Moelleropsis
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''Fuscopannaria'' is a
genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of
lichen A lichen ( , ) is a hybrid colony (biology), colony of algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among hypha, filaments of multiple fungus species, along with yeasts and bacteria embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualism (biology), m ...
-forming
fungi A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...
in the family
Pannariaceae The Pannariaceae are a family of lichens in the order Peltigerales (suborder Collematineae). Species from this family have a widespread distribution, but are especially prevalent in southern temperate In geography, the temperate clima ...
. It has about 50 species.


Taxonomy

The genus was
circumscribed In geometry, a circumscribed circle for a set of points is a circle passing through each of them. Such a circle is said to ''circumscribe'' the points or a polygon formed from them; such a polygon is said to be ''inscribed'' in the circle. * Circum ...
by Norwegian lichenologist
Per Magnus Jørgensen Per Magnus Jørgensen (born 1944) is a Norwegian botanist and lichenologist, and Professor Emeritus of systematic botany at the University of Bergen. He is known for his work on the lichen families Pannariaceae and Collemataceae. Jørgensen wa ...
in 1994, with ''
Fuscopannaria leucosticta ''Fuscopannaria leucosticta'', commonly known as the rimmed shingle lichen, is a species of lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It has a (scaley) thallus that lacks soredia and isidia (vegetative propagules), but has abundant apothecia (spore-bea ...
'' assigned as the
type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ...
. Jørgensen had proposed the genus a year earlier, but the genus was not
validly published In botanical nomenclature, a validly published name is a name that meets the requirements in the ''International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants'' (''ICN'') for valid publication. Valid publication of a name represents the minim ...
at that time. ''Moelleropsis'' is a genus that was published by
Vilmos Kőfaragó-Gyelnik Vilmos Kőfaragó-Gyelnik (March 30, 1906 – March 15, 1945) was a Hungarian botanist and lichenologist. Prior to earning his PhD in 1929 from Budapest University, he spent a year in Cairo to help organize a botanical museum. In 1930 he started ...
in 1940, with ''Moelleropsis nebulosa'' assigned as its type species. Using
molecular phylogenetics Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...
, it was later shown that this
taxon In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; : taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and ...
was nested within ''Fuscopannaria''. Because ''Moelleropsis'' was published earlier than ''Fuscopannaria'', the botanical rules for nomenclature indicated that ''Fuscopannaria'' be folded into
synonymy A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means precisely or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language. For example, in the English language, the words ''begin'', ''start'', ''commence'', and ''initiate'' are a ...
with ''Moelleropsis''. However, this would have meant that several dozen species would have had to change their names, so, in order to preserve "nomenclatural stability", in 2013 Jørgensen and colleagues proposed to conserve the name ''Fuscopannaria'' against ''Moelleropsis''. This proposal was accepted by the
Nomenclature Committee for Fungi International Botanical Congress (IBC) is an international meeting of botanists in all scientific fields, authorized by the International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies (IABMS) and held every six years, with the location rotati ...
in 2017.


Description

''Fuscopannaria'' lichens have a (scaly) or (crust-like)
growth form Plant life-form schemes constitute a way of classifying plants alternatively to the ordinary species-genus-family scientific classification. In colloquial speech, plants may be classified as trees, shrubs, herbs (forbs and graminoids), etc. The sci ...
. The lower surface is often attached to the by a dark blue to blue-black , a mat of fungal filaments that may be visible between the individual scales of the thallus. The upper surface varies in colour, ranging from bluish-grey to olive or nearly black. Unlike many lichens, 'Fuscopannaria'' lacks a distinct lower , while its upper cortex is composed of thick-walled fungal cells. The
photosynthetic Photosynthesis ( ) is a Biological system, system of biological processes by which Photoautotrophism, photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical ener ...
partner () in ''Fuscopannaria'' is ''
Nostoc ''Nostoc'', also known as star jelly, troll's butter, spit of moon, fallen star, witch's butter (not to be confused with the fungi commonly known as witches' butter), and witch's jelly, is the most common genus of cyanobacteria found in a variety ...
'', a type of
cyanobacterium Cyanobacteria ( ) are a group of autotrophic gram-negative bacteria that can obtain biological energy via oxygenic photosynthesis. The name "cyanobacteria" () refers to their bluish green (cyan) color, which forms the basis of cyanobacteria' ...
(formerly called "blue-green algae"). This partnership allows the lichen to fix
atmospheric nitrogen Nitrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol N and atomic number 7. Nitrogen is a nonmetal and the lightest member of group 15 of the periodic table, often called the pnictogens. It is a common element in the universe, estimated at seventh in ...
, making it ecologically significant in nutrient-poor environments. The reproductive structures, or
ascomata An ascocarp, or ascoma (: ascomata), is the fruiting body (sporocarp (fungi), sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded ascus, asci, each of which typically contains four to ...
, are
apothecia An ascocarp, or ascoma (: ascomata), is the fruiting body ( sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven hyphae and millions of embedded asci, each of which typically contains four to eight ascospores. As ...
—cup-shaped fruiting bodies that are directly attached to the thallus. These apothecia have a reddish-brown to black and may have a surrounding that is similar in colour to the main body of the lichen. This margin is often reduced or absent in mature specimens. Inside the apothecia, the fungal tissue contains photobiont cells in a loosely arranged . The
hymenium The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in oth ...
, the spore-producing layer, reacts with
iodine Iodine is a chemical element; it has symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists at standard conditions as a semi-lustrous, non-metallic solid that melts to form a deep violet liquid at , and boils to a vi ...
(I+) by turning blue-green before shifting to red-brown, a property known as hemiamyloidy. The fungal reproductive structures include eight-spored asci, each containing
ellipsoid An ellipsoid is a surface that can be obtained from a sphere by deforming it by means of directional Scaling (geometry), scalings, or more generally, of an affine transformation. An ellipsoid is a quadric surface;  that is, a Surface (mathemat ...
al, colourless spores. These spores are typically single-celled (aseptate) and often have small pointed ends, with a surface that may appear warted.
Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes. The offspring that arise by asexual reproduction from either unicellular or multicellular organisms inherit the f ...
occurs through
conidia A conidium ( ; : conidia), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (: chlamydoconidia), is an asexual, non- motile spore of a fungus. The word ''conidium'' comes from the Ancient Greek word for dust, ('). They are also ...
—small, rod-shaped spores produced in
pycnidia A pycnidium (plural pycnidia) is an asexual fruiting body produced by mitosporic fungi, for instance in the order Sphaeropsidales ( Deuteromycota, Coelomycetes) or order Pleosporales (Ascomycota, Dothideomycetes). It is often spherical or inve ...
, which are flask-shaped structures embedded within the thallus. Chemically, ''Fuscopannaria'' species produce a variety of
fatty acid In chemistry, in particular in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated and unsaturated compounds#Organic chemistry, saturated or unsaturated. Most naturally occurring fatty acids have an ...
s and
terpene Terpenes () are a class of natural products consisting of compounds with the formula (C5H8)n for n ≥ 2. Terpenes are major biosynthetic building blocks. Comprising more than 30,000 compounds, these unsaturated hydrocarbons are produced predomi ...
s, although some species may lack detectable
secondary metabolite Secondary metabolites, also called ''specialised metabolites'', ''secondary products'', or ''natural products'', are organic compounds produced by any lifeform, e.g. bacteria, archaea, fungi, animals, or plants, which are not directly involved ...
s.


Species

,
Species Fungorum ''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (Binomial nomenclature, scientific names) in the fungus Kingdom (biology), kingdom. As of 2015, the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partn ...
(in the
Catalogue of Life The Catalogue of Life (CoL) is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxono ...
) accept 41 species of ''Fuscopannaria''. The ''2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa'' suggests there are about 50 species in the genus. *'' Fuscopannaria abscondita'' – Svalbard *'' Fuscopannaria alaskana'' *'' Fuscopannaria albomaculata'' – China *'' Fuscopannaria aurita'' *'' Fuscopannaria cacuminum'' – Papua New Guinea *'' Fuscopannaria caribaea'' –
French Antilles The French West Indies or French Antilles (, ; ) are the parts of France located in the Antilles islands of the Caribbean: * The two Overseas department and region of France, overseas departments of: ** Guadeloupe, including the islands of Bass ...
*'' Fuscopannaria cheiroloba'' *'' Fuscopannaria coerulescens'' – Nepal; New Guinea *''
Fuscopannaria confusa ''Fuscopannaria confusa'' is a species of squamulose lichen belonging to the family Pannariaceae. It is native to Eurasia and Northern America. Taxonomy ''Fuscopannaria confusa'' was first described by Norwegian lichenologist Per Magnus JÃ ...
'' *'' Fuscopannaria convexa'' *'' Fuscopannaria coralloidea'' *'' Fuscopannaria crustacea'' – New Zealand *'' Fuscopannaria cyanogranulosa'' – China *'' Fuscopannaria cyanolepra'' *'' Fuscopannaria dillmaniae'' –
Alaska Alaska ( ) is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America. Part of the Western United States region, it is one of the two non-contiguous U.S. states, alongside Hawaii. Alaska is also considered to be the north ...
*'' Fuscopannaria dispersa'' *'' Fuscopannaria dissecta'' *'' Fuscopannaria frullaniae'' *'' Fuscopannaria granulans'' – New Zealand *'' Fuscopannaria granulifera'' – India *'' Fuscopannaria hirsuta'' – China *''
Fuscopannaria ignobilis ''Fuscopannaria'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae. It has about 50 species. Taxonomy The genus was circumscribed by Norwegian lichenologist Per Magnus Jørgensen in 1994, with '' Fuscopannaria leucosticta'' assign ...
'' *'' Fuscopannaria incisa'' *'' Fuscopannaria leprosa'' *''
Fuscopannaria leucosticta ''Fuscopannaria leucosticta'', commonly known as the rimmed shingle lichen, is a species of lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It has a (scaley) thallus that lacks soredia and isidia (vegetative propagules), but has abundant apothecia (spore-bea ...
'' *'' Fuscopannaria mediterranea'' *'' Fuscopannaria minor'' – New Zealand *'' Fuscopannaria nebulosa'' *'' Fuscopannaria obtegens'' – China *'' Fuscopannaria pacifica'' *'' Fuscopannaria praetermissa'' *'' Fuscopannaria ramulina'' *'' Fuscopannaria rugosa'' – China *'' Fuscopannaria saltuensis'' *'' Fuscopannaria siamensis'' *'' Fuscopannaria sorediata'' – eastern North America; Japan *'' Fuscopannaria subgemmascens'' – India *'' Fuscopannaria subimmixta'' – New Zealand *'' Fuscopannaria subincisa'' *'' Fuscopannaria thiersii'' *'' Fuscopannaria venusta'' – Papua New Guinea *'' Fuscopannaria viridescens'' – Siberia;
Alaska Alaska ( ) is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America. Part of the Western United States region, it is one of the two non-contiguous U.S. states, alongside Hawaii. Alaska is also considered to be the north ...


References

{{Taxonbar , from1=Q5509962 , from2=Q10587430 Fuscopannaria Lichen genera Peltigerales genera Taxa named by Per Magnus Jørgensen Taxa described in 1994