicke ruled on the matter, 17 June 1741, that works first published in Ireland do not allow the publication of works in London if they invalidate the copyright.Rose 1992 pp. 207–208

Notes

References

* Cornu, Donald. "Swift, Motte, and the Copyright Struggle: Two Unnoticed Documents". ''Modern Language Notes'' 54 (1939): 114–124.
* Davis, Herbert. "Introduction" ''The Drapier's Letters''. Oxford: Clarendon, 1935.
*
*
* Lock, F. P. "The Text of 'Gulliver's Travels'" ''The Modern Language Review'', Vol. 76, No. 3 (Jul., 1981): 513–533
* Lock, F. P. ''The Politics of "Gulliver's Travels"''. Oxford, 1980.
* Pollard, Mary. ''A Dictionary of Members of the Dublin Book Trade, 1550–1800''. London: Bibliographical Society, 2000.
* Probyn, Clive. "Swift, Jonathan (1667–1745)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2004.
* Rose, Mark. "The Author in Court: Pope v. Curll (1741)" ''Cultural Critique'', No. 21 (Spring, 1992): 197–217
*
*
* Teerink, Herman. ''A Bibliography of the Writings of Jonathan Swift''. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1963.
* Ward, Robert E. ''Prince of Dublin Publishers''. University of Pennsylvania, 1962.
* Williams, Harold. ''The Text of "Gulliver's Travels"''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952.
* Woolley, James, "Arbuckle's 'Panegyric' and Swift's Scrub Libel: The Documentary Evidence," in ''Contemporary Studies of Swift's Poetry''. ed John Irwin Fischer et al., 191–209. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1981.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Motte V Faulkner
English printers
1730s in case law
1735 in British law
United Kingdom copyright case law
Court of Chancery cases
1735 in England