Morris Alexander
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Morris Alexander (; 4 December 1877 – 24 January 1946) was a South African lawyer and politician who was a leading figure of
Cape Town Cape Town is the legislature, legislative capital city, capital of South Africa. It is the country's oldest city and the seat of the Parliament of South Africa. Cape Town is the country's List of municipalities in South Africa, second-largest ...
's
Jewish community Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly inte ...
. He is best known for his successful campaign to have
Yiddish Yiddish, historically Judeo-German, is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews. It originated in 9th-century Central Europe, and provided the nascent Ashkenazi community with a vernacular based on High German fused with ...
recognized as a European language by colonial authorities, allowing thousands of Jews to immigrate to South Africa. A prominent liberal, Alexander served in the South African House of Assembly from 1910 until his death in 1946.


Biography

Morris Alexander was born on 4 December 1877 as the eldest of seven children of Abraham Alexander and Flora Lewin, in Znin, then part of the
Kingdom of Prussia The Kingdom of Prussia (, ) was a German state that existed from 1701 to 1918.Marriott, J. A. R., and Charles Grant Robertson. ''The Evolution of Prussia, the Making of an Empire''. Rev. ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946. It played a signif ...
in the
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. His family were
German Jews The history of the Jews in Germany goes back at least to the year 321 CE, and continued through the Early Middle Ages (5th to 10th centuries CE) and High Middle Ages (c. 1000–1299 CE) when Jewish immigrants founded the Ashkenazi Jewish commu ...
; they moved to the South Africa in 1881. He interrupted his private education in
Cape Town Cape Town is the legislature, legislative capital city, capital of South Africa. It is the country's oldest city and the seat of the Parliament of South Africa. Cape Town is the country's List of municipalities in South Africa, second-largest ...
in 1891 to help his parents in
Johannesburg Johannesburg ( , , ; Zulu language, Zulu and Xhosa language, Xhosa: eGoli ) (colloquially known as Jozi, Joburg, Jo'burg or "The City of Gold") is the most populous city in South Africa. With 5,538,596 people in the City of Johannesburg alon ...
, taking jobs first as a clerk for the National Bank and then as an employee of the
Cape Colony The Cape Colony (), also known as the Cape of Good Hope, was a British Empire, British colony in present-day South Africa named after the Cape of Good Hope. It existed from 1795 to 1802, and again from 1806 to 1910, when it united with three ...
rail service. Alexander began his studies at
South African College The South African College was an educational institution in Cape Town, South Africa, which developed into the University of Cape Town (UCT) and the South African College Schools (SACS). History The process that would lead to the formation of th ...
in 1893, receiving a
Bachelor of Arts A Bachelor of Arts (abbreviated B.A., BA, A.B. or AB; from the Latin ', ', or ') is the holder of a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the liberal arts, or, in some cases, other disciplines. A Bachelor of Arts deg ...
degree in 1897. He then attended
St John's College, Cambridge St John's College, formally the College of St John the Evangelist in the University of Cambridge, is a Colleges of the University of Cambridge, constituent college of the University of Cambridge, founded by the House of Tudor, Tudor matriarch L ...
, receiving a
Bachelor of Laws A Bachelor of Laws (; LLB) is an undergraduate law degree offered in most common law countries as the primary law degree and serves as the first professional qualification for legal practitioners. This degree requires the study of core legal subje ...
degree in 1900. He was called to the
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in June of that year and began a law practice in Cape Town on 15 November 1900. In 1919, Alexander was appointed
King's Counsel A King's Counsel (Post-nominal letters, post-nominal initials KC) is a senior lawyer appointed by the monarch (or their Viceroy, viceregal representative) of some Commonwealth realms as a "Counsel learned in the law". When the reigning monarc ...
. He also taught law at
Diocesan College The Diocesan College (commonly known as Bishops) is a private, English medium, boarding and day high school for boys situated in the suburb of Rondebosch in Cape Town in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The school was established o ...
. As a young lawyer in Cape Town, Alexander joined journalist Dovid Goldblat in a campaign for the reclassification of
Yiddish Yiddish, historically Judeo-German, is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews. It originated in 9th-century Central Europe, and provided the nascent Ashkenazi community with a vernacular based on High German fused with ...
as a European language in South Africa. A 1902 law required that prospective immigrants to the Cape take a European language literacy test; the pair "fought so that Yiddish might be considered one such language, and thus Jewish immigrants would be able to enter the country". In 1903, Alexander led a delegation of Jewish community leaders to the Cape Colony's attorney general
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, who accepted their request to recognize Yiddish as European, which allowed thousands of Jews to immigrate to South Africa. This represented a shift away from traditional Jewish politics ('' shtadlanut''), as Jews were traditionally forbidden to represent themselves as Jews in matters not related to religion. Alexander would later consider the recognition of Yiddish to be "the most important achievement of his public life". On 4 September 1904, Alexander organized the delegation of community leaders into the Cape Colony Jewish Board of Deputies, which became the dominant Jewish organization in the colony. He would serve as its chairman and as vice president of the unified South African Jewish Board of Deputies from the organizations' foundations until the 1930s. An active
Zionist Zionism is an Ethnic nationalism, ethnocultural nationalist movement that emerged in History of Europe#From revolution to imperialism (1789–1914), Europe in the late 19th century that aimed to establish and maintain a national home for the ...
, he was also the president of the New Hebrew Congregation in Cape Town for forty years. Alexander was elected to the
Cape Town City Council The City of Cape Town (; ) is a metropolitan municipality that forms the local government of Cape Town and surrounding areas. As of 2022 it has a population of 4,772,846. History Cape Town first received local self-government in 1839, wit ...
in 1905, serving until 1913. He was elected to the
Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope The Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope functioned as the legislature of the Cape Colony, from its founding in 1853, until the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, when it was dissolved and the Parliament of South Africa was establi ...
in the 1908 election as a member of the Progressive Party, receiving 5,027 votes in the Cape Town constituency. He served in the Cape Parliament until 1910, when it was merged with the other colonial parliaments following the establishment of the
Union of South Africa The Union of South Africa (; , ) was the historical predecessor to the present-day South Africa, Republic of South Africa. It came into existence on 31 May 1910 with the unification of the British Cape Colony, Cape, Colony of Natal, Natal, Tra ...
. Alexander was elected to the unified South African House of Assembly in the 1910 election for the Cape Town Castle constituency, and would serve as a member of parliament until his death in 1946. In addition to being a leading figure in Cape Town's
Jewish community Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly inte ...
, Alexander was also a prominent liberal and an advocate against discriminatory laws affecting non-white communities . In June 1907, he married Ruth Schechteran acquaintance from his time at Cambridge and the daughter of
Solomon Schechter Solomon Schechter (‎; 7 December 1847 – 19 November 1915) was a Moldavian-born British-American rabbi, academic scholar and educator, most famous for his roles as founder and President of the United Synagogue of America, President of the ...
, the president of the
Jewish Theological Seminary of America The Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS) is a Conservative Jewish education organization in New York City, New York. It is one of the academic and spiritual centers of Conservative Judaism as well as a hub for academic scholarship in Jewish studies ...
– in
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. The couple's home in Cape Town would become a meeting place for visiting Indian dignitaries, through which Alexander became associated with
Mahatma Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2October 186930January 1948) was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalism, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethics, political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful Indian ...
. He was also associated with
W. E. B. Du Bois William Edward Burghardt Du Bois ( ; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an American sociologist, socialist, historian, and Pan-Africanist civil rights activist. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, Du Bois grew up in a relativel ...
and Bertha Solomon. Beginning in the 1920s, Alexander and Ruth developed irreconcilable political differences. While Alexander was a more traditional liberal, Ruth was a Marxist feminist. In the 1921 general election, she convinced Alexander not to join
Jan Smuts Field Marshal Jan Christian Smuts, (baptismal name Jan Christiaan Smuts, 24 May 1870 11 September 1950) was a South African statesman, military leader and philosopher. In addition to holding various military and cabinet posts, he served as P ...
's
South African Party The South African Party (, ) was a political party that existed in the Union of South Africa from 1911 to 1934. History The outline and foundation for the party was realized after the election of a 'South African party' in the 1910 South Af ...
which she viewed as increasingly racist – and instead run as an independent candidate. Alexander was re-elected as a member of the newly-formed
Constitutional Democratic Party The Constitutional Democratic Party (, K-D), also called Constitutional Democrats and formally the Party of People's Freedom (), was a political party in the Russian Empire that promoted Western constitutional monarchy—among other policies†...
, and would serve as the party's president and sole parliamentary member from 1921 until 1929. He did join the South African Party in 1931 despite his criticism of its efforts to restrict Jewish immigration over the previous decade. Ruth was irked with her husband in 1923 when he declared that
Judaism Judaism () is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic, Monotheism, monotheistic, ethnic religion that comprises the collective spiritual, cultural, and legal traditions of the Jews, Jewish people. Religious Jews regard Judaism as their means of o ...
was "the very antithesis of
Bolshevism Bolshevism (derived from Bolshevik) is a revolutionary socialist current of Soviet Leninist and later Marxist–Leninist political thought and political regime associated with the formation of a rigidly centralized, cohesive and disciplined p ...
" in a speech condemning the
Rand Rebellion The Rand Rebellion (; also known as the 1922 strike) was an armed uprising of white miners in the Witwatersrand region of South Africa, in March 1922. Following a drop in the world price of gold from 130 shillings (£6 10s) per fine ...
. She was further radicalized when her sister was arrested at the Loray Mill strike in the United States. The couple's breaking point came in 1930, when Alexander supported a successful bill enacted by the government of
J. B. M. Hertzog General James Barry Munnik Hertzog (3 April 1866 â€“ 21 November 1942), better known as Barry Hertzog or J. B. M. Hertzog, was a South African politician and soldier. He was a Boer general during the Second Boer War who served a ...
which gave white women the right to vote. Ruth, increasingly frustrated with her husband's pragmatic liberalism, criticized this law as regressive for excluding non-white women and for being a method to further dilute the non-white vote. Ruth initially declared her intention to not register to vote, but upon being informed by Alexander that not registering was a crime, she instead stated her intent to divorce him "the moment their children were old enough to care for themselves". Ruth left South Africa with her lover in 1933; two years later, she and Alexander divorced. Two months after his divorce, Alexander married Enid Asenath Baumberg of
Sydney Sydney is the capital city of the States and territories of Australia, state of New South Wales and the List of cities in Australia by population, most populous city in Australia. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Syd ...
, Australia. Throughout the 1930s, Alexander was a strong opponent of the growing Nazi movement in South Africa. Alexander died in Cape Town on 24 January 1946. His second wife Enid published his biography in 1957, and his papers are held at the University of Cape Town Libraries.


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Further reading

* * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Alexander, Morris 1877 births 1946 deaths People from Żnin County Politicians from Cape Town 20th-century South African politicians United Party (South Africa) politicians Unionist Party (South Africa) politicians South African Party (Union of South Africa) politicians Members of the House of Assembly of the Cape Colony Jewish South African politicians 20th-century South African lawyers Yiddish-speaking people Language activists 20th-century South African Jews Cape Colony Jews Cape Colony lawyers Jewish South African anti-apartheid activists South African anti-apartheid activists University of Cape Town alumni Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge South African Zionists 20th-century King's Counsel South African Queen's Counsel