Monanchora unguiculata

''Monanchora'' is a genus of demosponges belonging to the family Crambeida. The genus contains 18 species, which have been researched for their potential use in medicine.

Description

Morphology

The species with in ''Monanchora'' vary in their morphology. The genus ''Monanchora'' is defined by belonging to the family Crambeidae while lacking pseudoatrose spicules. The structure of the species belonging to the genus ''Monachora'' varies from encrusting to lobate to ramose. A typical identifying characteristic of this genus is a canal system that is swollen and has a light colored lining. This canal system collapses when taken out of water. Species in this genus have simple skeletal arrangements that can develop bushes at the surface without the use of ectosomal skeletons. The spicules observed vary among and within species and can be categorized by size into two groups: megascleres and microscleres. In some species the microscleres may be reduced, absent or modified, resulting in problematic identification and assignment to the genus ''Monanchora''. The genus ''Monachora'' and the genus ''Crambe'' are similar in morphology and chemistry. Even though the two are very similar, ''Monanchora'' lack the desma-like spicules that ''Crambe'' species have.

Chemistry

Many species of ''Monanchora'' have been researched for potential uses in the medicine. Some species produce a guanidine derived alkaloid called Monanchorin. The genus ''Crambe'' and ''Monanchora'' have similar chemical makeups.

Distribution

Species belonging to the genus ''Monanchora'' are distributed around the world. They are found in shallow marine or brackish waters. They have a habitat of sea mounds or knolls.

Discovery

Carter first described the genus ''Monanchora'' based on a washed up specimen of ''Monanchora clathrata''. Due to the wave action, the specimen experienced on the shore, the shape was irregular and its structure was impossible to determine. Carter described the texture of the specimen as “crumb-of-bread” and the color as tawny. The specimen has a “sub-pinlike” skeletal arrangement and a spicule that was smooth and curved with a pointed shaft.

Medical Use

A study found that ''Monanchora'' and ''Crambe'' produce pyrroloquinoline and guanidine-derived alkaloids, which potentially contain cytotoxix and antiviral, HIV-1 inhibitors, enzyme inhibitors, receptor antagonists, Calcium ion channel blockers, antifungals, and antimicrobials. These compounds are taxonomic traits of sponges in the Poecilosclerida order. These compounds are studied to investigate the potential use for cancer treatment and other therapeutic areas.

Taxonomy

The following species are recognized:

* ''Monanchora alaskensis'' (Lambe, 1895)
* ''Monanchora arbuscula'' (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
* ''Monanchora bahamensis'' Esteves, de Paula, Lerner, Lôbo-Hajdu & Hajdu, 2018
* '' Monanchora brasiliensis'' Esteves, Lerner, Lôbo-Hajdu & Hajdu, 2012
* ''Monanchora clathrata'' Carter, 1883
* '' Monanchora coccinea'' Esteves, de Paula, Lerner, Lôbo-Hajdu & Hajdu, 2018
* ''Monanchora dianchora'' de Laubenfels, 1935
* ''Monanchora downesae'' Goodwin & Downey, 2021
* ''Monanchora enigmatica'' (Burton & Rao, 1932)
* ''Monanchora laevissima'' (Dendy, 1922)
* ''Monanchora laminachela'' Lehnert, Stone & Heimler, 2006
* ''Monanchora lipochela'' (Dendy, 1922)
* ''Monanchora megasigmifera'' Esteves, de Paula, Lerner, Lôbo-Hajdu & Hajdu, 2018
* ''Monanchora pulchra'' (Lambe, 1895)
* ''Monanchora quadrangulata'' (Lévi, 1958)
* ''Monanchora stocki'' van Soest, 1990
* ''Monanchora unguiculata'' (Dendy, 1922)
* ''Monanchora viridis'' (Kieschnick, 1900)

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Monanchora
Demospongiae