Mishelevka Radar Station
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Mishelevka Radar Station is the site of three generations of
Soviet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
and
Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
n
early warning radar An early-warning radar is any radar system used primarily for the long-range detection of its targets, i.e., allowing defences to be alerted as ''early'' as possible before the intruder reaches its target, giving the air defences the maximum tim ...
s. It is located in
Irkutsk Irkutsk ( ; rus, Иркутск, p=ɪrˈkutsk; Buryat language, Buryat and , ''Erhüü'', ) is the largest city and administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. With a population of 587,891 Irkutsk is the List of cities and towns in Russ ...
in
Siberia Siberia ( ; , ) is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has formed a part of the sovereign territory of Russia and its predecessor states ...
and provides coverage of China and missile launches from submarines in the Pacific Ocean. There have been seven radars at this site and it is run by the
Russian Space Forces The Russian Space Forces () is the space force branch of the Russian Aerospace Forces. It was reestablished following the August 1, 2015 merger between the Russian Air Force and the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces, after the independent arm of s ...
. In 2012 a new Voronezh-M radar is being built at the site. Mishelyovka is a village in southern Siberia and the station is east of the village and northwest of the town of
Usolye-Sibirskoye Usolye-Sibirskoye ( rus, Усолье-Сибирское, p=ʊˈsolʲjə sʲɪˈbʲirskəjə) is a town in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Angara River. Population: History It was founded in 1669 under the name ''Usoly ...
. The
military townlet In military of Russia and some other post-Soviet states (as well as in the former Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, ...
for the station is called Usolye-Sibirskoye-7 ().


Space surveillance

Mishelevka was founded as OS-1, a space surveillance site with four
Dnestr radar Dnestr radar () and Dnepr radar (), both known by the NATO reporting name Hen House, are the first generation of Soviet space surveillance and early warning radars. Six radars of this type were built on the periphery of the Soviet Union starti ...
, which were started in 1964 and tested in 1968. It could detect satellites at an altitude of up to . In 1967-8 a Dnepr early warning radar was started adjacent to the 4 Dnestr radars and it was commissioned in 1976. One of the Dnestr space surveillance radars is now used as an
incoherent scatter Incoherent scattering is a type of scattering phenomenon in physics. The term is most commonly used when referring to the scattering of an electromagnetic wave (usually light or radio frequency) by random fluctuations in a gas of particles (most ...
radar by the Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics, part of the
Russian Academy of Sciences The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; ''Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk'') consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such ...
.


Second generation Daryal radar

Mishelevka had a Daryal-U radar, a bistatic
phased-array In antenna theory, a phased array usually means an electronically scanned array, a computer-controlled array of antennas which creates a beam of radio waves that can be electronically steered to point in different directions without moving th ...
early warning radar An early-warning radar is any radar system used primarily for the long-range detection of its targets, i.e., allowing defences to be alerted as ''early'' as possible before the intruder reaches its target, giving the air defences the maximum tim ...
consisting of two separate large phased-array antennas separated by around to . The transmitter array was and the receiver was in size. The system is a VHF system operating at a
wavelength In physics and mathematics, wavelength or spatial period of a wave or periodic function is the distance over which the wave's shape repeats. In other words, it is the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same ''phase (waves ...
of 1.5 to 2 meters (150 to 200 MHz). The claimed range of a Daryal installation is . Two Daryal-U type radars were to be built at sites in Balkhash and Mishelevka,
Irkutsk Irkutsk ( ; rus, Иркутск, p=ɪrˈkutsk; Buryat language, Buryat and , ''Erhüü'', ) is the largest city and administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. With a population of 587,891 Irkutsk is the List of cities and towns in Russ ...
, neither were completed. In 1999 the American
Clinton administration Bill Clinton's tenure as the 42nd president of the United States began with his first inauguration on January 20, 1993, and ended on January 20, 2001. Clinton, a Democrat from Arkansas, took office following his victory over Republican in ...
offered financial assistance in completing the Mishelevka facility in exchange for amending the
ABM treaty The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, also known as the ABM Treaty or ABMT, was an arms control treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems used in defending areas against bal ...
to allow US deployment of a
national missile defense National missile defense (NMD) refers to the nationwide antimissile program the United States has had under development since the 1990s. After the renaming in 2002, the term now refers to the entire program, not just the ground-based intercepto ...
system. Russia rejected this proposal and in 2002 the US unilaterally withdrew from the ABM treaty. The Mishelevka Daryal was started in 1979 and construction ended in 1984. The transmitter building was at and the receiver at . It was never operational and was demolished in 2011.


Third generation Voronezh radar

The Daryal radar was demolished on 23 June 2011 to enable the construction of a new
Voronezh radar Voronezh radars () are the current generation of Russian early-warning radar, providing long distance monitoring of airspace against ballistic missile attack and aircraft monitoring. The first radar, in Lekhtusi near St Petersburg, became ope ...
. There are going to be two radar faces on the site to replace the two
Dnepr radar Dnestr radar () and Dnepr radar (), both known by the NATO reporting name Hen House, are the first generation of Soviet space surveillance and early warning radars. Six radars of this type were built on the periphery of the Soviet Union starting ...
s which, as of 2012, are still operational. Once complete the MoD say that the radar will have coverage of 240°. Voronezh radar are highly prefabricated radars needing fewer personnel and using less energy than previous generations. The ones being built in Mishelevka are Voronezh-M, also described as Voronezh-VP, a VHF radar with a stated range of . The VP stands for high potential and may reflect that it has six segments, rather than the three of other Voronezh VHF radars. The first face of the new radar was announced as undergoing testing in March 2012. In May 2012 it was announced that it had entered "experimental combat duty". Fully operational in 2014.


External links


Photo of the Mishelevka DaryalPhoto of the Mishelevka Voronezh under construction
(in Russian)
Photo set of a Dnepr from Novosti Kosmonavtiki, May 2012

Photo set of the Voronezh from Novosti Kosmonavtiki, May 2012


References

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