The hooked squid,

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Onychoteuthidae, currently comprise about 20–25 species (several known from only single life stages and thus unconfirmed), in six or seven

genera Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...

. They range in mature mantle length from to a suggested length of for the largest member, ''

Onykia robusta ''Onykia robusta'', also known as the robust clubhook squid and often cited by the older name ''Moroteuthis robusta'', is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. Reaching a mantle length of Norman, M.D. 2000. ''Cephalopods: A World Gu ...

''. The family is characterised by the presence of hooks only on the tentacular clubs, a simple, straight,

funnel–mantle locking apparatus The funnel–mantle locking apparatus is a structure found in many cephalopods that connects the mantle and hyponome (funnel) and restricts their movement relative to each other.Young, R.E., M. Vecchione & K.M. Mangold (1999)Cephalopoda Glossar ...

, and a 'step' inside the jaw angle of the lower beak. With the exception of the

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, the family is found worldwide.

Species

*Genus ''

Onychoteuthis ''Onychoteuthis'' is a genus of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. The type species is '' Onychoteuthis bergii''. While the genus is found worldwide in tropical and subtropical oceans, they can also occur in the North Pacific Ocean. There were ...

'' Lichtenstein, 1818 **''

Onychoteuthis banksii ''Onychoteuthis banksii'', the common clubhook squid, is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. It is the type species of the genus '' Onychoteuthis''. This species was thought to have a worldwide distribution but with the revision of ...

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, 1817) – common clubhook squid **''

Onychoteuthis bergii ''Onychoteuthis bergii'' is a species of hooked squid from the family Onychoteuthidae. The species was originally described by Hinrich Lichtenstein from specimens taken near the Cape of Good Hope and is the type species of the genus ''Onychoteuth ...

''* Lichtenstein, 1818 **''

Onychoteuthis mollis ''Onychoteuthis'' is a genus of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. The type species is ''Onychoteuthis bergii''. While the genus is found worldwide in tropical and subtropical oceans, they can also occur in the North Pacific Ocean. There were p ...

''* Appelloef, 1891 **''

Onychoteuthis compacta ''Onychoteuthis compacta'' is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae, known to occur in Hawaiian waters. as well as in other areas of the Central Pacific and western north-central Atlantic, it probably has a circumglobar distribution. T ...

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, 1913 **''

Onychoteuthis borealijaponica ''Onychoteuthis borealijaponica'', the boreal clubhook squid, is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. It is the largest member of the genus ''Onychoteuthis'', reaching a mantle length of 30 cm in males and 37 cm in females ...

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, 1927 – boreal clubhook squid **''

Onychoteuthis meridiopacifica ''Onychoteuthis meridiopacifica'' is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. Males become mature at 40 mm, and the species is believed to reach a maximum mantle (mollusc), mantle length of 90 mm, the smallest species in the ge ...

'' Rancurel & Okutani, 1990 **''

Onychoteuthis lacrima ''Onychoteuthis lacrima'' is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. They are found off the coast of central and southern Japan, and can grow to ~11.2 centimeters in length. References

Cephalopods described in 2008 Onychoteut ...

'' Bolstad & Seki ''in'' Bolstad, 2008 **'' Onychoteuthis prolata'' Bolstad, Vecchione & Young ''in'' Bolstad, 2008 **'' Onychoteuthis horstkottei'' Bolstad, 2010 *Genus ''

Onykia ''Onykia'' is a genus of squids in the family Onychoteuthidae. Due to similarities between the genera, several recent authors consider the genus ''Moroteuthis'' a junior synonym of ''Onykia''. The type species is '' Onykia carriboea'', the tropic ...

'' Lesueur, 1821 (includes most species previously placed in ''Moroteuthis'') **Subgenus ''Onykia'' ***''

Onykia carriboea ''Onykia carriboea'', the tropical clubhook squid, is a squid in the family Onychoteuthidae, the type species of the genus ''Onykia''. It is known with certainty only from immature specimens. The type locality of ''O. carriboea'' is the Gulf of ...

'' Lesueur, 1821 – tropical clubhook squid ***''

'' ( Verrill, 1876) – robust clubhook squid ***''

Onykia loennbergii ''Onykia loennbergii'', the Japanese hooked squid, is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae, named by Swedish zoologist Einar Lönnberg. It occurs in the Western Pacific Ocean, at an estimated depth of 230–1200 m. The mantle le ...

'' (Ishikawa & Wakiya, 1914) – Japanese hooked squid ***''

Onykia aequatorialis ''Onykia'' is a genus of squids in the family Onychoteuthidae. Due to similarities between the genera, several recent authors consider the genus ''Moroteuthis'' a junior synonym of ''Onykia''. The type species is ''Onykia carriboea'', the tropica ...

''* Thiele, 1920 ***''

Onykia robsoni ''Onykia robsoni'', the rugose hooked squid, is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. It occurs in the Antarctic Ocean, at an estimated depth of 250–550 meters. The mantle of this species grows to a length of 75 cm. The sp ...

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, 1962) – rugose hooked squid ***''

Onykia indica ''Onykia'' is a genus of squids in the family Onychoteuthidae. Due to similarities between the genera, several recent authors consider the genus ''Moroteuthis'' a junior synonym of ''Onykia''. The type species is '' Onykia carriboea'', the tropic ...

''* Okutani, 1981 **''

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'' ***?''

Onykia appelloefi ''Onykia'' is a genus of squids in the family Onychoteuthidae. Due to similarities between the genera, several recent authors consider the genus ''Moroteuthis'' a junior synonym of ''Onykia''. The type species is '' Onykia carriboea'', the tropic ...

''*

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, 1900 *Genus ''

Ancistroteuthis ''Ancistroteuthis lichtensteinii'', also known as the angel clubhook squid or simply angel squid, is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae and the sole member of the genus ''Ancistroteuthis''. It grows to a mantle length of 30 c ...

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, 1849 **'' Ancistroteuthis lichtensteinii'' ( Ferussac, 1835) – angel clubhook squid or angel squid *Genus ''

Moroteuthopsis ''Moroteuthopsis'' is a genus of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. The type species is ''Moroteuthopsis ingens''. Prior to 2018, ''Moroteuthopsis'' was considered a subgenus of ''Onykia''; after the mitochondrial DNA of the family Onychoteuthi ...

, 1908 **''

Moroteuthopsis ingens ''Moroteuthopsis ingens'', the greater hooked squid, is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. It occurs worldwide in subantarctic oceans. Taxonomy ''M. ingens'' was long attributed to the genus ''Moroteuthis'', which became a junior ...

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, 1881) – greater hooked squid **''

Moroteuthopsis longimana ''Moroteuthopsis longimana'', previously ''Kondakovia longimana'', the giant warty squid or longarm octopus squid (though it is not a true octopus squid),O'Shea, S. 2005''Kondakovia longimana'' In: Giant Squid and Colossal Squid Fact Sheet. The O ...

'' Filippova, 1972 *Genus ''

Notonykia ''Notonykia'' is a genus of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. The type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genu ...

'' Nesis, Roeleveld & Nikitina, 1998 **''

Notonykia africanae ''Notonykia africanae'', the African clubhook-squid, is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. It is the type species of the genus ''Notonykia''. While the mature size of the species is unknown, it is known to reach a mantle length of ...

'' Nesis, Roeleveld & Nikitina, 1998 **''

Notonykia nesisi ''Notonykia nesisi'' is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. It is differentiated from ''Notonykia africanae'' by the shape of the tentacle In zoology, a tentacle is a flexible, mobile, and elongated organ present in some speci ...

'' Bolstad, 2007 *Genus ''

Filippovia ''Filippovia knipovitchi'', the smooth hooked squid, is a species of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae and the sole member of the genus ''Filippovia''. It is found in the Antarctic and Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second lar ...

'' Bolstad, 2010 **'' Filippovia knipovitchi'' (Filippova, 1972) – smooth hooked squid *Genus ''

Walvisteuthis ''Walvisteuthis'', the stubby hook squids, is a genus of squid in the family Onychoteuthidae. The genus contains four species. They are characterised by possessing oval fins which are not drawn-out posteriorly, the Gladius (cephalopod), gladius h ...

'' Nesis & Nikitina, 1986 **''

Walvisteuthis jeremiahi ''Walvisteuthis jeremiahi'' is a species of squid from the family Onychoteuthidae. They have only been observed in the Gulf of Mexico The Gulf of Mexico () is an oceanic basin and a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean, mostly surrounded by ...

'' Vecchione,

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, 2015 **''

Walvisteuthis rancureli ''Walvisteuthis rancureli'' is a species of squid from the family Onychoteuthidae. The species can be found in the Eastern Central Atlantic and Eastern Indian oceans, and members of the species are gonochoric In biology, gonochorism is a sexu ...

'' (Okutani, 1981) **''

Walvisteuthis virilis ''Walvisteuthis virilis'' is a species of squid from the Family (biology), family Onychoteuthidae, it is the type species of the genus ''Walvisteuthis''. It may be Synonym (taxonomy), synonymous with ''Walvisteuthis rancureli''. The Type (biology ...

'' Nesis & Nikitina, 1986 **''

Walvisteuthis youngorum ''Walvisteuthis youngorum'' is a species of squid from the family Onychoteuthidae The hooked squid, family (biology), family Onychoteuthidae, currently comprise about 20–25 species (several known from only single life stages and thus unconfi ...

'' (Bolstad, 2010) (*) indicates taxa requiring further taxonomic investigation

References

*Bolstad, K.S.R. 2008
Systematics of the Onychoteuthidae Gray, 1847 (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida)
. Doctoral thesis. *Bolstad, K.S.R. 2010. Systematics of the Onychoteuthidae Gray, 1847 (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida). ''Zootaxa'' 2696: 1–186
Preview

External links

Tree of Life: Onychoteuthidae

Onychoteuthidae discussion forum at TONMO.com
*Laptikhovsky, V.; Arkhipkin, A.; Bolstad, K.S. 2008
A second species of the squid genus ''Kondakovia'' (Cephalopoda: Onychoteuthidae) from the sub-Antarctic.
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3202623 Oegopsida Taxa named by John Edward Gray