During the 1990s and the 2000s, the
French governments
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.
In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a m ...
have launched the modernization plans of French universities (in French, ''plans de modernisation des universités françaises'').
Investments of the state had been important, especially for the development of new academic centers before and after May 1968. However, these two modernization plans have been more publicized.
2000 University
This plan was adopted by the
Council of Ministers
Council of Ministers is a traditional name given to the supreme Executive (government), executive organ in some governments. It is usually equivalent to the term Cabinet (government), cabinet. The term Council of State is a similar name that also m ...
on 23 May 1990. With initial funding of 32 billion of
French francs over five years (1991-1995), it would increase the number of premises, while the number of students was increasing. In 1994, operations were paid via the ''Contrat de projets État-région'' (Project contract state-region). The final funding was 40 billion francs (U2000 plan: 16.6; U2000 reported in CPER: 15.7, new operation in CPER: 8).
This scheme has helped to build 3.5 million square meters of new buildings for higher education and research, including:
* Eight
new universities,
* 196 departments of
UIT and 24 full
UIT,
* 7 European centers (become
PRES Pres may refer to:
Abbreviations
*President (disambiguation), President
*Pressure
*Presbyterian
*Pres, glossing abbreviation for the present tense
Acronyms
*Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
*Pôle de recherche et d'enseignement supéri ...
).
University of the 3rd millennium
U3M plan, which combines state and local authorities, is a large-scale plan of the order of 50 billion of
French francs. It is part of an overall approach, the schema utility of
higher education
Tertiary education (higher education, or post-secondary education) is the educational level following the completion of secondary education.
The World Bank defines tertiary education as including universities, colleges, and vocational schools ...
and research. Like its predecessor, this plan has been largely funded through the CPER 2000-2006 (42 billion francs).
It was more than build new premises but to rehabilitate the existing. A special effort was made to student life, 25% of the funding went to
libraries
A library is a collection of Book, books, and possibly other Document, materials and Media (communication), media, that is accessible for use by its members and members of allied institutions. Libraries provide physical (hard copies) or electron ...
, restaurants and
dormitories
A dormitory (originated from the Latin word ''dormitorium'', often abbreviated to dorm), also known as a hall of residence, a residence hall (often abbreviated to halls), or a hostel, is a building primarily providing sleeping and residential qu ...
.
Campus Plan
The Campus Plan (in French, ''Plan campus''), differs from the other two by at least two points:
* it concerns a limited number of campus;
* it is done with public-private partnerships.
Large loan
Of the 35 billion euros of large loan,
Le grand emprunt va "affaiblir" la notation de la France
/ref> 22 are for higher education
Tertiary education (higher education, or post-secondary education) is the educational level following the completion of secondary education.
The World Bank defines tertiary education as including universities, colleges, and vocational schools ...
and research. In particular:
* Excellence initiatives (''initiatives d'excellence'') : 7.7 billion
* Campus plan (''Plan campus'') receives 1.3 billion
* Equipment of Excellence (''équipements d’excellence'') receive 1 billion
* Laboratories of excellence (''laboratoires d’excellence''), 1 billion.
* Each of these programs is organized by a tender in which institutions must meet. The ''Campus du plateau de Saclay'' (Saclay campus) receives a billion of euros.
Bibliography
* ''La gestion de leur patrimoine immobilier par les universités, condition d’une autonomie assumée'' (Management of their property by universities, provided autonomy assumed)
(Cour des comptes
The ''Cour des Comptes'' (, "Court of Accounts") is France's supreme audit institution, under French law an administrative court. As such, it is independent from the legislative and executive branches of the French Government. However, the 1946 ...
)
* '' Jean-Léonce Dupont, Voyage au bout… de l'immobilier universitaire'' ( Jean-Léonce Dupont, Journey to the end... of the university buildings), 18 March 2003
( Sénat)
* ''« Le programme U3M (université du troisième millénaire) » Bernard Toulemonde, Le système éducatif en France'' (U3M program (University of the Third Millennium)), La Documentation française, Paris, 2003, (), p. 104
References
{{authority control
Education policy in France
History of universities and colleges in France
1990s in France
2000s in France
1990 in education
1990 establishments in France