The Montelupich Prison, named for the street on which it is located, the ''ulica Montelupich'' ("street of the Montelupi family"),
[Ulica Montelupich or "street of the Montelupis" itself is named after the Montelupi manor house ( kamienica) located at Montelupich street Number 7, the so called ''Kamienica Montelupich'' built in the 16th century, and in the 19th century adapted as part of the Austrian military tribunal.] is a historic prison in
Kraków
, officially the Royal Capital City of Kraków, is the List of cities and towns in Poland, second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city has a population of 804,237 ...
,
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...
, dating from the early 20th century. It was used by the
Gestapo
The (, ), Syllabic abbreviation, abbreviated Gestapo (), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.
The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of F ...
in World War II and has been called "one of the most terrible Nazi prisons in
occupied Poland
' (Norwegian language, Norwegian: ') is a Norwegian political thriller TV series that premiered on TV 2 (Norway), TV2 on 5 October 2015. Based on an original idea by Jo Nesbø, the series is co-created with Karianne Lund and Erik Skjoldbjærg. ...
". The Gestapo took over the facility from the German ''
Sicherheitspolizei
The often abbreviated as SiPo, is a German term meaning "security police". In the Nazi Germany, Nazi era, it referred to the state political and criminal investigation security agency, security agencies. It was made up by the combined forces of ...
'' at the end of March 1941. One of the Nazi officials responsible for overseeing the Montelupich Prison was
Ludwig Hahn
Ludwig Hermann Karl Hahn (23 January 1908 – 10 November 1986) was a German SS-'' Standartenführer'', Nazi official and convicted war criminal. He held numerous positions with the German police and security services (RSHA) over the course ...
.
World War II
prison
A prison, also known as a jail, gaol, penitentiary, detention center, correction center, correctional facility, or remand center, is a facility where Prisoner, people are Imprisonment, imprisoned under the authority of the State (polity), state ...
ers at Montelupich were made up predominantly of the ethnically Polish political prisoners and victims of the Gestapo
street raids, but also German members of the
SS and Security Service (
SD) who had been sentenced to jail terms, British and Soviet
spies
Spies most commonly refers to people who engage in spying, espionage or clandestine operations.
Spies or The Spies may also refer to:
Arts and media Films
* ''Spies'' (1928 film), English title for ''Spione'', a 1928 German film by Fritz Lan ...
and parachutists, soldiers who had deserted the
Waffen-SS
The (; ) was the military branch, combat branch of the Nazi Party's paramilitary ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) organisation. Its formations included men from Nazi Germany, along with Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts, volunteers and conscr ...
, and regular convicts. The number of political prisoners who passed through or ended their lives in the Montelupich in the years 1940–1944 is estimated at 50,000. Kurkiewiczowa states that "medieval tortures" constituted the fundamental and principal interrogation method of the Germans.
Although the inscription on the plaque by the (side) door of the prison in the 1939 photograph pictured at right reads, "Sicherheits-Polizei-Gefängnis Montelupich", the name "Montelupich Prison" is strictly informal, based on common popular convention, even if it has now passed in that form into history. The Montelupich facility was the detention center of the first instance used by the Nazis to imprison the Polish professors from the
Jagiellonian University
The Jagiellonian University (, UJ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland. Founded in 1364 by Casimir III the Great, King Casimir III the Great, it is the oldest university in Poland and one of the List of oldest universities in con ...
arrested in 1939 in the so-called ''
Sonderaktion Krakau
''Sonderaktion Krakau'' was a German operation against professors and academics of the Jagiellonian University and other universities in German-occupied Kraków, Poland, at the beginning of World War II. It was carried out as part of the much bro ...
'', an operation designed to eliminate Polish
intelligentsia
The intelligentsia is a status class composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; as such, the i ...
. Over 1,700 Polish prisoners were eventually massacred at Fort 49 of the
Kraków Fortress
Kraków fortress ( Polish: ''Twierdza Kraków'', German: ''Festung Krakau'') refers in the narrow sense to the 19th century Austro-Hungarian fortifications, and in the larger sense - to the interconnected fortifications in Kraków, Poland, includi ...
and its adjacent forest, and deportations of Polish prisoners to
concentration camps
A concentration camp is a prison or other facility used for the internment of political prisoners or politically targeted demographics, such as members of national or ethnic minority groups, on the grounds of national security, or for exploit ...
, incl.
Ravensbrück and
Auschwitz
Auschwitz, or Oświęcim, was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschw ...
, were also carried out. The prison also contained a cell for
kidnapped Polish children under the age of 10, with an average capacity of about 70 children, who were then sent to concentration camps and executed. In January 1944, 232 prisoners from Montelupich were executed by a Nazi firing squad at
Pełkinie
Pełkinie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jarosław, within Jarosław County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Jarosław and east of the regional capital Rzeszów
Rz ...
. In late January or early February 1944,
Wilhelm Koppe
Karl Heinrich Wilhelm Koppe (15 June 1896 – 2 July 1975) was a German Nazi Party politician and an SS-'' Obergruppenführer'' and a General of the Waffen-SS. He held several high-level commands, including as the Higher SS and Police Leader in ...
issued an order for the execution of 100 Montelupich prisoners as a reprisal for the unsuccessful attempt on the life of
Hans Frank
Hans Michael Frank (23 May 1900 – 16 October 1946) was a German Nazi politician, lawyer and convicted war criminal who served as head of the General Government in German-occupied Poland during the Second World War.
Frank was an early member ...
. In the locality called
Wola Filipowska
Wola Filipowska is a village in Poland in Kraków County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship. In the years 1975-1998 it was in Kraków Voivodeship. Wola Filipowska is a small village on the road from Kraków to Trzebinia and is located by the Dulówka riv ...
near Kraków there is a monument commemorating the execution by the Nazis of 42 hostages, all Montelupich prisoners who died on the spot before a firing squad on 23 November 1943.
After World War II, Montelupich became a
Soviet
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
prison where
NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (, ), abbreviated as NKVD (; ), was the interior ministry and secret police of the Soviet Union from 1934 to 1946. The agency was formed to succeed the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) se ...
and
Urząd Bezpieczeństwa
The Ministry of Public Security (), was the secret police, intelligence and counter-espionage agency operating in the Polish People's Republic. From 1945 to 1954 it was known as the Security Office (, UB), and from 1956 to 1990 as the Security ...
tortured and murdered Polish soldiers of the
Home Army
The Home Army (, ; abbreviated AK) was the dominant resistance movement in German-occupied Poland during World War II. The Home Army was formed in February 1942 from the earlier Związek Walki Zbrojnej (Armed Resistance) established in the ...
. Currently, the building serves as a temporary arrest and detention facility for men and women, with 158
jail cells and a prison hospital with an additional 22 cells.
History of the property
The building housing the prison was not originally constructed for its purpose, but instead, was a historical property that was redecorated in the Italianate Renaissance style in 1556 by the Italian
Montelupi family who introduced the first postal service in Poland for the court of
Sigismund III Vasa
Sigismund III Vasa (, ; 20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632
N.S.) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1587 to 1632 and, as Sigismund, King of Sweden from 1592 to 1599. He was the first Polish sovereign from the House of Vasa. Re ...
. Their Kraków manor house, known in Polish as the
Kamienica Montelupich (''Palazzo Montelupi'' in Italian), at Number 7 of the street to which it gave the name, was the starting point of the first international postal coach in Poland which departed from here for
Venice
Venice ( ; ; , formerly ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are li ...
in 1558. The
Jalu Kurek Park (see ''
Park Jalu Kurka'') in Kraków was formerly the palace garden of the palazzo Montelupi.
Current status
The prison was the site of the last administration of the death penalty in Poland, performed by hanging on 21 April 1988.
Despite being officially recognized as both a historical monument and a place of martyrdom, the facility continues to be operated to this day as a combination of
remand prison
Pre-trial detention, also known as jail, preventive detention, provisional detention, or remand, is the process of detaining a person until their trial after they have been arrested and charged with an offence. A person who is on remand is ...
and ordinary
correctional facility
In criminal justice, particularly in North America, correction, corrections, and correctional, are umbrella terms describing a variety of functions typically carried out by government agency, government agencies, and involving the punishment, ...
by the Polish Prison Administration (the
Służba Więzienna), a unit of the
Polish Justice Ministry. Its current official name is ''Areszt Śledczy w Krakowie''. The infamous history of this facility continues to the present day, as evident in the 2008 death of the
Romanian
Romanian may refer to:
*anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Romania
**Romanians, an ethnic group
**Romanian language, a Romance language
***Romanian dialects, variants of the Romanian language
**Romanian cuisine, traditional ...
detainee, Claudiu Crulic (1975–2008; see
Claudiu Crulic), an incident condemned by human rights groups (such as the Human Rights House Foundation of
Oslo
Oslo ( or ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Norway. It constitutes both a county and a municipality. The municipality of Oslo had a population of in 2022, while the city's greater urban area had a population of 1,064,235 in 2022 ...
, Norway) which occasioned the resignation of the Romanian
Foreign Affairs Minister
In many countries, the ministry of foreign affairs (abbreviated as MFA or MOFA) is the highest government department exclusively or primarily responsible for the state's foreign policy and relations, diplomacy, bilateral, and multilateral rela ...
,
Adrian Cioroianu
Adrian Mihai Cioroianu (born January 5, 1967, in Craiova, Romania) is a Romanian historian, politician, journalist, and essayist. A lecturer for the History Department at the University of Bucharest, he is the author of several books dealing with ...
.
Vincent A. Lapomarda writes in his book on the Nazi terror that:
On inquiring about Montelupich, on Montelupi Street, when I was in Kraków on 18 August 1986, I was able to view it from outside and learned that even today, while still operating, it has not lost the evil reputation that it had during the Nazi occupation.
Notable inmates

*Józef Archutowski (1879–1944; professor of
theology
Theology is the study of religious belief from a Religion, religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity. It is taught as an Discipline (academia), academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itse ...
, long-term Dean of the Theology Department of the
Jagiellonian University
The Jagiellonian University (, UJ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland. Founded in 1364 by Casimir III the Great, King Casimir III the Great, it is the oldest university in Poland and one of the List of oldest universities in con ...
; victim of ''
Sonderaktion Krakau
''Sonderaktion Krakau'' was a German operation against professors and academics of the Jagiellonian University and other universities in German-occupied Kraków, Poland, at the beginning of World War II. It was carried out as part of the much bro ...
''; see
Józef Archutowski)
*Teodor Augustyn (1895–1963; veteran of
Silesian Uprisings
The Silesian Uprisings (; ; ) were a series of three uprisings from August 1919 to July 1921 in Upper Silesia, which was part of the Weimar Republic at the time. Ethnic Polish and Polish-Silesian insurrectionists, seeking to have the area tran ...
in 1919–1921, tracked down by the Nazis in 1940 and incarcerated at Montelupich before being deported to
Auschwitz
Auschwitz, or Oświęcim, was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschw ...
; see
Teodor Augustyn)
*Karol Bacz (1900–1984; decorated Polish veteran of the
Polish–Soviet War
The Polish–Soviet War (14 February 1919 – 18 March 1921) was fought primarily between the Second Polish Republic and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, following World War I and the Russian Revolution.
After the collapse ...
and
Nazi invasion of Poland
The invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet ...
; incarcerated at Montelupich 1939–1940 as a result of a ''
łapanka
''Łapanka'' (; English: "roundup" or "catching") was the Polish name for a World War II practice in German-occupied Poland, whereby the German SS, Wehrmacht and Gestapo rounded up civilians on the streets of Polish cities. The civilians arrest ...
''; see
Karol Bacz)
*Józef Badura (1903–1943; Polish educator and social activist in
Cieszyn Silesia
Cieszyn Silesia, Těšín Silesia or Teschen Silesia ( ; or ; or ) is a historical region in south-eastern Silesia, centered on the towns of Cieszyn and Český Těšín and bisected by the Olza River. Since 1920 it has been divided betwe ...
; incarcerated by the Gestapo in 1942, he was executed by firearm at Montelupich in 1943; see
Józef Badura)
*Maksymilian Basista (1883–1967; founder and
editor-in-chief
An editor-in-chief (EIC), also known as lead editor or chief editor, is a publication's editorial leader who has final responsibility for its operations and policies. The editor-in-chief heads all departments of the organization and is held accoun ...
of several newspapers in
Rybnik
Rybnik (Polish pronunciation: ; ) is a city in southern Poland, in the Silesian Voivodeship, around 38 km (24 mi) southwest of Katowice, the region's capital, and around 19 km (11 mi) from the Czech Republic, Czech border. It i ...
, a city for which he served as
vice-mayor
The deputy mayor (also known as vice mayor and assistant mayor) is an elective or appointive office of the second-ranking official that is present in many local governments.
Duties and functions
Many elected deputy mayors are members of the loca ...
: included in the ''
Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen'', a listing prepared by the Nazis before the war of people to be eliminated as the first priority after the Nazi invasion of Poland; see
Maksymilian Basista)
*Marian Batko (1901–1941; educator, incarcerated in 1941, subsequently deported to Auschwitz where he volunteered to die in exchange for another prisoner condemned to death, saving the other's life; decorated
posthumously
Posthumous may refer to:
* Posthumous award, an award, prize or medal granted after the recipient's death
* Posthumous publication, publishing of creative work after the author's death
* Posthumous (album), ''Posthumous'' (album), by Warne Marsh, 1 ...
with the Golden Cross of the
Order of Virtuti Militari
The War Order of Virtuti Militari (Latin: ''"For Military Virtue"'', ) is Poland's highest military decoration for heroism and courage in the face of the enemy at war. It was established in 1792 by the last King of Poland Stanislaus II Augustus ...
, the country's highest decoration for heroism in time of war; see
Marian Batko)
*Henryk Batowski (1907–1999; historian, professor in Jagiellonian University; son of the painter
Stanisław Kaczor-Batowski; author of nearly 100 books, including ''Greckie rewolucje'' ("Greek Revolutions"; 1935), and ''Europa zmierza ku przepaści'' ("Europe is Heading for an Abyss", 1977); victim of ''Sonderaktion Krakau'', eventually released by the Nazis owing to the personal intervention in
Ivo Andrić
Ivo Andrić ( sr-Cyrl, Иво Андрић, ; born Ivan Andrić; 9 October 1892 – 13 March 1975) was a Yugoslav novelist, poet and short story writer who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1961 Nobel Prize in Literature, 1961. His writ ...
, the future
Nobel-prize winner for literature, who served at the time as the
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast Europe, Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1941. From 1918 to 1929, it was officially called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, but the term "Yugoslavia" () h ...
's ambassador to Germany; see
Henryk Batowski)
*Janina Bednarska (''
née
The birth name is the name of the person given upon their birth. The term may be applied to the surname, the given name or to the entire name. Where births are required to be officially registered, the entire name entered onto a births registe ...
'' Dubińska, 1912–1941; wife of Prof. Stefan Bednarski (see below), after arrest of husband made efforts to obtain his release, continuing her efforts on behalf of other victims of ''Sonderaktion Krakau'' even after having received the news of her husband's death at
Sachsenhausen concentration camp
Sachsenhausen () or Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg was a German Nazi concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany, used from 1936 until April 1945, shortly before the defeat of Nazi Germany in May later that year. It mainly held political prisoners t ...
; subsequently joined the underground
Union of Armed Struggle
The Union of Armed StruggleThus rendered in Norman Davies, ''God's Playground: A History of Poland'', vol. II, p. 464. (; ZWZ), also translated as the Union for Armed Struggle, Association of Armed Struggle, and Association for Armed Struggle ...
; incarcerated at Montelupich, she was executed by firearm off premises; see
Janina Bednarska)
*Stanisław Bednarski (1896–1942; professor of
art history
Art history is the study of Work of art, artistic works made throughout human history. Among other topics, it studies art’s formal qualities, its impact on societies and cultures, and how artistic styles have changed throughout history.
Tradit ...
and publisher; incarcerated at Montelupich from 8 July 1940;
beatification
Beatification (from Latin , "blessed" and , "to make") is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a deceased person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in their name. ''Beati'' is the p ...
in process (ecclesiastical title: "
Servant of God
Servant of God () is a title used in the Catholic Church to indicate that an individual is on the first step toward possible canonization as a saint.
Terminology
The expression ''Servant of God'' appears nine times in the Bible, the first five in ...
"); see
Stanisław Bednarski)
*Stefan Bednarski (1868–1940; husband of Janina Bednarska (''née'' Dubińska; see above); professor of
Russian language
Russian is an East Slavic languages, East Slavic language belonging to the Balto-Slavic languages, Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European language family. It is one of the four extant East Slavic languages, and is ...
in Jagiellonian University, victim of ''Sonderaktion Krakau''; deported from Montelupich to Sachsenhausen where he died (of
pneumonia
Pneumonia is an Inflammation, inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as Pulmonary alveolus, alveoli. Symptoms typically include some combination of Cough#Classification, productive or dry cough, ches ...
) on 1 January 1940; see
Stefan Bednarski)
*Władysław Błądziński (1908–1944; Polish
clergyman
Clergy are formal leaders within established religions. Their roles and functions vary in different religious traditions, but usually involve presiding over specific rituals and teaching their religion's doctrines and practices. Some of the ter ...
and educator in Secret Universities; incarcerated at Montelupich from 25 April 1944, subsequently deported to
Gross-Rosen
Gross-Rosen was a network of Nazi concentration camps built and operated by Nazi Germany during World War II. The main camp was located in the German village of Gross-Rosen, now the modern-day Rogoźnica in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, d ...
where he secretly ministered to the prisoners; was murdered by being pushed off a precipice in the stone quarry by an
SS-man; one of the so-called "
108 Martyrs of World War II
The 108 Martyrs of World War II, known also as the 108 Blessed Polish Martyrs (), were Catholics from Poland killed during World War II by Nazi Germany.
Their liturgical feast day is 12 June. The 108 were beatified on 13 June 1999 by Pope John P ...
" beatified by
Pope John Paul II
Pope John Paul II (born Karol Józef Wojtyła; 18 May 19202 April 2005) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 16 October 1978 until Death and funeral of Pope John Paul II, his death in 2005.
In his you ...
on 13 June 1999 (ecclesiastical title: "
Venerable
''The Venerable'' often shortened to Venerable is a style, title, or epithet used in some Christianity, Christian churches. The title is often accorded to holy persons for their spiritual perfection and wisdom.
Catholic
In the Catholic Churc ...
"); see
Władysław Błądziński)
*Andrzej Bolewski (1906–2002;
mineralogist
Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical mineralogy, optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifact (archaeology), artifacts. Specific s ...
and
petrographer
Petrography is a branch of petrology that focuses on detailed descriptions of rocks. Someone who studies petrography is called a petrographer. The mineral content and the textural relationships within the rock are described in detail. The classi ...
, professor in Jagiellonian University; victim of ''Sonderaktion Krakau''; released by the Nazis as a result of a collective intervention by Italian and Spanish scholars; see
Andrzej Bolewski)
*Władysław Boziewicz (1886–1946; captain in the army of the
Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939. The state was established in the final stage of World War I ...
, author of ''
Polski Kodeks Honorowy'' (''Polish Code of Honour)''; incarcerated at Montelupich for aiding
partisans during the war; see
Władysław Boziewicz)
*
Józef Cyrek
Józef Cyrek (13 September 1904 –2 September 1940) was a Polish people, Polish Society of Jesus, Jesuit and writer who shortly after the Nazi invasion of Poland was arrested by the Gestapo, imprisoned at several places of detention, and lastly ...
(1904–1940; Polish writer and magazine editor; incarcerated at Montelupich just 70 days after the outbreak of the war on 10 November 1939, he was murdered at Auschwitz less than ten months later; beatification in process (ecclesiastical title: "Servant of God"))
*
Stanisław Czabański (1959–1988; a Polish assailant and murderer, and the last person to ever be judicially executed by Poland; his execution took place on the Montelupich Prison gallows, as by the time his execution occurred on 21 April 1988, the prison had a gallows that they used for civilian crimes; there would be a moratorium on executions instated in 1989, and capital punishment would be abolished in Poland for good in 1997)
*Michał Czajczyk (1915–1945; champion basketball player; incarcerated at Montelupich in December 1944, he was murdered at the
Flossenbürg concentration camp
Flossenbürg was a Nazi concentration camp built in May 1938 by the SS Main Economic and Administrative Office. Unlike other concentration camps, it was located in a remote area, in the Fichtel Mountains of Bavaria, adjacent to the town of Flos ...
in the last days of the war in April 1945; see
Michał Czajczyk)
*
Gusta Davidson Draenger (''properly'' Gusta Dawidsohn-Draengerowa, ''also known as'' Justyna; 1917–1943; author of ''Pamiętnik Justyny (Justyna's Narrative)'', written during the author's lengthy imprisonment at Montelupich, from which she escaped.
*Stanisław Dąbrowa-Kostka (b. 1924; soldier of the
Armia Krajowa
The Home Army (, ; abbreviated AK) was the dominant resistance movement in German-occupied Poland during World War II. The Home Army was formed in February 1942 from the earlier Związek Walki Zbrojnej (Armed Resistance) established in the ...
and writer; victim of post-War repressions by the
Communist regime
A communist state, also known as a Marxist–Leninist state, is a one-party state in which the totality of the power belongs to a party adhering to some form of Marxism–Leninism, a branch of the communist ideology. Marxism–Leninism was ...
of
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...
, incarcerated at Montelupich during the period 1946–1949; author of six books, including ''W okupowanym Krakowie: 6 IX 1939–18 I 1945'' ("In Nazi-occupied Kraków"; 1972), and ''Rysunki więzienne 1946–1949 Stanisława Dąbrowy-Kostki: katalog wystawy: grudzień 2003'' ("Drawings from Prison, 1946–1949", published in the period of the
Third Republic in 2003); see
Stanisław Dąbrowa-Kostka)
*
Kazimierz Dembowski
Kazimierz Dembowski (3 August 1912 – 10 August 1942) was a Polish Jesuit involved in the religious publishing industry, who shortly after the German invasion of Poland was arrested by the Gestapo, imprisoned at several places of detention, and la ...
(1912–1942; Polish clergyman, a Jesuit; a magazine and book editor working for a religious publishing house; arrested by Gestapo just seventy days after Nazi invasion of Poland; beatification in process (ecclesiastical title: "
Servant of God
Servant of God () is a title used in the Catholic Church to indicate that an individual is on the first step toward possible canonization as a saint.
Terminology
The expression ''Servant of God'' appears nine times in the Bible, the first five in ...
"))
*Ignacy Dobiasz (1880–1941; Polish clergyman, member of the
religious institute
In the Catholic Church, a religious institute is "a society in which members, according to proper law, pronounce public religious vows, vows, either perpetual or temporary which are to be renewed, however, when the period of time has elapsed, a ...
of the
Salesians of Don Bosco
The Salesians of Don Bosco (SDB), formally known as the Society of Saint Francis de Sales (), is a religious congregation of men in the Catholic Church, founded in 1859 by the Italian priest John Bosco to help poor and migrant youth during the ...
;
educator
A teacher, also called a schoolteacher or formally an educator, is a person who helps students to acquire knowledge, competence, or virtue, via the practice of teaching.
''Informally'' the role of teacher may be taken on by anyone (e.g. w ...
, professor of
moral theology
Ethics involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''"Ethics" A central aspect of ethics is "the good life", the life worth living or life that is simply satisfyin ...
; incarcerated at Montelupich on 23 May 1941: on 26 June 1941 deported to Auschwitz where he perished the next day (strangled by a ''
kapo
A kapo was a type of prisoner functionary () at a Nazi concentration or extermination camp. They were, whether voluntary or coerced, collaborators who worked under the ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) to carry out administrative tasks or supervise th ...
'' in the gravel yard); beatification in process (ecclesiastical title: "Servant of God"); see
Ignacy Dobiasz)
*Judith Strick Dribben (1923–1977; Polish-born Israeli writer, author of the book ''A Girl Called Judith Strick'', Holocaust survivor, she was a resistance fighter in
Lvov
Lviv ( or ; ; ; see #Names and symbols, below for other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine, as well as the List of cities in Ukraine, fifth-largest city in Ukraine, with a population of It serves as the administrative centre of ...
. Obliged to seek cover, she took up a job as a maid, only to be denounced by her employer after she stole his German police uniform.
*Tadeusz Henryk Dziedzicki (1892–1945;
agricultural engineer, veteran of the
September Campaign
The invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Sovie ...
; a double victim of both Nazi and post-War Communist repressions: arrested ''twice'' by the Nazis (prison time in
Miechów
Miechów is a town in Poland, in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, about north of Kraków. It is the capital of Miechów County. Population is 11,852 (2004). Miechów lies on the Miechówka river, along European route E77. The area of the town is , a ...
), then immediately after "liberation" arrested by
NKVD
The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (, ), abbreviated as NKVD (; ), was the interior ministry and secret police of the Soviet Union from 1934 to 1946. The agency was formed to succeed the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) se ...
together with other Armia Krajowa members and incarcerated at Montelupich, later to be deported to a
Soviet gulag
The Gulag was a system of Labor camp, forced labor camps in the Soviet Union. The word ''Gulag'' originally referred only to the division of the Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies, Soviet secret police that was in charge of runnin ...
in
Krasnovodsk in
Soviet Turkmenistan
The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Turkmenistan, the Turkmen SSR, TuSSR, Turkmenistan, or Turkmenia, was one of the Republics of the Soviet Union, constituent republics of the Soviet Union located in Soviet Central Asia, ...
where he died; see
Tadeusz Dziedzicki)
*Frances Ehrlich Safe (American-born wife of
Ludwik Ehrlich (1889–1968), the famous Polish
jurist
A jurist is a person with expert knowledge of law; someone who analyzes and comments on law. This person is usually a specialist legal scholar, mostly (but not always) with a formal education in law (a law degree) and often a Lawyer, legal prac ...
; imprisoned by the Nazis at Montelupich for over a year during the
Second World War
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, this is the only known case of such long-term imprisonment at Montelupich of a person being a citizen of the
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
at the time of imprisonment (having married Ludwik Ehrlich at
St. Patrick's Cathedral in
New York
New York most commonly refers to:
* New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States
* New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York
New York may also refer to:
Places United Kingdom
* ...
, she never subsequently adopted Polish citizenship, dying at the age of 93 as an American citizen))
*
Stanisław Estreicher
Stanisław Ambroży Estreicher (26 November 1869 – 28 December 1939) was a Polish historian of Law and bibliographer; professor of the Jagiellonian University in 1906. Following the 1939 invasion of Poland, he was briefly offered to form a ...
(1869–1939;
historian of law and
bibliographer
Bibliography (from and ), as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology (from ). English author and bibliographer John Carter describes ''bibliograph ...
of
Polish literature
Polish literature is the literary tradition of Poland. Most Polish literature has been written in the Polish language, though other languages used in Poland over the centuries have also contributed to Polish literary traditions, including Latin, ...
, professor and
rector (1919–1921) of Jagiellonian University; imprisoned at Montelupich,
Wrocław
Wrocław is a city in southwestern Poland, and the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. It is the largest city and historical capital of the region of Silesia. It lies on the banks of the Oder River in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Eu ...
, and Sachsenhausen in ''Sonderaktion Krakau''; he fell ill already during transport to Sachsenhausen, died in camp on 29 December 1939, just 53 days after arrest)
*
Ignacy Fik (1904–1942; Polish poet, one of the most renowned
literary critics
A genre of arts criticism, literary criticism or literary studies is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often influenced by literary theory, which is the philosophical analysis of literature's ...
of the
Interbellum period
In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period, also known as the interbellum (), lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 (20 years, 9 months, 21 days) – from the end of World War I (WWI) to the beginning of World War II ( ...
; arrested by Gestapo in October 1942 and interrogated under torture at Montelupich, he was executed at Montelupich (or, according to some sources, at an execution site off premises) by firing squad on 26 November 1942)
*
Władysław Findysz (1907–1964; Polish clergyman; victim of post-War repressions by the Communist régime of Poland; arrested in
Rzeszów
Rzeszów ( , ) is the largest city in southeastern Poland. It is located on both sides of the Wisłok River in the heartland of the Sandomierz Basin. Rzeszów is the capital of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship and the county seat, seat of Rzeszów C ...
in November 1963 on the charge of engaging in Christian ministry, was given a
show trial
A show trial is a public trial in which the guilt (law), guilt or innocence of the defendant has already been determined. The purpose of holding a show trial is to present both accusation and verdict to the public, serving as an example and a d ...
in December 1963 in the course of which was convicted and sentenced to 2½ years' imprisonment; after 2 months in
Rzeszów Castle (a post-NKVD prison), was transferred in January 1964 to Montelupich for "special treatment", as a result of which his health was broken; released "conditionally" on 29 February 1964 in a state of total exhaustion, he returned to his native parts only to die a little later; beatified by
Pope Benedict XVI
Pope BenedictXVI (born Joseph Alois Ratzinger; 16 April 1927 – 31 December 2022) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 19 April 2005 until his resignation on 28 February 2013. Benedict's election as p ...
in 2005 the first Polish person to be beatified as a martyr of Communism (ecclesiastical title: "
Venerable
''The Venerable'' often shortened to Venerable is a style, title, or epithet used in some Christianity, Christian churches. The title is often accorded to holy persons for their spiritual perfection and wisdom.
Catholic
In the Catholic Churc ...
"))
*Stanisław Frączysty (1917–2009; legendary courier of the Armia Krajowa, 1940–1942; in October 1941 personally guided
Marshal
Marshal is a term used in several official titles in various branches of society. As marshals became trusted members of the courts of Middle Ages, Medieval Europe, the title grew in reputation. During the last few centuries, it has been used fo ...
Edward Rydz-Śmigły
Marshal Edward Śmigły-Rydz also called Edward Rydz-Śmigły, (11 March 1886 – 2 December 1941) was a Polish people, Polish politician, statesman, Marshal of Poland and Commander-in-Chief of Poland's armed forces, as well as a painter and ...
, the Commander-in-Chief of Polish Armed Forces, on his secret passage from
Budapest
Budapest is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns of Hungary, most populous city of Hungary. It is the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, tenth-largest city in the European Union by popul ...
in Hungary to occupied
Warsaw
Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
; arrested by
Gestapo
The (, ), Syllabic abbreviation, abbreviated Gestapo (), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.
The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of F ...
in February 1942 he was first incarcerated in the
Hotel Palace in
Zakopane
Zakopane (Gorals#Language, Podhale Goral: ''Zokopane'') is a town in the south of Poland, in the southern part of the Podhale region at the foot of the Tatra Mountains. From 1975 to 1998, it was part of Nowy Sącz Voivodeship; since 1999, it has ...
, the ''other'' infamous Gestapo torture site in Poland, and later transferred to Montelupich: he was subsequently deported to Auschwitz and
Dachau
Dachau (, ; , ; ) was one of the first concentration camps built by Nazi Germany and the longest-running one, opening on 22 March 1933. The camp was initially intended to intern Hitler's political opponents, which consisted of communists, s ...
for the remainder of the War; after the War, in 1949, arrested again by Polish Communist régime on fake charges of espionage, he was eventually released without having been brought to trial; on 28 May 2006 he met with Pope Benedict XVI at Auschwitz; see
Stanisław Frączysty).
*Władysław Leopold Frydrych (1900–1972; Polish painter, educator in Secret Universities during the war, an activity for which he was incarcerated at Montelupich in 1944; see
Władysław Leopold Frydrych)
*Wilhelm Gaczek (1881–1941; Polish clergyman, social activist and patron of numerous cultural organizations; incarcerated at Montelupich by Gestapo in 1941 on charges of possession of
underground publications
The terms underground press or clandestine press refer to periodicals and publications that are produced without official approval, illegally or against the wishes of a dominant (governmental, religious, or institutional) group.
In specific rece ...
and listening to the radio, was deported on 4 November 1941 to Auschwitz where he was murdered ten days later; see
Wilhelm Gaczek)
*Tadeusz Gajda (1924–1946; independence fighter, ''
nom de guerre
A ''nom de guerre'' (, 'war name') is a pseudonym chosen by someone to use when they are involved in a particular activity, especially fighting in a war.
In Ancien régime, ''ancien régime'' Kingdom of France, France it would be adopted by each n ...
'' Tarzan, member of the Armia Krajowa and
National Military Union
The National Military Union (; NZW) was a Polish anti-Communist organization, founded in November 1944, after the collapse of the Warsaw Uprising. It was among the largest and strongest resistance organisations established in the PRL in mid an ...
, a staunchly
anticommunist
Anti-communism is Political movement, political and Ideology, ideological opposition to communism, communist beliefs, groups, and individuals. Organized anti-communism developed after the 1917 October Revolution in Russia, and it reached global ...
organization; victim of post-War repressions by the Communist régime of
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...
; arrested on 8 August 1946, he was given a
show trial
A show trial is a public trial in which the guilt (law), guilt or innocence of the defendant has already been determined. The purpose of holding a show trial is to present both accusation and verdict to the public, serving as an example and a d ...
in
Tarnów
Tarnów () is a city in southeastern Poland with 105,922 inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of 269,000 inhabitants. The city is situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. It is a major rail junction, located on the strategic east– ...
, condemned to death, brought to Kraków and executed at Montelupich on 14 October 1946 at the age of 22; fully rehabilitated after the
collapse of Communism
The revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, were a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the Eastern Bloc and other parts of the world. Th ...
, on 8 November 1991; see
Tadeusz Gajda)
*
Adolf Gawalewicz
Adolf Gawalewicz (2 September 1916 – 11 June 1987) was a Polish jurist and writer known for his memoirs of his years at Auschwitz and other Nazi concentration camps.
Life and work
Gawalewicz spent his childhood and high-school years in Lwów, ...
(1916–1987; Polish jurist and writer, author of ''Refleksje z poczekalni do gazu: ze wspomnień muzułmana'' ("Reflections in the Gas Chamber's Waiting Room:
Memoirs
A memoir (; , ) is any nonfiction narrative writing based on the author's personal memories. The assertions made in the work are thus understood to be factual. While memoir has historically been defined as a subcategory of biography or autobio ...
of a
Muselmann
Muselmann (German plural ) was a term used amongst prisoners of German Nazi concentration camps during the Holocaust of World War II to refer to those suffering from a combination of starvation (known also as "hunger disease") and exhaustion, ...
"; 1968), his only non-specialist book written for the general public; incarcerated at Montelupich 16 September 1940 – 9 January 1941 for participation in the Resistance and possession of
underground publications
The terms underground press or clandestine press refer to periodicals and publications that are produced without official approval, illegally or against the wishes of a dominant (governmental, religious, or institutional) group.
In specific rece ...
, subsequently deported to Auschwitz; after the war was a
material witness
In American criminal law, a material witness is a person with information alleged to be material concerning a criminal proceeding. The authority to detain material witnesses dates to the First Judiciary Act of 1789, but the Bail Reform Act of ...
in the
Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials
The Frankfurt Auschwitz trials, known in German language, German as , was a series of three trials running from 20 December 1963 to 14 June 1968, charging 25 defendants under German criminal law for their roles in the Holocaust as mid- to lower- ...
)
*Antoni Gaweł (1901–1989; Polish
geologist
A geologist is a scientist who studies the structure, composition, and History of Earth, history of Earth. Geologists incorporate techniques from physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, and geography to perform research in the Field research, ...
, mineralogist, and petrographer, professor in Jagiellonian University, victim of ''Sonderaktion Krakau'' incarcerated at Montelupich,
Oranienburg
Oranienburg () is a town in Brandenburg, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Oberhavel.
Geography
Oranienburg is on the banks of the River Havel, 35 km north of the centre of Berlin.
Division of the town
Oranienburg consists of ni ...
, and Dachau; released in January 1941; see
Antoni Gaweł)
*Stanisław Gawęda (1914–1994; Polish historian, professor in Jagiellonian University, veteran of the September Campaign and member of several underground Resistance organizations; double victim of both Nazi and post-War Communist repressions; active as educator in Secret Universities from 1941, he was arrested in December 1944 and imprisoned at Montelupich for the remainder of the war; after the War subject to surveillance by the special services of the Communist régime he was obliged to go into hiding for a time; see
Stanisław Gawęda)
*Izydor Gąsienica-Łuszczek (1912–1992; champion skier, 1933; ran a ski-repair shop in the Polish ski resort of Zakopane, which during the war became a clandestine contact point for persons fleeing from the Nazis; arrested by Gestapo on 23 February 1940, was tortured at Hotel Palace and in Nowotarska Prison in Zakopane before being transferred to Montelupich whence on 20 June 1940 was deported to Auschwitz, and subsequently to Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg; freed by American forces at
Schwerin
Schwerin (; Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect, Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Low German: ''Swerin''; Polabian language, Polabian: ''Zwierzyn''; Latin: ''Suerina'', ''Suerinum'') is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Germ ...
on 2 May 1945; see
Izydor Gąsienica-Łuszczek)
*
Zuzanna Ginczanka
Zuzanna Ginczanka, ''pen name'' Zuzanna Polina Gincburg (March 22, 1917 – 1944) was a Polish people, Polish-Jews, Jewish poet of the Polish culture in the Interbellum, interwar period. Although she only published a single collection of poetry i ...
(1917–1945; renowned poet, star of the literary life of Warsaw before the war; arrested for being Jewish by the Gestapo in Kraków in 1944, she was incarcerated at
Montelupich where she was tortured by being dragged across the floor of the interrogation room by the hair; subsequently transferred to
Czarnieckiego Prison in Kraków where she was executed by firearm
probably on 17 January 1945)
*Adam Gondek (1913–1987; non-commissioned officer of the Army of the Second Polish Republic, during the war member of the Armia Krajowa, distinguished by participation in the action of transfer of components of Nazi
V-2 rocket
The V2 (), with the technical name ''Aggregat (rocket family), Aggregat-4'' (A4), was the world's first long-range missile guidance, guided ballistic missile. The missile, powered by a liquid-propellant rocket engine, was developed during the S ...
to the United Kingdom; victim of post-War repressions by the Communist régime of
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...
, incarcerated at Montelupich in 1947 as a former soldier of the Armia Krajowa; see
Adam Gondek)
*
Władysław Gurgacz (1914–1949; Polish clergyman, a
Jesuit
The Society of Jesus (; abbreviation: S.J. or SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits ( ; ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rom ...
priest; victim of post-War repressions by the Communist régime of Poland; was chaplain to the
underground anticommunist Polska Podziemna Armia Niepodległościowców (Underground Polish Army of Fighters for Independence); imprisoned at Montelupich in the summer of 1949, after a summary show trial executed by firearm at Montelupich on 14 September 1949; rehabilitated after the collapse of Communism (conviction invalidated on 20 February 1992), has a street named after himself in Kraków; posthumously (on 14 June 2008) awarded the Commander's Cross of the
Order of Polonia Restituta
The Order of Polonia Restituta (, ) is a Polish state decoration, state Order (decoration), order established 4 February 1921. It is conferred on both military and civilians as well as on alien (law), foreigners for outstanding achievements in ...
, one of the country's highest honours, by the President of Poland,
Lech Kaczyński
Lech Aleksander Kaczyński (; 18 June 194910 April 2010) was a Polish politician who served as the city mayor of Warsaw from 2002 until 2005, and as President of Poland from 2005 until his death in 2010 in an air crash. The aircraft carrying ...
)
*Kazimierz Guzik (1911–1970; geologist, professor in Jagiellonian University, prolific writer in his field; arrested by Gestapo in February 1943 as a
resistance fighter
A resistance movement is an organized group of people that tries to resist or try to overthrow a government or an occupying power, causing disruption and unrest in civil order and stability. Such a movement may seek to achieve its goals through ei ...
, his places of detention included, in addition to Montelupich,
Nowy Sącz
Nowy Sącz (; ; ; ; ) is a city in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship of southern Poland. It is the district capital of Nowy Sącz County as a separate administrative unit. With a population of 83,116 as of 2021, it is the largest city in the Beskid S ...
, Auschwitz,
Gross-Rosen
Gross-Rosen was a network of Nazi concentration camps built and operated by Nazi Germany during World War II. The main camp was located in the German village of Gross-Rosen, now the modern-day Rogoźnica in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, d ...
, and
Litoměřice
Litoměřice (; ) is a town in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 23,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an urban monument reservation.
The town is the seat of the Roman C ...
; see
Kazimierz Guzik)
*Stefania Hanausek (1915–1941; soldier of the Union of Armed Struggle, veteran of the September Campaign; after September Campaign worked in the
Dąbrowa Tarnowska
Dąbrowa Tarnowska () is a town in Poland, in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, about north of Tarnów. It is the capital of Dąbrowa County. Before reorganization (in 1999) Dąbrowa Tarnowska was part of Tarnów Voivodeship (1975–1998). As of Decem ...
''
Landkommissariat'' as undercover intelligence officer of the Polish underground; arrested in September 1940 by Gestapo she was imprisoned at Montelupich, where her "trial" was held in which she was condemned to death and executed at
Skrzyszów; her mother was subsequently murdered for putting flowers on her grave; see
Stefania Hanausek).
*Franciszek Harazim (1885–1941; Polish clergyman, member of the religious institute of the Salesians of Don Bosco; high-school director; on 23 May 1941 imprisoned at Montelupich, whence on 26 June 1941 deported to Auschwitz: the next day strangled at Auschwitz by a ''
kapo
A kapo was a type of prisoner functionary () at a Nazi concentration or extermination camp. They were, whether voluntary or coerced, collaborators who worked under the ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) to carry out administrative tasks or supervise th ...
''; his
beatification
Beatification (from Latin , "blessed" and , "to make") is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a deceased person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in their name. ''Beati'' is the p ...
is in process (ecclesiastical title: "Servant of God"); see
Franciszek Harazim)
*Pius Jabłoński (1908–1979; Polish educator active in and organizer of Secret Universities during the war; victim of multiple arrests and imprisonments by the Nazis, including torture sessions at Hotel Palace in
Zakopane
Zakopane (Gorals#Language, Podhale Goral: ''Zokopane'') is a town in the south of Poland, in the southern part of the Podhale region at the foot of the Tatra Mountains. From 1975 to 1998, it was part of Nowy Sącz Voivodeship; since 1999, it has ...
; victim of post-War repressions by the Communist régime of Poland: while
post-War
A post-war or postwar period is the interval immediately following the end of a war. The term usually refers to a varying period of time after World War II, which ended in 1945. A post-war period can become an interwar period or interbellum, ...
director of the high school in
Nowy Targ
Nowy Targ (Officially: ''Royal Free city of Nowy Targ'', Yiddish: ''Naymark'', Gorals, Goral dialect: ''Nowy Torg'' ) is a town in southern Poland, in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship. It is located in the Orava-Nowy Targ Basin at the foot of the Go ...
he protested the arrests by the Communists of his students who were connected to
Armia Krajowa
The Home Army (, ; abbreviated AK) was the dominant resistance movement in German-occupied Poland during World War II. The Home Army was formed in February 1942 from the earlier Związek Walki Zbrojnej (Armed Resistance) established in the ...
during the War, in consequence of which he was himself arrested and on 1 November 1946 imprisoned at Montelupich, not to be released until 26 June 1947; he was rehabilitated after the
death of Stalin
Joseph Stalin, second leader of the Soviet Union, died on 5 March 1953 at his Kuntsevo Dacha after suffering a stroke, at age 74. He was given a state funeral in Moscow on 9 March, with four days of national mourning declared. On the day of t ...
in 1957 and subsequently awarded the
Golden Cross of Merit
Golden means made of, or relating to gold.
Golden may also refer to:
Places United Kingdom
*Golden, in the parish of Probus, Cornwall
*Golden Cap, Dorset
*Golden Square, Soho, London
*Golden Valley, a valley on the River Frome in Gloucestershir ...
in 1969 and the Commander's Cross of the
Order of Polonia Restituta
The Order of Polonia Restituta (, ) is a Polish state decoration, state Order (decoration), order established 4 February 1921. It is conferred on both military and civilians as well as on alien (law), foreigners for outstanding achievements in ...
in 1974, in addition to other honours; see
Pius Jabłoński)
*Michał Jachimczak (1908–1941; Polish clergyman, member of the
Congregation of the Mission
The Congregation of the Mission (), abbreviated CM and commonly called the Vincentians or Lazarists, is a Catholic Church, Catholic society of apostolic life of pontifical right for men founded by Vincent de Paul. It is associated with the Vin ...
; imprisoned at Montelupich by the Nazis 15 July – 30 August 1940 he was subjected to multiple forms of
torture
Torture is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering on a person for reasons including corporal punishment, punishment, forced confession, extracting a confession, interrogational torture, interrogation for information, or intimid ...
; subsequently deported to Auschwitz (for 104 days), and to
Dachau
Dachau (, ; , ; ) was one of the first concentration camps built by Nazi Germany and the longest-running one, opening on 22 March 1933. The camp was initially intended to intern Hitler's political opponents, which consisted of communists, s ...
where he was murdered in the camp hospital on 30 January 1941 by
lethal injection
Lethal injection is the practice of injecting one or more drugs into a person (typically a barbiturate, paralytic, and potassium) for the express purpose of causing death. The main application for this procedure is capital punishment, but t ...
; his beatification is in process (ecclesiastical title: "Servant of God"); see
Michał Jachimczak)
*
Zdzisław Jachimecki
Zdzisław Jachimecki (Lwów, 7 July 1882 – 27 October 1953, Kraków) was a Polish historian of music, composer, professor at the Jagiellonian University and the Academy of Music in Kraków, Kraków Music Academy, and member of the Polish Academy ...
(1882–1953; Polish composer, biographer of
Chopin, professor in Jagiellonian University; imprisoned at Montelupich,
Wrocław
Wrocław is a city in southwestern Poland, and the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. It is the largest city and historical capital of the region of Silesia. It lies on the banks of the Oder River in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Eu ...
, and Sachsenhausen as a result of ''Sonderaktion Krakau''; released in March 1940)
*Roman Jagiełło-Yagel (1921–2016); Polish-born successively Soviet, Polish, and Israeli military man (in ''that'' order); born in
Bircza
Bircza () is a town in Przemyśl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Bircza. It lies approximately south-west of Przemyśl and south-east of the regional ...
(or, alternatively, in
Żurawica
Żurawica is a village in Przemyśl County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Żurawica. It lies approximately north-east of Przemyśl and south-east of the ...
), after the Soviet invasion of Poland he joined the
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union. The army was established in January 1918 by a decree of the Council of People ...
, and in that capacity became a prisoner of war held by the Nazis after the
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and several of its European Axis allies starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II. More than 3.8 million Axis troops invaded the western Soviet Union along ...
, eventually managing to flee from captivity; after falling out with the Soviets because of his Jewish identity, he joined Soviet-organized Polish forces (
1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division
The Polish 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division () was an infantry division in the Polish armed forces formed in 1943 and named for the Polish and American revolutionary Tadeusz Kościuszko. Formed in the Soviet Union, it was the first ...
) in whose ranks he rose to the rank of ''
podporucznik
''Podporuchik'' ( sh-Cyrl-Latn, потпоручник, potporučnik, , , , , ) is the most junior officer in some Slavic armed forces, and is placed below the rank of lieutenant, typically corresponding to rank of second lieutenant in English ...
''; after the War supported Jewish emigration from Poland to Palestine, and perhaps for this reason was imprisoned at Montelupich over a period of nine months; in 1957 emigrated to
Israel
Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in West Asia. It Borders of Israel, shares borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the north-east, Jordan to the east, Egypt to the south-west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Isr ...
where he achieved high distinction in the Israeli police forces (rising to the rank of
Brigadier General, or ''
Tat Aluf
( or "first/leader of a group" in Biblical Hebrew) is a senior military rank in the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) for officers who in other countries would have the rank of general, air marshal, or admiral. In addition to the ''aluf'' rank, fo ...
''); see
Roman Jagiełło-Yagel)
*Maciej Jakubowicz (1911–1979; Polish social activist, veteran of the September Campaign; imprisoned by the Nazis at Montelupich,
Wiśnicz
Wiśnicz is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Małogoszcz, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately west of Małogoszcz, north-west of Jędrzejów, and west of the ...
, and several
concentration camps
A concentration camp is a prison or other facility used for the internment of political prisoners or politically targeted demographics, such as members of national or ethnic minority groups, on the grounds of national security, or for exploit ...
, he was also the victim of post-War repressions by the Communist régime of Poland as a consequence of the
antisemitic policies adopted after the
1968 events; acquaintance of Pope John Paul II, he shared the place of birth with the Pontiff; see
Maciej Jakubowicz)
*Edward Janton (1911–1979; Polish
printer
Printer may refer to:
Technology
* Printer (publishing), a person
* Printer (computing), a hardware device
* Optical printer for motion picture films
People
* Nariman Printer (fl. c. 1940), Indian journalist and activist
* James Printer (1640 ...
, member of the Armia Krajowa; during the war participated in
underground action of
sabotaging the publication of
Nazi propaganda newspapers in the Polish language at the behest of the
Polish government-in-exile's representative for Homeland; arrested by the Nazis on the night of 1–2 July 1944 he was imprisoned at Montelupich before being deported to the
Płaszów concentration camp
Płaszów is a suburb of Kraków, Poland, now part of Podgórze district. Formerly a separate village, it became a part of the Greater Kraków in 1911 under the Austrian Partition of Poland as the 21st cadastral district of the city. During World ...
and later transferred to
Gross-Rosen
Gross-Rosen was a network of Nazi concentration camps built and operated by Nazi Germany during World War II. The main camp was located in the German village of Gross-Rosen, now the modern-day Rogoźnica in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, d ...
and
Mittelbau-Dora
Mittelbau-Dora (also Dora-Mittelbau and Nordhausen-Dora) was a Nazi concentration camp located near Nordhausen in Thuringia, Germany. It was established in late summer 1943 as a subcamp of Buchenwald concentration camp, supplying slave labour f ...
where he was rescued by American forces on 15 April 1945; see
Edward Janton)
*
Hilary Paweł Januszewski (1907–1945; Polish clergyman, a theologian educated at the ''
Angelicum
The Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas (PUST), also known as the ''Angelicum'' or ''Collegio Angelico'' (in honor of its patron, the ''Doctor Angelicus'' Thomas Aquinas), is a pontifical university located in the historic center of R ...
'' in
Rome
Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...
, professor of
Church history
Church history or ecclesiastical history as an academic discipline studies the history of Christianity and the way the Christian Church has developed since its inception.
Henry Melvill Gwatkin defined church history as "the spiritual side of t ...
and
systematics
Systematics is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time. Relationships are visualized as evolutionary trees (synonyms: phylogenetic trees, phylogenies). Phy ...
; arrested by the Nazis 18 September 1940 he was imprisoned at Montelupich, and subsequently at Sachsenhausen and (from April 1941) at Dachau where he volunteered to minister in the camp hospital to patients infected with
typhus
Typhus, also known as typhus fever, is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus, scrub typhus, and murine typhus. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and a rash. Typically these begin one to two weeks after exposu ...
, as a result becoming infected himself and dying there 4 days before the liberation of the camp; one of the so-called "
108 Martyrs of World War II
The 108 Martyrs of World War II, known also as the 108 Blessed Polish Martyrs (), were Catholics from Poland killed during World War II by Nazi Germany.
Their liturgical feast day is 12 June. The 108 were beatified on 13 June 1999 by Pope John P ...
" beatified by
Pope John Paul II
Pope John Paul II (born Karol Józef Wojtyła; 18 May 19202 April 2005) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 16 October 1978 until Death and funeral of Pope John Paul II, his death in 2005.
In his you ...
on 13 June 1999 (ecclesiastical title: "
Venerable
''The Venerable'' often shortened to Venerable is a style, title, or epithet used in some Christianity, Christian churches. The title is often accorded to holy persons for their spiritual perfection and wisdom.
Catholic
In the Catholic Churc ...
"))
*Adam
Franciszek Jaźwiecki (1900–1946; Polish painter, graphic artist, and
draughtsman, member of the Kraków Group (see ''
Grupa Krakowska''); veteran of the
Polish Legions in World War I
The Polish Legions () was a name of the Polish military force (the first active Polish army in generations) established in August 1914 in Galicia (Central Europe), Galicia soon after World War I erupted between the opposing alliances of the Trip ...
; after Nazi invasion of Poland was impressed into forced-labour formations, which he used as an opportunity to facilitate escapes of people arrested by the Nazis; denounced by an unknown Nazi informant, he was arrested in the second half of 1942 and imprisoned at Montelupich, whence on 1 December 1942 deported to Auschwitz, later transferred to Gross-Rosen,
Oranienburg
Oranienburg () is a town in Brandenburg, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Oberhavel.
Geography
Oranienburg is on the banks of the River Havel, 35 km north of the centre of Berlin.
Division of the town
Oranienburg consists of ni ...
, and
Halberstadt
Halberstadt (; Eastphalian dialect, Eastphalian: ''Halverstidde'') is a town in the state of Saxony-Anhalt in central Germany, the capital of Harz (district), Harz district. Located north of the Harz mountain range, it is known for its old town ...
(a
subcamp of Dachau); after the liberation he returned to Kraków; after his death in 1946, 113 of his paintings from the concentration camps were donated to the
Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum () is a museum on the site of the Nazi German Auschwitz concentration camp in Oświęcim, Poland.
The site includes the main concentration camp at Auschwitz I and the remains of the concentration and e ...
; see
Adam Franciszek Jaźwiecki)
* (1899–1942; Polish clergyman, member of the
Congregation of the Mission
The Congregation of the Mission (), abbreviated CM and commonly called the Vincentians or Lazarists, is a Catholic Church, Catholic society of apostolic life of pontifical right for men founded by Vincent de Paul. It is associated with the Vin ...
; arrested by Gestapo on 15 July 1940, he was imprisoned at Montelupich until 30 August when he was deported to Auschwitz and later to
Dachau
Dachau (, ; , ; ) was one of the first concentration camps built by Nazi Germany and the longest-running one, opening on 22 March 1933. The camp was initially intended to intern Hitler's political opponents, which consisted of communists, s ...
where he was murdered in a
gas chamber
A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing humans or animals with gas, consisting of a sealed chamber into which a poisonous or asphyxiant gas is introduced. Poisonous agents used include hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide.
History
Donatie ...
on 6 May 1942; his beatification is in process (ecclesiastical title: "Servant of God").
*Witold Kacz (1920–1981; Polish clergyman and
catechist
Catechesis (; from Greek language, Greek: , "instruction by word of mouth", generally "instruction") is basic Christian religious education of children and adults, often from a catechism book. It started as education of Conversion to Christia ...
; victim of post-War repressions by the Communist régime of Poland; he received
holy orders
In certain Christian denominations, holy orders are the ordination, ordained ministries of bishop, priest (presbyter), and deacon, and the sacrament or rite by which candidates are ordained to those orders. Churches recognizing these orders inclu ...
during the war at the hands of
Cardinal Sapieha; after the War he was one of the regional leaders of the
anticommunist
Anti-communism is Political movement, political and Ideology, ideological opposition to communism, communist beliefs, groups, and individuals. Organized anti-communism developed after the 1917 October Revolution in Russia, and it reached global ...
organization Młodzież Wielkiej Polski (founded back in 1932), a youth chapter of the
Stronnictwo Narodowe
The National Party (, or ''SN'') was a Polish nationalism, Polish nationalist political party formed on 7 October 1928 after the transformation of the Popular National Union.
The National Party gathered together most of the political forces of ...
(a political party), and worked as a chaplain to the
Armia Krajowa
The Home Army (, ; abbreviated AK) was the dominant resistance movement in German-occupied Poland during World War II. The Home Army was formed in February 1942 from the earlier Związek Walki Zbrojnej (Armed Resistance) established in the ...
; arrested on 7 July 1950 and imprisoned between December 1950 and May 1951 at Montelupich where he was sentenced to 15-years' imprisonment; released in 1953 "on health grounds"; founded a
religious institute
In the Catholic Church, a religious institute is "a society in which members, according to proper law, pronounce public religious vows, vows, either perpetual or temporary which are to be renewed, however, when the period of time has elapsed, a ...
for lay people in 1960; see
Witold Kacz)
*Alojzy Kaczmarczyk (1896–1947; officer of the Army and subsequently member of the regional administration of the Second Polish Republic; victim of post-War repressions by the Communist régime of Poland; after the Nazi invasion of Poland was arrested by the Germans in 1939 and imprisoned at
Lublin Castle
The Lublin Castle () is a medieval castle in Lublin, Poland, adjacent to the Old Town district and close to the city center. It is one of the oldest preserved royal residencies in Poland, initially established by High Duke Casimir II the Just. It ...
until January 1940; after his release joined the
Armia Krajowa
The Home Army (, ; abbreviated AK) was the dominant resistance movement in German-occupied Poland during World War II. The Home Army was formed in February 1942 from the earlier Związek Walki Zbrojnej (Armed Resistance) established in the ...
, and after the Warsaw Uprising was arrested again and deported to
Gross-Rosen
Gross-Rosen was a network of Nazi concentration camps built and operated by Nazi Germany during World War II. The main camp was located in the German village of Gross-Rosen, now the modern-day Rogoźnica in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, d ...
and to
Mauthausen-Gusen
Mauthausen was a German Nazi concentration camp on a hill above the market town of Mauthausen, Upper Austria, Mauthausen (roughly east of Linz), Upper Austria. It was the main camp of a group with List of subcamps of Mauthausen, nearly 100 f ...
where he spent the rest of the War; arrested by the Communists in September 1946 as a member of the anticommunist organization
Freedom and Independence
Freedom and Independence Association (, or WiN) was a Polish underground anticommunist organisation founded on September 2, 1945, and active until 1952.
Political goals and realities
The main purpose of its activity was to prevent Soviet dominat ...
he was imprisoned at Montelupich where he was executed by firearm on 13 November 1947 (his body hasn't been released to the family); rehabilitated after the
collapse of Communism
The revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, were a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the Eastern Bloc and other parts of the world. Th ...
(conviction invalidated by Warsaw military court on 17 January 1992), he was decorated with the Silver Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari, in addition to other honours, and with a monument in 2007; see
Alojzy Kaczmarczyk)
*
Władysław Karaś
Władysław Karaś (31 August 1893 – 28 May 1942) was a Polish military officer and sport shooter who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. In 1936 he won the bronze medal in the 50 metre rifle prone event.
He was born in Kielce
Kielce ...
(1893–1942; veteran of the
First World War
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
(
Polish Legions), officer of the Army of the Second Polish Republic (military intelligence), winner in the
1936 Olympics of the first Polish
Olympic medal
An Olympic medal is awarded to successful competitors at one of the Olympic Games. There are three classes of medal to be won: gold medal, gold, silver medal, silver, and bronze medal, bronze, awarded to first, second, and third place, respect ...
in the
50-metre rifle three-position event (at the age of 43); after Nazi invasion of Poland performed high functions within the
Resistance, arrested by the Nazis in late autumn of 1940 he was imprisoned at Montelupich for about two months; on 23 April 1942 arrested again and executed by a firing squad on 28 May 1942 at
Magdalenka; multiple military decorations)
*
Witold Kieżun
Witold Jerzy Kieżun (6 February 1922 – 12 June 2021) was a Polish economist, soldier of the Home Army (the Polish resistance movement against German occupation during World War II), participant of the Warsaw uprising and prisoner in the Sovie ...
(1922–2021; Polish economist, representative of the Polish School of Praxeology; after the Nazi invasion of Poland active member of the Resistance with distinguished service, decorated in 1944 with both the
Cross of Valour and the Order of Virtuti Militari; victim of post-War repressions by the Communist régime of
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...
; in March 1945 arrested by NKVD as a member of the Armia Krajowa and imprisoned at Montelupich whence on 23 May 1945 he was deported by the
Soviets
The Soviet people () were the citizens and nationals of the Soviet Union. This demonym was presented in the ideology of the country as the "new historical unity of peoples of different nationalities" ().
Nationality policy in the Soviet Union ...
to a Soviet gulag in
Krasnovodsk in Soviet Turkmenistan (where he contracted
beriberi
Thiamine deficiency is a medical condition of low levels of thiamine (vitamin B1). A severe and chronic form is known as beriberi. The name beriberi was possibly borrowed in the 18th century from the Sinhalese phrase (bæri bæri, “I canno ...
): after release by the Soviets in 1946 as a result of a general amnesty, further imprisoned for a time by Polish Communists; professor in
Temple University
Temple University (Temple or TU) is a public university, public Commonwealth System of Higher Education, state-related research university in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It was founded in 1884 by the Baptist ministe ...
, the
Université de Montréal
The Université de Montréal (; UdeM; ) is a French-language public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The university's main campus is located in the Côte-des-Neiges neighborhood of Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce on M ...
and other universities; see
Witold Kieżun
Witold Jerzy Kieżun (6 February 1922 – 12 June 2021) was a Polish economist, soldier of the Home Army (the Polish resistance movement against German occupation during World War II), participant of the Warsaw uprising and prisoner in the Sovie ...
)
*Edward Kleszczyński (1892–1984; Sejm member and senator of the Second Polish Republic, veteran of the First World War (Polish Legions), imprisoned in 1917 in the Oath crisis; officer in the Army of the Second Polish Republic, during the Second World War member of the
Armia Krajowa
The Home Army (, ; abbreviated AK) was the dominant resistance movement in German-occupied Poland during World War II. The Home Army was formed in February 1942 from the earlier Związek Walki Zbrojnej (Armed Resistance) established in the ...
; arrested by the Nazis in 1942 he was imprisoned at Montelupich for six months before being transferred to a Warsaw prison whence he was bought out; multiple military decorations; after the War was a man wanted by the Communists; died in New York City on 20 January 1984; see :pl:Edward Kleszczyński, Edward Kleszczyński)
*Stanisław Klimecki (1883–1942; Polish jurist and social activist, president (mayor) of
Kraków
, officially the Royal Capital City of Kraków, is the List of cities and towns in Poland, second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city has a population of 804,237 ...
; three- to five-time prisoner of Montelupich in 1939 and 1942; murdered by the Nazis on 11 December 1942)
*Norbert Kompalla (1907–1942; Polish clergyman, member of the Congregation of the Mission, professor of
moral theology
Ethics involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy''"Ethics" A central aspect of ethics is "the good life", the life worth living or life that is simply satisfyin ...
, canon law,
Church history
Church history or ecclesiastical history as an academic discipline studies the history of Christianity and the way the Christian Church has developed since its inception.
Henry Melvill Gwatkin defined church history as "the spiritual side of t ...
and patristics; after the Nazi invasion of Poland arrested by Gestapo on 15 July 1940, he was imprisoned at Montelupich until 30 August when he was deported to Auschwitz and later (on 12 December 1940) to Dachau where he was murdered in a
gas chamber
A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing humans or animals with gas, consisting of a sealed chamber into which a poisonous or asphyxiant gas is introduced. Poisonous agents used include hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide.
History
Donatie ...
on 1 December 1942; his
beatification
Beatification (from Latin , "blessed" and , "to make") is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a deceased person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in their name. ''Beati'' is the p ...
is in process (ecclesiastical title: "Servant of God"); see :pl:Norbert Kompalla, Norbert Kompalla)
*Jan Komski (1915–2002; Polish Painting, painter; active in the Resistance during the Second World War, War, was arrested by the Nazis several times, author of a famous escape from Auschwitz, imprisoned at Montelupich from January to October 1943)
*Władysław Konopczyński
*Józef Kowalski (clergyman), Józef Kowalski (Polish clergyman; one of the so-called "108 Martyrs of World War II" beatified by Pope John Paul II on 13 June 1999 (ecclesiastical title: "Venerable"); see :pl:Józef Kowalski (duchowny), Józef Kowalski)
*Tadeusz Jan Kowalski
*Paweł Kubisz (Polish poet)
*Marek Kubliński (1931–1950; Kraków high-school student and Boy Scout, fighter against the Communist régime of People's Republic of Poland, post-War Poland; captured in April 1950 at the age of 18, incarcerated at Montelupich, he received in a
show trial
A show trial is a public trial in which the guilt (law), guilt or innocence of the defendant has already been determined. The purpose of holding a show trial is to present both accusation and verdict to the public, serving as an example and a d ...
held in June 1950 ''four'' death sentences; executed by firearm at Montelupich on 4 October 1950 at the age of 19; nowadays has two streets named after himself, one in Kraków, and one in Skawina)
*Stanisław Kutrzeba
*Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński
*Mieczysław Lewiński (1905–1942; Polish political activist (teacher by profession), during the war founder of the underground organization Polska Ludowa; co-founder of the Polska Partia Robotnicza; arrested by Gestapo on 22 October 1942 and imprisoned at Montelupich, he was tortured to death on 3 November 1942 after 12 days in custody)
*Tadeusz Litawiński (art collector; double victim of both Nazi and post-War Communist repressions; see :pl:Tadeusz Litawiński, Tadeusz Litawiński)
*Stanisław Lubomirski (1931) (b. 1931; Polish prince; incarcerated at Montelupich by the Nazis for running a pharmacy for the benefit of wounded Armia Krajowa soldiers)
*Ferdynand Machay (the Younger) (see :pl:Ferdynand Machay (młodszy), Ferdynand Machay)
*Franciszek Malinowski
*Stanisław Marusarz
*Helena Marusarzówna (champion skier and Armia Krajowa soldier; see :pl:Helena Marusarzówna, Helena Marusarzówna)
*Henryk Mianowski (Polish politician and engineering professor; see :pl:Henryk Mianowski, Henryk Mianowski)
*Józef Mika (victim of post-War repressions by the Communist régime of Poland; see :pl:Józef Mika (żołnierz), Józef Mika)
*Józefina Mika (1897–1942; Polish educator and social activist; murdered by the Nazis at Montelupich Prison)
*Gola Mire (1911–1943) Polish Jewish resistance activist; killed attempting to escape from Montelupich Prison
*Marian Morawski (see :pl:Marian Morawski (zm. 1940), Marian Morawski (d. 1940))
*Ludwik Mroczek (Polish clergyman; beatification in process (ecclesiastical title: "Servant of God"); see :pl:Ludwik Mroczek, Ludwik Mroczek)
*Franciszek Mróz (victim of post-War repressions by the Communist régime of Poland; see :pl:Franciszek Mróz, Franciszek Mróz)
*Antoni Mruk (writer on canon law and confessor to Pope John Paul II; see :pl:Antoni Mruk, Antoni Mruk)
*Piotr Oborski (victim of post-War repressions by the Communist régime of Poland; see :pl:Piotr Oborski, Piotr Oborski)
*Józef Padewski (bishop of the Polish National Catholic Church)
*Jan Piwowarczyk (1889–1959; Polish clergyman; war-time Rector (ecclesiastical), rector of the Seminary of the Archdiocese of Kraków, Kraków Archdiocese ('':pl:Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Archidiecezji Krakowskiej, Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Archidiecezji Krakowskiej''), imprisoned at Montelupich 27 October 1942 – 8 January 1943; author of Montelupich memoirs, "W hitlerowskim więzieniu" (In a Hitlerite Prison), published posthumously in ''Tygodnik Powszechny'', a periodical he founded and edited during his lifetime; see :pl:Jan Piwowarczyk, Jan Piwowarczyk)
*Franciszek Postawka (victim of post-War repressions by the Communist régime of Poland; see :pl:Franciszek Postawka, Franciszek Postawka)
*Stefan Schwarz (Polish gynecologist; see :pl:Stefan Schwarz (lekarz), Stefan Schwarz)
*Michał Marian Siedlecki
*Mieczysław Słaby (a double victim of both Nazi and post-War Communist repressions; see :pl:Mieczysław Słaby, Mieczysław Słaby)
*Józef Słupina (Polish clergyman;
beatification
Beatification (from Latin , "blessed" and , "to make") is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a deceased person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in their name. ''Beati'' is the p ...
in process (ecclesiastical title: "Servant of God"); see :pl:Józef Słupina, Józef Słupina)
*Marian Sołtysiak (commander in the Armia Krajowa; veteran of the Nazi invasion of Poland; victim of post-War repressions by the Communist régime of
Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...
; see :pl:Marian Sołtysiak, Marian Sołtysiak)
*Frank Stiffel (1916–2011; American writer, author of several Holocaust memoirs; Holocaust survivor, he was imprisoned at Montelupich (according to his book ''The Tale of the Ring: A Kaddish'') as well as the Warsaw Ghetto, Treblinka, and Auschwitz.
*Aleksander Studniarski (victim of post-War repressions by the Communist régime of Poland; see :pl:Aleksander Studniarski, Aleksander Studniarski)
*Zbigniew Szkarłat (1944–1986; Solidarity (Polish trade union), Solidarity activist and social activist who organized assistance to political prisoners of the Communist régime of Poland; arrested by the Communists and imprisoned at Montelupich 13 June–27 July 1984; released because of a general amnesty, he was assaulted in a street by "persons unknown" and died in a hospital on 5 February 1986 without having regained consciousness, the case of his murder having been investigated by the same prosecutor that imprisoned him at Montelupich)
*Stanisław Szwed (see :pl:Stanisław Szwed (ur. 1894), Stanisław Szwed)
*Jan Świerc (Polish clergyman; beatification in process (ecclesiastical title: "Servant of God"); see :pl:Jan Świerc, Jan Świerc)
*Jerzy Tabeau
*Walerian Tumanowicz (victim of post-War repressions by the Communist régime of Poland; see :pl:Walerian Tumanowicz, Walerian Tumanowicz)
*Kazimierz Tymiński (1915–1989; veteran of the September Campaign and resistance fighter during World War; imprisoned at Montelupich on 15 October 1941, he was later deported to Auschwitz; a description of his Montelupich experience is to be found in his 1985 book, ''To Calm My Dreams'',
filmed in 1988; see :pl:Kazimierz Tymiński, Kazimierz Tymiński)
*Jerzy Ustupski
*Józef Wieciech (victim of post-War repressions by the Communist régime of Poland; see :pl:Józef Wieciech, Józef Wieciech)
*Walenty Winid (Polish geographer; see :de:Walenty Winid, Walenty Winid)
*Władysław Wodniecki (a high-school student; victim of neither Nazi or Communist, but of Austrian partition, Austrian repressions; see :pl:Władysław Wodniecki, Władysław Wodniecki)
*Kazimierz Wojciechowski (1904–1941; Polish clergyman, member of the religious institute of the
Salesians of Don Bosco
The Salesians of Don Bosco (SDB), formally known as the Society of Saint Francis de Sales (), is a religious congregation of men in the Catholic Church, founded in 1859 by the Italian priest John Bosco to help poor and migrant youth during the ...
, educator and catechist; imprisoned by the Nazis at Montelupich on 23 May 1941 he was shown the articles he had written to give moral support to the Polish youth; deported to Auschwitz on 26 June 1941 he was beaten, kicked, and had his teeth broken with a shovel on arrival, apparently having attracted attention by his athletic and muscular build: he was murdered the next day, strangled by ''
kapo
A kapo was a type of prisoner functionary () at a Nazi concentration or extermination camp. They were, whether voluntary or coerced, collaborators who worked under the ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) to carry out administrative tasks or supervise th ...
'' in the gravel yard; beatification in process (ecclesiastical title: "Servant of God"))
*Dmitro Yatsiv (see :uk:Яців Дмитро Васильович, Дмитро Васильович Яців)
*Jacek Żaba (victim of post-War repressions by the Communist régime of Poland; see :pl:Jacek Żaba, Jacek Żaba)
*Mieczysław Zub (1953–1985; serial killer who murdered 4 women in Silesian Voivodeship in the early 1980s)
Nazi war criminals
On 24 January 1948, twenty-one Nazi German war criminals, including two women, were hanged at the Montelupich Prison as a result of the death sentences handed down in the Auschwitz trial. Their names are listed below along with the names of the Nazi war criminals executed at Montelupich at other dates.
* Hans Aumeier
* August Bogusch
* Therese Brandl
* Josef Bühler
* Fritz Buntrock
* Wilhelm Gerhard Gehring (24 January 1948)
* Amon Göth (13 September 1946)
* Paul Götze
* Maximilian Grabner
* Willi Haase (23 May 1952)
* Heinrich Josten (24 January 1948)
* Hermann Kirschner (24 January 1948)
* Josef Kollmer
* Franz Kraus (24 January 1948; see :de:Franz Kraus (SS-Mitglied), Franz Kraus in German Wikipedia)
* Otto Lätsch (24 January 1948)
* Arthur Liebehenschel
* Herbert Paul Ludwig (24 January 1948)
* Elisabeth Lupka
* Maria Mandl
* Karl Möckel
* Kurt Hugo Müller (24 January 1948)
* Eric Muhsfeldt, Erich Mußfeldt (28 January 1948)
* Ludwig Plagge
* Hans Schumacher (24 January 1948)
* Paul Szczurek (24 January 1948)
See also
* Bruno Müller
* Hujowa Górka execution site of Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp
* Mokotów Prison in Warsaw used by Nazi Germany
* Płaszów
* Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa - PRL
* Służba Bezpieczeństwa
* Erich Dinges
Notes
References
Montelupich prison.Zbiory Muzeum Historycznego. Internet Archive.
Bibliography
Eyewitness accounts
*Stefan Krukowski, ''Nad pięknym modrym Dunajem: Mauthausen, 1940–1945'',
Warsaw
Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
, Książka i Wiedza, 1966. (One of the most informative books about the nature of Montelupich Prison.)
*Wanda Kurkiewiczowa, ''Za murami Monte: wspomnienia z więzienia kobiecego Montelupich-Helclów, 1941–1942'',
Kraków
, officially the Royal Capital City of Kraków, is the List of cities and towns in Poland, second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city has a population of 804,237 ...
, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1968. (Eyewitness account of the conditions of imprisonment of female prisoners in Montelupich and their treatment at the hands of the Nazis.)
*Judith Strick Dribben, ''A Girl Called Judith Strick'', foreword by Golda Meir,
New York
New York most commonly refers to:
* New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States
* New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York
New York may also refer to:
Places United Kingdom
* ...
, Cowles Book Company, 1970. (First published as ''And Some Shall Live'', Jerusalem, Keter Books, 1969. "Montelupich Prison was a big red brick corner building, surrounded by a high wall with barbed wire and broken glass on top.": p. 67 of the U.S. ed. See #Notable inmates, Notable inmates.)
*Antonina Piątkowska, ''Wspomnienia oświęcimskie'', Kraków, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1977, pages 29ff. (Another books of recollections by an inmate.)
*Frank Stiffel, ''The Tale of the Ring: A Kaddish: A Personal Memoir of the Holocaust'', Wainscott, New York, Wainscott (New York), Pushcart, 1984. . (See #Notable inmates, Notable inmates.)
*Kazimierz Tymiński, ''To Calm My Dreams: Surviving Auschwitz'', tr. Maria Tyminska-Marx, Chatswood, New South Wales, Chatswood (New South Wales), New Holland Publishers, 2011. , . (Chapter "From Montelupich to Auschwitz". Originally published as ''Uspokoić sen'', Katowice, Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza, 1985. . Filmed in 1988 as ''Kornblumenblau'' by Leszek Wosiewicz. See #Notable inmates, Notable inmates.)
*
Gusta Davidson Draenger, ''Justyna’s Narrative'', ed. E. Pfefferkorn & D. H. Hirsch, tr. R. Hirsch & D. H. Hirsch, Amherst, Massachusetts, Amherst (Massachusetts), University of Massachusetts Press, 1996. , . (First published as: Gusta Dawidsohn-Draengerowa, ''Pamiętnik Justyny'', ed. Joseph Wulf (1912–1974),
Kraków
, officially the Royal Capital City of Kraków, is the List of cities and towns in Poland, second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city has a population of 804,237 ...
, Centralna Żydowska Komisja Historyczna ''przy'' CK Żydów Polskich, 1946. Arguably the most extraordinary book about Montelupich ever written. See #Notable inmates, Notable inmates.)
*Barbara Pikuła-Peszkowska, ''Gdzie jest twój grób, Ojcze?'', Bytom, Oficyna Wydawnicza 4K, 1997. , .
*Stanisław Dąbrowa-Kostka, ''Rysunki więzienne 1946–1949 Stanisława Dąbrowy-Kostki: katalog wystawy: grudzień 2003'', ed. P. M. Boroń, ''et al.'', Armia Krajowa Museum in Kraków, Muzeum Armii Krajowej im. Gen. Emila Fieldorfa Nila w Krakowie, 2003. . (Catalogue of an exhibition of "Drawings from Prison" by a former inmate. See #Notable inmates, Notable inmates.)
Historical studies
*Stanisław Czerpak and Tadeusz Wroński, ''Ulica Pomorska 2: o krakowskim Gestapo i jego siedzibie w latach 1939–1945'',
Kraków
, officially the Royal Capital City of Kraków, is the List of cities and towns in Poland, second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city has a population of 804,237 ...
, Muzeum Historii, 1972.
*Wincenty Hein and Czesława Jakubiec, ''Montelupich'',
Kraków
, officially the Royal Capital City of Kraków, is the List of cities and towns in Poland, second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city has a population of 804,237 ...
, Wydawnictwo Literackie, 1985. .
*''Encyclopedia of the Holocaust'', ed. Israel Gutman, vol. 4,
New York
New York most commonly refers to:
* New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States
* New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York
New York may also refer to:
Places United Kingdom
* ...
, Macmillan Publishing Company, 1995, page 988. .
{{Authority control
Buildings and structures in Kraków
Infrastructure of the Holocaust
The Holocaust in Poland
Nazi war crimes in Poland
Gestapo
Prison buildings by heritage register
Prisons in Poland
Execution sites
Kraków in World War II