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Grand Ayatollah Marja (; plural ''marājiʿ''; ) is a title given to the highest level of Twelver Shia religious cleric, with the authority given by a hawzah (a seminary where Shi'a Muslim scholars are educated) to make legal decisions within the confines of Sh ...
Sayyid ''Sayyid'' is an honorific title of Hasanid and Husaynid lineage, recognized as descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatima and Ali's sons Hasan ibn Ali, Hasan and Husayn ibn Ali, Husayn. The title may also refer ...
Mohammed al-Sadr (; born 23 March 1943 – 19 February 1999) was a prominent Iraqi Twelver Shiite
cleric Clergy are formal leaders within established religions. Their roles and functions vary in different religious traditions, but usually involve presiding over specific rituals and teaching their religion's doctrines and practices. Some of the ter ...
and
marja' Marja (; plural ''marājiʿ''; ) is a title given to the highest level of Twelver Shia religious cleric, with the authority given by a hawzah (a seminary where Shi'a Muslim scholars are educated) to make legal decisions within the confines of Sh ...
. He called for government reform and the release of detained Shia leaders during the rule of
Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician and revolutionary who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 1979 until Saddam Hussein statue destruction, his overthrow in 2003 during the 2003 invasion of Ira ...
. The growth of his popularity, often referred to as the followers of the local
Hawza A hawza () or ḥawzah ʿilmīyah () is the collective term (plural hawzat) for a ''madrasa'' (i.e. seminary) where Marja', Shi'a Muslim scholars are educated. The word ''ḥawzah'' is Arabic, and has been adopted into Persian as a loan word. ...
, also put him in competition with other Shi'a leaders, including Mohammed Baqir al-Hakim who was exiled in Iran.


Biography

al-Sadr was born to Mohammed al-Sadr (1906–1986), the grandson of Ismail al-Sadr, the patriarch of the Lebanese–Iraqi al-Sadr family and a first cousin of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr and Amina al-Sadr. Following the
Gulf War , combatant2 = , commander1 = , commander2 = , strength1 = Over 950,000 soldiers3,113 tanks1,800 aircraft2,200 artillery systems , page = https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-PEMD-96- ...
, Shi'ites in Southern Iraq went into open rebellion. A number of provinces overthrew the Baathist entities and rebelled against Saddam Hussein and the Baath Party. The leadership of the Shi'ite rebellion as well as the Shi'ite doctrine in Iraq was split between Ayatollah Ali Al-Sistani and Ayatollah Mohammed Sadiq Al-Sadr. Al-Sadr, based in Baghdad, appealed to the younger, more radical Shi'ites from the more impoverished areas of Southern Iraq. The Shi'ites travelled to Baghdad from these poor areas to join Al-Sadr and his Shi'ite leadership.. In this ghetto, Sadr established a secret network of devoted followers and he became an increasingly prominent figure in the Iraqi political scene. As a result of the disenfranchisement and repression of the Shi'ites in Iraq and the loyalty of the local populations,
Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician and revolutionary who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 1979 until Saddam Hussein statue destruction, his overthrow in 2003 during the 2003 invasion of Ira ...
and his Baathist government could not control the Revolution Township on a neighbourhood level. Their lack of control limited their ability to affect al-Sadr's power base and the devotion of his followers. Revolution Township was renamed Sadr City. As his power grew, al-Sadr became more and more involved in politics following the Gulf War, and throughout the 1990s, especially in 1993. After he became a more important Marja', he openly defied Saddam. He organized the poor Shi'ites of
Sadr City Sadr City (), formerly known as Al-Thawra () and Saddam City (), is a suburb district of the city of Baghdad, Iraq. It was built in 1959 by Prime Minister of Iraq, Prime Minister Abd al-Karim Qasim, Abdul Karim Qassim and named Al-Rafidain Distric ...
, yet another nickname for the impoverished Shi'ite ghetto in Baghdad, against Saddam and the Baath Party. Sadr gained the support of the Shi'ites by reaching out to tribal villages and offering services to them that they would otherwise not have been afforded by Saddam's regime. Saddam began to crack down on the Shi'ite leaders in the late 1990s in an attempt to regain control of Iraq.


Assassination

Sometime before his death, al-Sadr was warned by Saddam not to incite any more violence. In defiance, al-Sadr wore his death shroud to his final Friday sermon. He was later killed leaving the mosque in the Iraqi city of
Najaf Najaf is the capital city of the Najaf Governorate in central Iraq, about 160 km (99 mi) south of Baghdad. Its estimated population in 2024 is about 1.41 million people. It is widely considered amongst the holiest cities of Shia Islam an ...
along with two of his sons as they drove through the town. Their car was ambushed by men, and both his sons were killed by gunfire while he was severely injured. He died an hour later in the hospital. The Iraqi government denied any involvement, with an
Iraqi Intelligence Service : The Iraqi Intelligence Service () also known as the Mukhabarat, General Intelligence Directorate, or Party Intelligence, was an 8,000-man agency and the main state intelligence organization in Iraq under Saddam Hussein. The IIS was primarily co ...
report stating that the death was a result of a
Hawza A hawza () or ḥawzah ʿilmīyah () is the collective term (plural hawzat) for a ''madrasa'' (i.e. seminary) where Marja', Shi'a Muslim scholars are educated. The word ''ḥawzah'' is Arabic, and has been adopted into Persian as a loan word. ...
dispute among senior clerics. Saddam Hussein also insisted that he had played no role in the assassination. Despite this, Shi'as in Iraq were mistrustful of the Ba'athist government and suspected the Iraqi Baathist government of being involved in, if not directly responsible for, their murders. Anger at, among other things, the government's alleged involvement in Sadr's death helped spark the 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq.


Legacy

Following the fall of Baghdad in 2003, the majority-Shi'a suburb of Revolution City (Saddam City or ''Al-Thawraa'') was officially renamed to
Sadr City Sadr City (), formerly known as Al-Thawra () and Saddam City (), is a suburb district of the city of Baghdad, Iraq. It was built in 1959 by Prime Minister of Iraq, Prime Minister Abd al-Karim Qasim, Abdul Karim Qassim and named Al-Rafidain Distric ...
in memory of him. al-Sadr's son,
Muqtada al-Sadr Muqtada al-Sadr (; born 4 August 1974) is an Iraqi Shia Muslim cleric, politician and militia leader. He inherited the leadership of the Sadrist Movement from his father, and founded the now dissolved Mahdi Army militia in 2003 that resisted ...
, is currently the leader of the Sadrist movement and bases his legitimacy upon his relationship with his father. He led a guerrilla uprising against Coalition forces and the new Iraqi government as part of the Iraqi Insurgency between 2004 and 2008, under the name of the
Mahdi Army The Mahdi Army () was an Iraqi Shia militia created by Muqtada al-Sadr in June 2003 and disbanded in 2008. The Mahdi Army rose to international prominence on April 4, 2004, when it spearheaded the first major armed confrontation against the ...
(''Jaysh al–Mahdi''), that was established in 2003.


Works

* ''Al-Islam wal-Mithaq al-Alimiyah lil-Huquq al-Insan'' (Islam and the International Covenant on Human Rights) *''Ma Wara al-Fiqh'' (What is behind Jurisprudence) * ''Fiqh al-Asha'ir'' (Tribal Jurisprudence)


See also

* Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr * Kamal alHaydari * Mohammad Yaqoobi * Ismail al-Sadr * Haydar al-Sadr * Sadr al-Din al-Sadr *
Musa al-Sadr Musa Sadr al-Din al-Sadr (; ; 4 June 1928 – disappeared 31 August 1978) was a Lebanese-Iranian Shia Muslim cleric, politician and revolutionary In Lebanon. He founded and revived many Lebanese Shia organizations, including schools, charities ...
* List of Shi'a Muslim scholars of Islam


References


"The Sadrist Movement", with additional insight on Muqtada al-Sadr's family background, including his father's books, at the Middle East Intelligence Bulletin
*Professor Juan Cole, University of Michigan, History 241: American Wars in the Middle East. Lecture: The Shi'ite Sadr Movement in American Iraq, 18 November 2008.


External links



{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadr, Muhammad Muhammad Sadiq As- 1943 births 1999 deaths Assassinated Shiite clerics Iraqi ayatollahs Iraqi dissidents Iraqi Shia clerics Iraqi Shia Muslims Musawis