Motor Gun Boat

The motor gunboat (MGB) was a small, high-speed British military vessel of the Second World War, which was armed with a mix of guns, in contrast to the physically similar motor torpedo boat (MTB), whose main offensive weapon were torpedoes. The small size of the MGBs, and their high speed, made them difficult targets for German E-boats, though, like their opponents, they were limited by heavy weather, because they did not provide a stable-enough platform to aim the guns. The large number of guns required a relatively large crew, numbering as high as thirty men on the largest boats.

Description

MGBs were extremely heavily armed for vessels of their size. Early MGBs were, nevertheless, small boats, being based on motor anti-submarine boats of in length; these would later be considered 'short' boats by the Royal Navy Coastal Forces. These were mostly equipped with one heavy weapon and numerous lighter guns. The later short MGBs would have two heavy weapon locations (a pom-pom forward and twin 20mm Oerlikon aft), outmatching contemporary enemy boats of larger size. The outstanding feature of most short MGBs was their very high speed of , enabling them to work with, or in place of, MTBs on offensive sweeps.

From June 1941, the Fairmile Type 'C' MGB began to join Coastal Forces; this boat was based on the earlier Type 'A' motor launch and was the first of the 'long boats', being long. A major feature of the long MGBs was that they carried two heavy guns as well as numerous lighter weapons; the Type 'C' began to introduce the versatile and hard-hitting Vickers pom-pom to Coastal Forces' inventory, as well as carrying one Rolls-Royce 2-pdr gun (40mm) on the aft bandstand.

In March 1942, the first of the Fairmile 'D's joined the MGB force, this type becoming the main long MGB for the remainder of the conflict. These had room for an even heavier armament than the Type 'C' and the weight of armament was incrementally increased as the war went on. Early models had one powered pom-pom mount forward, twin powered 20mm aft, and two twin heavy machine guns by the bridge plus light machine guns, but more often placed the 20mm twin mount amidships and added a QF 6-pdr gun (57mm) aft. By 1945, ''MGB 658'' carried two power-mounted QF 6-pounders in the A and Y turret positions, a twin 20 mm Oerlikon cannon in the X turret position, a single 20 mm Oerlikon on either side forward of the bridge, and two twin .303 Vickers machine guns on the bridge wings. They were also equipped with smoke-making equipment, basic radar and depth charges.

Service

In the early years of the war, MGBs saw action defending shipping against enemy torpedo boats, such as the German E-boats, on the southern and eastern coasts of the UK, with the faster 'short' boats frequently undertaking patrols hunting for the enemy. MGB flotillas (particularly under Robert Hichens' command) also developed the tactic of accompanying MTBs on their patrols across the North Sea to attack enemy coastal shipping. On these missions, the MGBs' role was to close stealthily with the enemy and then attack with guns from an unexpected quarter, drawing the convoy escort's attention, while the MTBs manoeuvred into position unseen by the Germans, so as to better attack the protected convoy shipping with their torpedoes.

The larger and heavier Type 'C' were slower than the short boats, so that they were assigned much more frequently to defensive and convoy escort duties, and clandestine work such as extraction of Allied agents/escapees from occupied France. Robert Ryder used a Type 'C' MGB for command of the 'Operation Chariot' St Nazaire commando raid; he and William Savage, the gunner of the unprotected two-pounder gun on MGB 314, received Victoria Crosses for their part in the raid, Savage posthumously.
In the Mediterranean, MGBs were used in an attacking role to sink Italian and German shipping. They were formed into flotillas which often operated alongside motor torpedo boats (or US PT boats) and helped interdict supplies being sent from Italy to Axis forces in North Africa in 1943. After that campaign, they moved northwards and assisted with the invasion of Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and Elba.
Operating from island bases they patrolled along the western coast of Italy, attacking small coastal ships and E-boats until mid-1944. As Italy was progressively liberated, certain flotillas, such as the 56th, were sent around Italy to the Adriatic to assist partisans in the islands off Yugoslavia.

MGBs were also involved in the protection of shipping after D-Day.

MGBs used the prefix "HMMGB" on formal occasions (as boats, rather than the "HMS" of ships). Crews usually referred to them by their numbers.

In 1947, ''MGB 2009'' was fitted with a Metrovick gas turbine, thereby becoming the world's first gas turbine-powered naval vessel.

Types

British Power Boats

Early-war motor anti-submarine boats (MA/SBs) built by BPB Co. were converted from early 1941 into MGBs. These included 63-foot and 70-foot types.

63-foot MGBs (numbered ''40–45'') were of 24 t standard displacement and powered by 2-shaft Rolls-Royce petrol engines developing 2,200 bhp for a top speed of 40 knots. They were rearmed for the MGB role with 1 × 20 mm Oerlikon aft (some may have briefly carried a 40mm Rolls-Royce gun until the Oerlikon was available), a twin heavy machine gun turret on the coach-house roof and two to four .303-inch (7.62mm) machine guns (two twin mounts would be mounted abreast the wheelhouse).

The 70-foot MGBs were of several different original batches or types: MGB numbers ''6'' to ''21'' originally had 3-shaft Napier petrol engines giving 1,650 bhp in total and a top speed of 27 knots, being later refitted with Packards for 3,600 bhp and 38 kts, while ''MGB 46'' and ''MGBs 50'' to ''67'' had 3-shaft Rolls-Royce installations for 3,300 bhp and a top speed of 36.7 kts. All were of 28–30 t std displacement. Individual armament varied, but most boats had two twin HMG turrets abreast the bridge (some early models had the single dorsal turret seen on the 63-feet type); in the case of ex-French boats such as ''MGB 66'' these turrets replaced a pair of twin .303 turrets which had been carried side by side amidships. Heavier gun armament on these boats, located aft, was initially either a 2-pdr Rolls-Royce gun, or, less commonly, a Boulton & Paul quadruple .303-inch MG turret. Surviving boats were later rearmed with a far more effective Oerlikon in the aft position.

; ft Motor Gun Boat
:BPB built 34 purpose-built 72 ft MGBs (also referred to as 71.5-feet). Capable of 40 knots, they carried a hydraulically powered 2-pounder gun mount forwards for engaging other vessels, a twin powered 20mm mount on the aft cabin roof, and two twin .303-in machine guns, one on either side of the wheelhouse, for additional firepower in surface actions and defence from aircraft. They were also equipped with side-dropping depth charges and smoke generators at the stern. Some early boats carried a Holman Projector anti-aircraft mortar right aft.

:Over one hundred vessels of this class were built. The first ones were given identities MGB 74-97 The second series were numbered ''MGB 107''-onwards. After the initial 34 MGBs, further craft of the 71.5-feet type (in the sequence up to ''176'' and from ''502'' onwards) were of a modified type, known as a 'Type G' to the Canadians, and were intended to be MTBs. However, some of the earlier boats in the 'Type G' series were only ever equipped for but not with 18-inch torpedo tubes, and otherwise were armed as the original 2-pdr MGB variant, functioning as gunboats in the mixed 29th Motor Torpedo Boat Flotilla alongside the torpedo-armed MTB versions from 1944.

Camper and Nicholson

All Camper & Nicholson MGBs were composite-hulled craft.

The entirely gun-armed ''MGB 502'' class was preceded by the experimental ''MGB 501'', which was a unique vessel adapted from a combined MA/SB & MTB design and completed in 1942 as a combined MGB & MTB, with 1 × 2-pdr pom pom, 1 × Oerlikon cannon, 2 × twin 0.5-inch HMGs and 2 × 21-inch torpedo tubes.

The ''502'' class were slightly enlarged but otherwise based on the design of ''501''. They dispensed with the torpedo tubes and shipped an armament of 1 × pom pom in MkXVI mounting, 1 × twin Oerlikon in MkV mounting, 2 × twin HMGs and a 6-pdr Hotchkiss gun Only ''502'', ''503'' and ''509'' were completed as MGBs; ''504''-''508'' were completed as the fast blockade runners ''Master Standfast'', ''Gay Corsair'', ''Gay Viking'', ''Hopewell'' and ''Nonsuch''.

Dimensions for the Camper and Nicholson motor gunboats (MGB 502 to MGB 509):
* Length:
* Beam:
* Draught:
* Displacement: 95 tons
* Propulsion: 3 × Paxman VRB diesel engines
* Total power output: 3,000 bhp
* Speed:
** Maximum:
** Continuous:
* Complement: 21
* Endurance: at

MGB 509 was powered by three Packard supercharged petrol engines giving a total output of and a maximum speed of 31 knots (27 knots continuous). Later re-numbered ''MGB 2009'', the central engine was replaced with a Metrovick F.2 gas turbine engine in 1947.

Elco

Elco built twelve MGBs for the Royal Navy.

Higgins

Higgins built 12 MGBs and 15 MGBs.

Fairmile designs

Fairmile Marine produced designs for small craft for the Royal Navy but most construction was carried out in other yards.
The Fairmile C motor gun boats were long boats.

For flexibility the following Fairmile D design (approx. 200 built) could be fitted out either as MGB or MTB. These equipped the Royal Canadian Navy, Royal Navy, and Royal Norwegian Navy.

Survivors

The only fully restored and operational example of a Royal Navy Coastal Forces MGB which saw active service in World War II is MGB 81. She was built by the British Power Boat Company, Hythe, launched in 1942, and served at the Normandy landings (although renumbered as ''MTB 416'' by this time, as the MGB designation had been largely abolished by the RN late in the war). She is now at Portsmouth, owned and maintained by Portsmouth Naval Base Property TrustMGB 81

See also

* Motor launch
* Harbour defence motor launch
* Steam gun boat
* Coastal Forces of the Royal Navy
* Type Two 63 ft HSL
* Robert Peverell Hichens, renowned MGB flotilla commander
*Guy Hamilton, film director who served on MGBs during the war.

References

Bibliography

*''Motor Gunboat 658'' LC Reynolds (Cassell Military Paperbacks, London, 2002)
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External links

British Military Powerboat Trust

Whaleback MGB

Official account of MGB and MTB actions in Mediterranean 1943
published 1948

Database MTB-/MGB-Battles 1940-1945.
''Historisches Marinearchiv'' (German/English)
{{Warship types of the 19th & 20th centuries

Gunboat classes
Boat types
Ships of the Royal Navy