Monimiaceae

The Monimiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the magnoliid order Laurales.Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Monimiaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see ''External links'' below) It is closely related to the families Hernandiaceae and Lauraceae.Susanne S. Renner and Andre S. Chanderbali. 2000. "What is the relationship among Hernandiaceae, Lauraceae and Monimiaceae, and why is this question so difficult to answer?" ''International Journal of Plant Sciences'' 161(6 supplement):S109-119. It consists of shrubs, small trees, and a few lianas of the tropics and subtropics, mostly in the southern hemisphere.Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. ''Flowering Plant Families of the World''. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. (2007). . The largest center of diversity is New Guinea, with about 75 species. Lesser centres of diversity are Madagascar, Australia, and the neotropics. Africa has one species, '' Xymalos monospora'', as does Southern Chile ('' Peumus boldus''). Several species are distributed through Malesia and the southwest Pacific.Susanne S. Renner, Joeri S. Strijk, Dominique Strasberg, and Christophe Thébaud. 2010. "Biogeography of the Monimiaceae (Laurales): a role for East Gondwana and long-distance dispersal, but not West Gondwana". ''Journal of Biogeography'' 37(7):1227-1238.

The Monimiaceae are underrepresented in herbaria and other plant collections. Variation within the family has not been understood, resulting in an unusual proportion of monospecific genera. As of 2010, these 11 genera were considered monospecific: '' Peumus, Xymalos, Kibaropsis, Austromatthaea, Hemmantia, Pendressia, Hennecartia, Macrotorus, Macropeplus, Grazielanthus,'' and '' Faika''. '' Kairoa'' was thought to be monospecific until 2009.Susanne S. Renner and Wayne N. Takeuchi. 2009. "A phylogeny and revised circumscription for ''Kairoa'' (Monimiaceae), with the description of a new species from Papua New Guinea". ''Harvard Papers in Botany'' 14(1):71-81.

The Monimiaceae include 24 genera with a total of about 217 known species. The largest genera and the number of their constituent species is: '' Tambourissa'' (50), '' Mollinedia'' (20-90), '' Kibara'' (43), '' Steganthera'' (17), '' Palmeria'' (14), and '' Hedycarya'' (11). The type genus, '' Monimia'', is endemic to the Mascarenes.

The number of species in the Monimiaceae has been variously estimated from about 200 to about 270.William R. Philipson. 1993. "Monimiaceae". pages 426-437. In: Klaus Kubitski (editor); Jens G. Rohwer and Volker Bittrich (volume editors). ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume II. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. Most of this difference results from uncertainty over species limits in the tropical American genus '' Mollinedia''. Estimates of the number of species in ''Mollinedia'' have ranged from 20 to 90. Janet Russell Perkins and Ernest Friedrich Gilg described 71 species of ''Mollinedia'' in ''Das Pflanzenreich'' in 1901,Janet Russell Perkins and Ernest Friedrich Gilg. 1901. "Monimiaceae". pages 1-122. In: ''Das Pflanzenreich: Regni vegetabilis conspectus''. volume IV, family 101. Wilhelm Engelmann. Reprinted by H.R. Engelmann in 1959. (See ''External links'' below). but many authors today regard this as an example of overdescription.

The wood of '' Peumus boldus'' and '' Hedycarya arborescens'' is used locally, in Chile and New Zealand, respectively, but is of no commercial importance. Both of these species are grown in their native regions as ornamentals. An herbal tea is made from ''Peumus''.

The phytochemistry of a few of the genera has been studied.Gilda G. Leitão, Naomi K. Simas, Simone S.V. Soares, Ana Paula P. de Brito, Boris M.G. Claros, Thelma B.M. Brito, Franco Delle Monache. 1999. "Chemistry and pharmacology of Monimiaceae: a special focus on ''Siparuna'' and ''Mollinedia''". ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology'' 65(2):87-102. .

Fossil wood attributed to the Monimiaceae has been found in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and on James Ross Island, Antarctica. Both of these fossil sites are roughly 83 million years old, from the Campanian stage of the Cretaceous period. Fossil leaves of the Monimiaceae are known from the Paleocene of King George Island of the South Shetland Islands, near the Antarctic Peninsula and from the Eocene of Patagonia.Cassandra L. Knight and Peter Wilf. 2013. "Rare leaf fossils of Monimiaceae and Atherospermataceae (Laurales) from Eocene Patagonian rainforests and their biogeographic significance". ''Palaeontologia Electronica'' 16(3):paper 26A. 39 pages. (See ''External links'' below).

Divergence of different groups within Monimiaceae was long believed to be explained by the separation of East Gondwana (India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, the Seychelles, Australia, Antarctica, and New Caledonia) from West Gondwana (Africa and South America), and by the later separation of Africa and South America.David H. Lorence. 1985. "A monograph of the Monimiaceae (Laurales) in the Malagasy Region (Southwest Indian Ocean)". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' 72(1):1-165. The family Monimiaceae was long considered to be one of the best examples of vicariance, but the dating of clades by molecular clock methods has shown that the presence of the Monimiaceae in Africa and South America can be explained only by long-distance dispersal. Antarctica had coastal forests as recently as the mid-Miocene, and these could have provided an intermediate phase in dispersal between Australia and South America.Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, and Michael Krings. 2008. ''Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants'', 2nd edition. Academic Press (an imprint of Elsevier): Burlington, MA; New York, NY; San Diego, CA, USA,, London, UK. 1252 pages. .

Genera

The information on genera is from Renner ''et al.'' (2010) or, when not available there, from Philipson (1993).

* Subfamily Monimioideae
*** Genus '' Monimia'' Thouars, 1804 – 3 species; Mauritius and Réunion.
*** Genus '' Palmeria'' F.Muell., 1864 – 14 species; New Guinea to Sulawesi and eastern Australia.
*** Genus '' Peumus'' Molina, 1782 – 1 species; southern Chile.
* Subfamily Hortonioideae
*** Genus '' Hortonia'' Wight ex Arn., 1838 – 2 species; Sri Lanka.
* Subfamily Mollinedioideae
** Tribe Hedycaryeae
*** Genus '' Decarydendron'' Danguy, 1928 – 3 species; Madagascar.
*** Genus '' Ephippiandra'' Decaisne, 1858 – 6 species; Madagascar.
*** Genus '' Hedycarya'' J.R.Forst. & G.Forst., 1776 – 11 species; mostly of New Caledonia, also New Zealand, and Australia to Fiji.
*** Genus '' Kibaropsis'' Vieill. ex Jérémie, 1977 – 1 species; New Caledonia.
*** Genus '' Levieria'' Becc., 1877 – 7 species; Queensland, New Guinea to Sulawesi.
*** Genus '' Tambourissa'' Sonn., 1782 – approximately 50 species; Madagascar and the Mascarenes.
** Tribe Mollinedieae
*** Genus '' Austromatthaea'' L.S.Smith, 1969 – 1 species; Queensland.
*** Genus '' Grazielanthus'' Peixoto & Per.-Moura, 2008 – 1 species; southeast Brazil.
*** Genus '' Hemmantia'' Whiffin, 2007 – 1 species; Queensland.
*** Genus '' Hennecartia'' Poiss., 1885 – 1 species; Paraguay, southern Brazil, northeast Argentina.
*** Genus '' Kairoa'' Philipson, 1980 – 4 species; New Guinea.
*** Genus '' Kibara'' Endl., 1837 – 43 species; mostly New Guinea, but extending from the Nicobar Islands and Thailand to the Philippines and Queensland.
*** Genus '' Lauterbachia'' Perkins, 1900 – 1 species; Papua New Guinea.
*** Genus '' Macropeplus'' Perkins, 1898 – 1 species; Brazil.
*** Genus '' Macrotorus'' Perkins, 1898 – 1 species; Brazil.
*** Genus '' Matthaea'' Blume, 1856 – 5 species; Philippines, Talaud Islands, Malaysia, and Sumatra.
*** Genus '' Mollinedia'' Ruiz & Pav., 1794 – 20 to 90 species; Central and South America
*** Genus '' Parakibara'' Philipson, 1985 – 1 species; Halmahera.
*** Genus '' Pendressia'' Whiffin, 2018 – 1 species; Queensland.
*** Genus '' Steganthera'' Perkins, 1898 – 28 species; Sulawesi to Solomon Islands and Queensland.
*** Genus '' Wilkiea'' F.Muell., 1858 – 9 species; New South Wales, Queensland, New Guinea.
*** Genus '' Xymalos'' Baill., 1887 – 1 species; Africa

History

The family Monimiaceae was erected in 1809 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu.''Monimiaceae'' in International Plant Names Index. (see ''External links'' below). He called it " heorder Monimieae",James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants." At: Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome. (see ''External links'' below). but the orders of that time were equivalent to what are now called families. He defined the family broadly, to include what are now called the Siparunaceae and Atherospermataceae, as well as the modern Monimiaceae. This circumscription of the family prevailed until the 1990s, but some, such as Robert Brown and John Lindley, recognized the Atherospermataceae as a separate family.

Jussieu used the now-obsolete genus names ''Ruizia'', ''Ambora'', ''Citrosma'', and ''Pavonia'' (''sensu'' Ruiz & Pavón).page 133 In: Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. 1809. "Mémoire: Sur les Monimées, nouvel ordre de plantes". ''Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle'' 14:116-135. (See External links below). These are now known as ''Peumus'', ''Tambourissa'', '' Siparuna'', and '' Laurelia'', respectively. Jussieu was apparently unaware that Antonio José Cavanilles had published the name '' Pavonia'' in 1786 for a genus in the Malvaceae. Later authors replaced the name ''Ruizia'' with ''Boldea'', until it was eventually determined that ''Peumus'' is the correct name for this genus.

In 1855, Louis-René Tulasne wrote two landmark papers on the Monimiaceae.Louis-René Tulasne. 1855. "Diagnoses nonnullas e Monimiacearum recensione tentata excerptas præmittit". ''Annales des sciences naturelles ..Quatrième série. Botanique''. Tome III. pages 29-144. (see External links below).Louis-René Tulasne (Ludovicus-Renatus Tulasne). 1855. "Monographia Monimiacearum, primum tentata". ''Archives du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle'', Paris. 8:273-436. (see External links below). Using current names, the genera that he recognized were: ''Peumus, Monimia, Tambourissa, Hedycarya, Mollinedia, Kibara, Siparuna, Atherosperma, Laurelia,'' and ''Doryphora''.

In 1898, Janet Russell Perkins began a series of articles on the Monimiaceae, but only two were ever completed. The second of these was mistitled as part III on its first page (compare to table of contents therein)Janet R. Perkins. 1901. "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Monimiaceae. II. Monographie der Gattung ''Siparuna''". ''Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie'' 28(5):660-705. (see External links below). and covers the genus '' Siparuna'', which is now grouped with '' Glossocalyx'' in the family Siparunaceae.

The first in this series covers the tribe Mollinedieae, but begins with an extensive discussion of the family.Janet R. Perkins. 1898. "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Monimiaceae. I. Über die Gliederung der Gattungen der Mollinedieae". ''Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie'' 25(4):547-577. (see External links below). Perkins defined the family very broadly, to include ''Amborella'', '' Trimenia'', and ''Piptocalyx''. These are now regarded as basal angiosperms, and ''Piptocalyx'' is a segregate of ''Trimenia''. Perkins also included the genus ''Conuleum'', but it is now usually treated in ''Siparuna'' because it is monospecific and sister to ''Siparuna''.Susanne S. Renner and Gerlinde Hausner. 2005. "Siparunaceae". ''Flora Neotropica'' Monograph 95. New York Botanical Garden Press. .

In this paper, Perkins named five new genera: ''Macropeplus, Macrotorus, Steganthera, Tetrasynandra,'' and ''Anthobembix''. The genus ''Anthobembix'' consisted of two species that Perkins had transferred from ''Kibara''. In 1942, these were transferred to ''Steganthera''.Ryōzō Kanehira (金平亮三) and Sumihiko Hatsushima (初島住彦). 1942. ''The Botanical Magazine'' (Tōkyō) 56:~256-~261. The genus ''Lauterbachia'' was named by Perkins in a flora published in 1901.Karl Moritz Schumann and Carl A.G. Lauterbach. 1901. ''Flora der Deutschen Schutzgebiete in der Südsee'' (Flora of the German Protectorates in the South Seas):330. (see External links below).

A comprehensive treatment of the Monimiaceae was published by Perkins and Ernest Friedrich Gilg in ''Das Pflanzenreich'' in 1901. In the part of their family that is still in the Monimiaceae, 20 genera were recognized, including ''Anthobembix''. They placed ''Conuleum'' in synonymy under ''Siparuna'' and added four genera to those listed by Perkins in 1898. The new genera were ''Xymalos, Wilkiea, Lauterbachia,'' and ''Chloropatane''.

The genus ''Chloropatane'' had been described by H.G. Adolf Engler in 1899. It was based on a specimen that was eventually shown to be a species of '' Erythrococca'' (Euphorbiaceae), but it is too fragmentary to be more precisely identified.

The family was reviewed again by Lillian L. Money ''et al.'' in 1950.Lillian L. Money, Irving W. Bailey, and Bangalore G.L. Swamy. 1950. "The morphology and relationships of the Monimiaceae". ''Journal of the Arnold Arboretum'' 31(4):372-404. (see External links below).

The most recent monograph of the Monimiaceae was written by William Raymond Philipson in 1993 in a series entitled '' The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants''. Philipson divided the Monimiaceae into six subfamilies: Glossocalycoideae, Siparunoideae, Atherospermatoideae, Monimioideae, Hortonioideae, and Mollinedioideae. The latter three constitute the Monimiaceae as defined in the APG III system, which was published in 2009. In these three subfamilies, Philipson recognized a total of 25 genera. He did not accept ''Anthobembix'', but he did include the other 19 genera from the 1901 monograph by Perkins and Gilg. He also included six genera that had been published after Perkins and Gilg (1901): ''Decarydendron, Kibaropsis, Austromatthaea, Kairoa, Faika,'' and ''Parakibara''. The latter three had been named by Philipson in the 1980s.

After Philipson's treatment of the Monimiaceae, the genera ''Hemmantia'' and ''"Endressia"'' were published in 2007 in ''Flora of Australia''.Trevor P. Whiffin. 2007. Monimiaceae, pages 451-454. In: Appendix: new taxa, combinations, and lectotypifications, pages 447-463. In: ''Flora of Australia'' vol. 2: Winteraceae to Platanaceae. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra, Australia. . ''Grazielanthus'' was published in 2008 in ''Kew Bulletin''.Ariane L. Peixoto and Maria V.L. Pereira-Moura. 2008. "A new genus of Monimiaceae from the Atlantic coastal forest in southeastern Brazil". ''Kew Bulletin'' 63(1):137-141. The name "Endressia" (''sensu'' Whiffin) is now known to be illegitimate because Jaques Étienne Gay had published the name '' Endressia'' for a genus in the Apiaceae in 1832.''Endressia'' in International Plant Names Index. (see ''External links'' below). ''Endressia'' is related to ''Angelica'' and '' Selinum'' in the tribe Selineae.

Molecular phylogenetic studies of the angiospermsDouglas E. Soltis, ''et al.'' (28 authors). 2011. "Angiosperm Phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa". ''American Journal of Botany'' 98(4):704-730. and of LauralesSusanne S. Renner. 1999. "Circumscription and phylogeny of the Laurales: evidence from molecular and morphological data". ''American Journal of Botany'' 86(9):1301-1315. had only sparsely sampled the Monimiaceae until 2010. In that year, and in 2014, phylogenies were produced that were based on much denser sampling.Julien Massoni, Félix Forest, and Hervé Sauquet. 2014. "Increased sampling of both genes and taxa improves resolution of phylogenetic relationships within Magnoliidae, a large and early-diverging clade of angiosperms". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 70( ):84-93. These have shown that the next revision of the family must make substantial changes to the genera.

Classification

From the time that the family Monimiaceae was established by Jussieu in 1809, until it was monographed by Philipson in 1993, it was usually circumscribed to include three distinct groups in the Laurales, which are recognized in the APG III system as the separate families Siparunaceae, Atherospermataceae, and Monimiaceae ''sensu stricto''. The inclusion of ''Amborella'' and '' Trimenia'' was always doubtful and was rejected by many. Their exclusion from the Monimiaceae was well established by the time Philipson wrote his treatise on the family.

Beginning with the ground-breaking paper by Mark W. Chase and many coauthors in 1993,Mark W. Chase, ''et al.'' (42 authors). 1993. "Phylogenetics of seed plants: an analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL". ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' 80(3):528-580. (see External links below). the cladistic analysis of DNA sequences has contributed much to the knowledge of angiosperm phylogeny.Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, and Michael J. Donoghue. 2008. ''Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach'', Third Edition. Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA. By the end of the 1990s, it was evident that the traditional circumscription of Monimiaceae was paraphyletic over the monotypic family Gomortegaceae, and possibly polyphyletic, as well, because the major part of it formed a clade with the Hernandiaceae and Lauraceae.

Among the Hernandiaceae, Monimiaceae, and Lauraceae, the question of which two are most closely related has been remarkably difficult to answer. Different studies have yielded different results, but none with strong statistical support. This is surprising, as the Hernandiaceae and Lauraceae are much closer to each other morphologically than either of them is to the Monimiaceae.

Systematics

In 1993, Philipson divided the subfamily Mollinedioideae into three tribes: Hedycaryeae, Mollinedieae, and Hennecartieae. The Hennecartieae consisted of a single species: ''Hennecartia omphalandra''. It is now known that ''Hennecartia'' is nested within the Mollinedieae and is sister to a clade consisting of the rest of the neotropical Monimiaceae. The family Mollinedieae is strongly supported as monophyletic if ''Hennecartia'' is included.

The monophyly of the Hedycaryeae is not supported or rejected by either of the recent molecular phylogenetic studies. One study resolved ''Xymalos'' as sister to the rest of the Mollinedioideae, but this result had only weak maximum likelihood bootstrap support.

In the next revision of the Monimiaceae, several genera will need to be recircumscribed or placed in synonymy with others. ''Tetrasynandra'' and ''Grazielanthus'' are embedded within ''Steganthera'' and ''Mollinedia'', respectively. ''Kibaropsis'' forms a clade with '' Hedycarya arborea'', the type species of ''Hedycarya''. The monophyly of ''Levieria'' is questionable, but only one species has been sampled for DNA. '' Levieria acuminata'' is nested within ''Hedycarya''. ''Wilkiea'', meanwhile, is polyphyletic and should be divided into at least three genera. The type species, ''W. calyptrocalyx'' is now regarded as a synonym of '' Wilkiea huegeliana'', and the latter is placed by some authors in synonymy with '' Wilkiea macrophylla''.

References

Sources

*Philipson, W. R., 1987. A classification of the Monimiaceae. ''Nordic Journal of Botany'' 7: 25–29.

External links

Distribution Map for MonimioideaeDistribution Map for Mollinedioideae with fossil locations in green

botanical databasesAbout Science & ConservationMissouri Botanical Garden

Key (page 12)''Chloropatane'' (page 24)''Siparuna'' (page 80)MonimiaceaeView Book''Das Pflanzenreich''DTitlesBiodiversity Heritage Library

leaf fossils of Monimiaceae and AtherospermataceaePE 2013.3 Table of ContentsBrowse ArticlesContentPalaentologia Electronica

Monimiaceae''Endressia''Plant NamesIPNI


ttp://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/ Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome
page 133page 116View BookAnnales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle from Missouri Botanical GardenTitlesBiodiversity Heritage Library

View Book (External)Annals of Natural Sciences, series 4, volume 3TitlesBHL

page 294page 273View BookArch. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris). vol. 8TitlesBHL

page 660Table of Contents (Inhalt)issue (heft) 5View BookBot. Jahrb. Syst. vol. 28 from Missouri Botanical GardenBTitlesBHL

page 547page 552issue (heft) 4View BookBot. Jahrb. Syst. vol. 25 from Missouri Botanical GardenBTitlesBHL

page 330View BookDie Flora der deutschen Schutzgebiete in der SüdseeDTitlesBHL

Monimiaceae (page 372)issue 4 (page 335)View Book''Journal of the Arnold Arboretum'', vol. 31JTitlesBHL

Seed Plant Phylogeny 1993The Palmer LabDepartment of BiologyIndiana University Bloomington

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Leslie Watson and Michael J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards), ''The families of flowering plants''


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Monimiaceae (page 50)''Flowering Plants'' (Takhtajan)

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Magnoliid families
Taxa named by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu