Molybdate Conversion Coating

In chemistry, a molybdate is a compound containing an oxyanion with molybdenum in its highest oxidation state of +6: . Molybdenum can form a very large range of such oxyanions, which can be discrete structures or polymeric extended structures, although the latter are only found in the solid state. The larger oxyanions are members of group of compounds termed ''polyoxometalates'', and because they contain only one type of metal atom are often called ''isopolymetalates''. The discrete molybdenum oxyanions range in size from the simplest , found in potassium molybdate up to extremely large structures found in isopoly-molybdenum blues that contain for example 154 Mo atoms. The behaviour of molybdenum is different from the other elements in group 6. Chromium only forms the chromates, , , and ions which are all based on tetrahedral chromium. Tungsten is similar to molybdenum and forms many tungstates containing 6 coordinate tungsten.

Examples of molybdate anions

Examples of molybdate oxyanions are:
* , in e.g. sodium molybdate, Na₂MoO₄ and the mineral powellite, CaMoO₄;
* , as hydrated ammonium dimolybdate. The anhydrous tetrabutylammonium salt of is also known;
* in the ethylenediamine salt;
* in the potassium salt;
* in the aniline, anilinium () salt;
* (hexa-molybdate) in the tetramethylammonium salt;
* in ammonium heptamolybdate, (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O;
* in trimethylammonium salt.

The naming of molybdates generally follows the convention of a prefix to show the number of Mo atoms present. For example, ''dimolybdate'' for 2 molybdenum atoms; ''trimolybdate'' for 3 molybdenum atoms, etc.. Sometimes the oxidation state is added as a suffix, such as in ''pentamolybdate(VI)''. The heptamolybdate ion, , is often called "paramolybdate".

Structure of molybdate anions

The smaller anions, and feature tetrahedral centres. In the four oxygens are equivalent as in sulfate and Monochromate, chromate, with equal bond lengths and angles. can be considered to be two tetrahedra sharing a corner, i.e. with a single bridging O atom. In the larger anions molybdenum is generally, but not exclusively, 6 coordinate with edges or vertices of the MoO₆ octahedra being shared. The octahedra are distorted, typical M-O bond lengths are:
* in terminal non bridging M–O approximately 1.7 Ångstrom, Å
* in bridging M–O–M units approximately 1.9 Å
The anion contains both octahedral and tetrahedral molybdenum and can be isolated in 2 Isomer, isomeric forms, alpha and beta.

The hexamolybdate image below shows the coordination polyhedra. The space filling model of the heptamolybdate image shows the close packed nature of the oxygen atoms in the structure. The oxide ion has an ionic radius of 1.40 Å, molybdenum(VI) is much smaller, 0.59 Å. There are strong similarities between the structures of the molybdates and the molybdenum oxides, (molybdenum trioxide, MoO₃, molybdenum dioxide, MoO₂ and the "crystallographic shear" oxides, Mo₉O₂₆ and Mo₁₀O₂₉) whose structures all contain close packed oxide ions.

File:Polyederstrukturen Molybdän.png, (a) Hexamolybdate [Mo₆O₁₉]²⁻ (b) Heptamolybdate [Mo₇O₂₄]⁶⁻
File:Heptamolybdate B&S.png, Ball and stick model of heptamolybdate
File:Heptamolybdate space fill.png, Heptamolybdate with space filling oxygen atoms

Equilibrium in aqueous solution

When , molybdenum trioxide is dissolved in alkali solution the simple anion is produced:
: MoO3 + 2 NaOH -> Na2MoO4 + H2O
As the pH is lowered, condensations ensue, with loss of water and the formation of Mo–O–Mo linkages. The stoichiometry leading to hexa-, hepta-, and octamolybdates are shown:
: 6 [MoO4]^2- + 10 HCl -> [Mo6O19]^2- + 10 Cl- + 5 H2O
: 7 MoO4^2- + 8 H+ -> Mo7O24^6- + 4 H2O
: Mo7O24^6- + HMoO4^- + 3 H+ -> Mo8O26^4- + 2 H2O

Peroxomolybdates

Many peroxomolybdates are known. They tend to form upon treatment of molybdate salts with hydrogen peroxide. Notable is the monomer–dimer equilibrium:
: [Mo2O3(O2)2(H2O)2]^2- <=> [Mo2O3(O2)4(H2O)2]^2-
Also known but unstable is (see potassium tetraperoxochromate(V)). Some related compounds find use as oxidants in organic synthesis.

Tetrathiomolybdate

The red tetrathiomolybdate anion results when molybdate solutions are treated with hydrogen sulfide:
: [NH4]2[MoO4] + 4 H2S -> [NH4]2[MoS4] + 4 H2O
Like molybdate itself, undergoes condensation in the presence of acids, but these condensations are accompanied by redox processes.

Industrial uses

Catalysis

Molybdates are widely used in catalysis. In terms of scale, the largest consumer of molybdate is as a precursor to catalysts for hydrodesulfurization, the process by which sulfur is removed from petroleum. Bismuth molybdates, nominally of the composition Bi₉PMo₁₂O₅₂, catalyzes ammoxidation of propylene to acrylonitrile. Ferric molybdates are used industrially to Catalysis, catalyze the Redox, oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde.Roger F. Sebenik et al. "Molybdenum and Molybdenum Compounds" in ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology'' 2005; Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.

Corrosion inhibitors

Sodium molybdate has been used in industrial water treatment as a corrosion inhibitor. It was initially thought that it would be a good replacement for Chromate and dichromate, chromate, when chromate was banned for toxicity. However, molybdate requires high concentrations when used alone, therefore complementary corrosion inhibitors are generally added, and is mainly used in high temperature closed-loop cooling circuits. According to an experimental study, molybdate has been reported as an efficient biocide against microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC), where adding resulted in a 50 % decrease in the corrosion Reaction rate, rate.

Supercapacitors

Molybdates (especially FeMoO₄, Fe₂(MoO₄)₃, NiMoO₄, CoMoO₄ and MnMoO₄) have been used as anode or cathode materials in aqueous capacitors. Due to Pseudocapacitance, pseudocapacitive charge storage, specific capacitance up to 1500 F g⁻¹ has been observed.

Medicine

Radioactive Isotopes of molybdenum, molybdenum-99 in the form of molybdate is used as the parent isotope in technetium-99m generators for nuclear medicine imaging.

Other

Nitrogen fixation requires Molybdenum in biology, molybdoenzymes in legumes (e.g., soybeans, acacia, etc.). For this reason, fertilizers often contain small amounts of molybdate salts. Coverage is typically less than a kilogram per acre.

Molybdate chrome pigments are speciality but commercially available pigments. Molybdate (usually in the form of potassium molybdate) is also used in the analytical Colorimetry, colorimetric testing for the concentration of silica in solution, called the molybdenum blue method. Additionally, it is used in the colorimetric analysis of phosphate concentration in association with the dye malachite green.

Molybdovanadate reagent, Molybdovanadate reagents contain both molybdate and vanadate ions. They are used in the determination of phosphate ion content in the analysis of wine and other fruit based products.

Natural gems

Molybdate crystals as collected by gem enthusiasts with the world's best samples of crystalized molybdate coming from Madawaska Mine in Ontario (Canada).

References

{{Molybdates

Molybdates,
Transition metal oxyanions
Oxometallates