These tables list values of
molar ionization energies, measured in
kJ⋅mol−1. This is the energy per mole necessary to remove
electrons
The electron (, or in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary charge, elementary electric charge. It is a fundamental particle that comprises the ordinary matter that makes up the universe, along with up qua ...
from gaseous
atoms
Atoms are the basic particles of the chemical elements. An atom consists of a nucleus of protons and generally neutrons, surrounded by an electromagnetically bound swarm of electrons. The chemical elements are distinguished from each other ...
or atomic ions. The first molar ionization energy applies to the neutral atoms. The second, third, etc., molar ionization energy applies to the further removal of an electron from a singly, doubly, etc., charged ion. For ionization energies measured in the unit eV, see ''
Ionization energies of the elements (data page)''. All data from
rutherfordium
Rutherfordium is a synthetic element, synthetic chemical element; it has Chemical symbol, symbol Rf and atomic number 104. It is named after physicist Ernest Rutherford. As a synthetic element, it is not found in nature and can only be made in a p ...
onwards is predicted.
1st–10th ionization energies
11th–20th ionisation energies
21st–30th ionisation energies
References
*
Ionization energies of the elements (data page)
* (for predictions)
*
* (for predictions)
{{Navbox elements data
Properties of chemical elements