Miriam Daly
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Miriam Daly (; 6 May 1928 – 26 June 1980) was an Irish republican and communist activist as well as a university lecturer who was assassinated by the
loyalist Loyalism, in the United Kingdom, its overseas territories and its former colonies, refers to the allegiance to the British crown or the United Kingdom. In North America, the most common usage of the term refers to loyalty to the British Cr ...
Ulster Defence Association The Ulster Defence Association (UDA) is an Ulster loyalist paramilitary group in Northern Ireland. It was formed in September 1971 as an umbrella group for various loyalist groups and undertook an armed campaign of almost 24 years as one of t ...
(UDA) in 1980.


Background and personal life

She was born Miriam Annette McDonnell in the Curragh
Irish Army The Irish Army () is the land component of the Defence Forces (Ireland), Defence Forces of Republic of Ireland, Ireland.The Defence Forces are made up of the Permanent Defence Forces – the standing branches – and the Reserve Defence Forces. ...
camp,
County Kildare County Kildare () is a Counties of Ireland, county in Ireland. It is in the Provinces of Ireland, province of Leinster and is part of the Eastern and Midland Region. It is named after the town of Kildare. Kildare County Council is the Local gove ...
,
Ireland Ireland (, ; ; Ulster Scots dialect, Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in Northwestern Europe. Geopolitically, the island is divided between the Republic of Ireland (officially Names of the Irish state, named Irelan ...
, one of the two daughters of Commandant Daniel McDonnell and Anne McDonnell (née Cummins). Her father had served under Michael Collins in the
War of Independence Wars of national liberation, also called wars of independence or wars of liberation, are conflicts fought by nations to gain independence. The term is used in conjunction with wars against foreign powers (or at least those perceived as foreign) ...
and as part of the pro-treaty National Army during the
Irish Civil War The Irish Civil War (; 28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923) was a conflict that followed the Irish War of Independence and accompanied the establishment of the Irish Free State, an entity independent from the United Kingdom but within the British Emp ...
. Afterwards, he developed pro-Labour views. She grew up in Hatch Street,
Dublin Dublin is the capital and largest city of Republic of Ireland, Ireland. Situated on Dublin Bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the Provinces of Ireland, province of Leinster, and is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, pa ...
, where she attended Loreto College on
St Stephen's Green St Stephen's Green () is a garden square and public park located in the city centre of Dublin, Ireland. The current landscape of the park was designed by William Sheppard. It was officially re-opened to the public on Tuesday, 27 July 1880 by ...
and then
University College, Dublin University College Dublin (), commonly referred to as UCD, is a public research university in Dublin, Ireland, and a collegiate university, member institution of the National University of Ireland. With 38,417 students, it is Ireland's largest ...
. While at UCD, Daly was a member of Young Fine Gael. She graduated with a
Bachelor of Arts A Bachelor of Arts (abbreviated B.A., BA, A.B. or AB; from the Latin ', ', or ') is the holder of a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate program in the liberal arts, or, in some cases, other disciplines. A Bachelor of Arts deg ...
degree in 1948 with first-class honours in history and economics, a Higher Diploma in Education in 1949, and then a first-class honours
Master of Arts A Master of Arts ( or ''Artium Magister''; abbreviated MA or AM) is the holder of a master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is usually contrasted with that of Master of Science. Those admitted to the degree have ...
, with a dissertation on Irish labour in England in the first half of the nineteenth century. Between 1950 and 1953 she taught
economic history Economic history is the study of history using methodological tools from economics or with a special attention to economic phenomena. Research is conducted using a combination of historical methods, statistical methods and the Applied economics ...
as an assistant lecturer in University College Dublin alongside Robert Dudley Edwards, who sexually harassed her until one day her father arrived with a gun and confronted Edwards. In 1953 she married the psychiatrist Joseph Lee and together the two moved to England, where she was an extramural history lecturer. She became an active member of the Association of University Teachers and a campaigner against the
Vietnam War The Vietnam War (1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975) was an armed conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia fought between North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) and their allies. North Vietnam w ...
. Lee died of a heart attack in 1963. A year later she began teaching economic history at the
University of Southampton The University of Southampton (abbreviated as ''Soton'' in post-nominal letters) is a public university, public research university in Southampton, England. Southampton is a founding member of the Russell Group of research-intensive universit ...
. In 1965 she married philosopher and social activist James Daly, who had family from
Ulster Ulster (; or ; or ''Ulster'') is one of the four traditional or historic provinces of Ireland, Irish provinces. It is made up of nine Counties of Ireland, counties: six of these constitute Northern Ireland (a part of the United Kingdom); t ...
. They moved to Ireland in 1968 and were appointed lecturers in the departments of scholastic philosophy and of economic and social history at
Queen's University, Belfast The Queen's University of Belfast, commonly known as Queen's University Belfast (; abbreviated Queen's or QUB), is a public research university in Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. The university received its charter in 1845 as part of ...
. In 1970 they adopted twins.


Civil rights activist

Apart from her set course, Daly taught an extramural course on labour history whose students included numerous Protestant trade unionists. She also lectured both republican and loyalist prisoners in Long Kesh and cooperated with both on prisoner welfare work. She contributed regularly to
RTÉ Radio RTÉ Radio is a division and service of Irish public broadcaster Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ), which broadcasts four analogue channels and five digital channels across Ireland. Founded in January 1926 as 2RN, was the first broadcaster in ...
's Thomas Davis lectures in 1972–3. She was a founding member of the Irish Labour History Society, served on its committee for several years and co-edited its journal ''Saothar''. She was a co-founder of the Economic and Social History Society of Ireland, a committee member of the Ulster Society for Irish Historical Studies, a member of the editorial board of Irish Historical Studies, and organised the first conference on Irish labour history held at an Irish university in 1974. Daly became active in the
Northern Ireland civil rights movement The Northern Ireland civil rights movement dates to the early 1960s, when a number of initiatives emerged in Northern Ireland which challenged the inequality and discrimination against ethnic Irish Catholics that was perpetrated by the Ulster Pr ...
following the introduction of
internment Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without Criminal charge, charges or Indictment, intent to file charges. The term is especially used for the confinement "of enemy citizens in wartime or of terrorism suspects ...
without trial of suspected IRA members in 1972 by
Westminster Westminster is the main settlement of the City of Westminster in Central London, Central London, England. It extends from the River Thames to Oxford Street and has many famous landmarks, including the Palace of Westminster, Buckingham Palace, ...
officials at the request of
Prime Minister of Northern Ireland The prime minister of Northern Ireland was the head of the Government of Northern Ireland (1921–1972), Government of Northern Ireland between 1921 and 1972. No such office was provided for in the Government of Ireland Act 1920; however, the L ...
Brian Faulkner Arthur Brian Deane Faulkner, Baron Faulkner of Downpatrick, (18 February 1921 – 3 March 1977), was the sixth and last Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, from March 1971 until his resignation in March 1972. He was also the Chief Executive ...
. She was active in the
Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA; ) was an organisation that campaigned for civil rights for Irish Catholics in Northern Ireland during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Formed in Belfast on 9 April 1967, and the Northern Resistance Movement (NRA), becoming involved in the former when she moved to
Belfast Belfast (, , , ; from ) is the capital city and principal port of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan and connected to the open sea through Belfast Lough and the North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland), North Channel ...
; Daly subsequently joined the National Democratic Party (NDP), and its successor, the
Social Democratic and Labour Party The Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP; ) is a social democratic and Irish nationalist political party in Northern Ireland. The SDLP currently has eight members in the Northern Ireland Assembly ( MLAs) and two members of Parliament (M ...
(SDLP). As a member of the SDLP she butted heads with
John Hume John Hume (18 January 19373 August 2020) was an Irish nationalist politician in Northern Ireland and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate. A founder and leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party, Hume served in the Parliament of Northern Irel ...
and opposed advocacy for increased private home ownership rather than extended state housing. At the first SDLP annual conference, Daly led opposition to a motion condemning all political violence that was proposed by Hume. The rapid escalation of violence in Northern Ireland during this period, in particular, the killing of 14 civil rights marchers by members of 1 PARA in
Derry Derry, officially Londonderry, is the second-largest City status in the United Kingdom, city in Northern Ireland, and the fifth-largest on the island of Ireland. Located in County Londonderry, the city now covers both banks of the River Fo ...
on 14 January 1972 in what later became known as " Bloody Sunday" further radicalised her. After Bloody Sunday, she left the SDLP and joined
Sinn Féin Sinn Féin ( ; ; ) is an Irish republican and democratic socialist political party active in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The History of Sinn Féin, original Sinn Féin organisation was founded in 1905 by Arthur Griffit ...
in 1974. During her political career, Daly, in line with many Irish republicans, opposed the two nations theory which held that
Ulster Protestants Ulster Protestants are an ethnoreligious group in the Provinces of Ireland, Irish province of Ulster, where they make up about 43.5% of the population. Most Ulster Protestantism in Ireland, Protestants are descendants of settlers who arrived fr ...
constituted a distinct Irish
nation A nation is a type of social organization where a collective Identity (social science), identity, a national identity, has emerged from a combination of shared features across a given population, such as language, history, ethnicity, culture, t ...
. She also joined the Prisoners' Relatives Action Committee (PRAC), the National Hunger Strike Committee (NHSC) and the Murray Defence Committee (MDC), the latter of which successfully prevented the
anarchist Anarchism is a political philosophy and Political movement, movement that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate authority, coercion, or Social hierarchy, hierarchy, primarily targeting the state (polity), state and capitalism. A ...
couple Marie and Noel Murray from being executed after they were convicted of murder and sentenced to death in June 1976 for murdering
Garda Síochána (; meaning "the Guardian(s) of the Peace") is the national police and security service of Republic of Ireland, Ireland. It is more commonly referred to as the Gardaí (; "Guardians") or "the Guards". The service is headed by the Garda Commissio ...
officer Michael Reynolds. During the campaign to prevent the Murrays from being executed, Daly worked with
Seamus Costello Seamus Costello (, 1939 – 5 October 1977) was an Irish politician. He was a leader of Official Sinn Féin and the Official Irish Republican Army and latterly of the Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP) and the Irish National Liberation Army ...
. She was also elected to the leadership of the National H-Blocks Committee, despite threats from loyalists. In 1977, Daly and her partner left Sinn Féin over the party's advocacy of an Irish federation of four
self-governing Self-governance, self-government, self-sovereignty or self-rule is the ability of a person or group to exercise all necessary functions of regulation without intervention from an external authority. It may refer to personal conduct or to any ...
provinces. They were recruited in August 1977 to the IRSP by Costello, and co-opted to its Árd Chomhairle or governing body just before Costello's assassination on 5 October 1977, allegedly by the
Official IRA The Official Irish Republican Army or Official IRA (OIRA; ) was an Irish republican paramilitary group whose goal was to remove Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom and create a " workers' republic" encompassing all of Ireland. It emerg ...
. In February 1978 Miriam Daly was elected chairperson of the IRSP. Some later IRSP/INLA material describes Daly as a 'volunteer', but she was never a member of the
Irish National Liberation Army The Irish National Liberation Army (INLA, ) is an Irish republicanism, Irish republican Socialism, socialist paramilitary group formed on 8 December 1974, during the 30-year period of conflict known as "the Troubles". The group seeks to remove ...
, the IRSP's military wing. In 1974 the Dalys, who had received death threats, moved from their home in Stranmillis, close to Queen's University and working-class Protestant
loyalist Loyalism, in the United Kingdom, its overseas territories and its former colonies, refers to the allegiance to the British crown or the United Kingdom. In North America, the most common usage of the term refers to loyalty to the British Cr ...
districts, to the Andersonstown Road, deep within the west Belfast
Catholic The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...
ghetto A ghetto is a part of a city in which members of a minority group are concentrated, especially as a result of political, social, legal, religious, environmental or economic pressure. Ghettos are often known for being more impoverished than other ...
. From 1978 onwards Daly campaigned for political status for paramilitary prisoners. In March 1979, Daly resigned as Chairperson following a dispute between the Árd Comhairle and the Coiste Seasta (officer board). She was later replaced by then-General Secretary, Mick Plunkett. On 15 June 1980, 11 days before her killing, Daly was elected to the new Armagh and H-Blocks national committee.


Assassination

On 26 June 1980, Daly was shot dead at home, in the Andersonstown area of west
Belfast Belfast (, , , ; from ) is the capital city and principal port of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan and connected to the open sea through Belfast Lough and the North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland), North Channel ...
. At the time of her assassination, she was involved in IRSP/INLA prisoners' welfare. According to reports in ''
The Irish Times ''The Irish Times'' is an Irish daily broadsheet newspaper and online digital publication. It was launched on 29 March 1859. The editor is Ruadhán Mac Cormaic. It is published every day except Sundays. ''The Irish Times'' is Ireland's leading n ...
'', members of the
Ulster Defence Association The Ulster Defence Association (UDA) is an Ulster loyalist paramilitary group in Northern Ireland. It was formed in September 1971 as an umbrella group for various loyalist groups and undertook an armed campaign of almost 24 years as one of t ...
(UDA) had gained entry to her home with the intention of killing her husband. They tied up Daly and waited for him to return home. Her husband was in Dublin at the time and so did not arrive. After a considerable time, the UDA men decided to kill Daly instead. Muffling the sound of the gun with a pillow, they shot her in the head and cut the phone lines before fleeing. Her body was discovered when her ten-year-old daughter arrived home from school. However, The Irish Times also referred to Daly as a "housewife". Daly's death occurred soon after Conservative Party politician and incumbent
Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland The shadow secretary of state for Northern Ireland is a member of the Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom), British Shadow Cabinet responsible for the scrutiny of the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, secretary of state for ...
Airey Neave Lieutenant Colonel Airey Middleton Sheffield Neave, () (23 January 1916 – 30 March 1979) was a British soldier, lawyer and Member of Parliament (MP) from 1953 until his assassination in 1979. During the Second World War he was the first ...
was assassinated in
Westminster Palace The Palace of Westminster is the meeting place of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and is located in London, England. It is commonly called the Houses of Parliament after the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, House of Commons and the ...
,
London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...
by members of the INLA, and some have speculated that the UDA's killing of Daly (along with the murder and attempted murder of other Irish Republican Socialist Party (ISRP) and National H-Block Committee members such as Ronnie Bunting, John Turnley and Bernadette Devlin McAliskey during this period) was in retaliation for Neave's murder. Solicitor Michael Brentnall claimed in an interview that "There are compelling circumstances which indicate that the killings were either committed by the British security services or facilitated by them and these killings are connected in proximity and organisational terms to the killing of Airey Neave." During the 1982 trial of three UDA members for the death of John Turnley, one of the accused, Robert McConnell, stood up in court towards the end and read out a statement detailing how two members of the
Special Air Service The Special Air Service (SAS) is a special forces unit of the British Army. It was founded as a regiment in 1941 by David Stirling, and in 1950 it was reconstituted as a corps. The unit specialises in a number of roles including counter-terr ...
(SAS) had supplied him with weapons and other equipment and had discussed with him the activities of H-Block activists such as Miriam Daly, John Turnley and Bernadette Devlin McAliskey. '''Operation Ranc was a series of planned actions by British Intelligence against the INLA following the assassination of Airey Neave. The 'G' (Guards) squadron of the 22 SAS Regiment were actively involved in Operation Ranc. It is believed by Fr. Raymond Murray that Daly, Bunting, Lyttle and Turnley were killed as part of the operation. The operation was prematurely terminated following protests from the Irish government. Daly was buried in
Swords, County Dublin Swords ( or ) in County Dublin, the county town of the Local government in the Republic of Ireland, local government area of Fingal, is a large suburban town on the east coast of Republic of Ireland, Ireland, situated ten kilometres north of D ...
with her first husband, after a paramilitary funeral. Mourners included Seán Mac Stíofáin and Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, but also old friends such as
Supreme Court of Ireland The Supreme Court of Ireland () is the highest judicial authority in Republic of Ireland, Ireland. It is a court of final appeal and exercises, in conjunction with the Court of Appeal (Ireland), Court of Appeal and the High Court (Ireland), Hig ...
(and later
European Court of Justice The European Court of Justice (ECJ), officially the Court of Justice (), is the supreme court of the European Union in matters of European Union law. As a part of the Court of Justice of the European Union, it is tasked with interpreting ...
) judge Donal Barrington and UCD historian F.X. Martin. In the graveside oration, Osgur Breatnach said that Daly stood for a peaceful, socialist united Ireland.Funeral of Dr Miriam Daly, ''Irish Times'' 30 June 1980 She is included as a volunteer on the INLA monument in Milltown Cemetery and is one of several commemorated by an IRSP mural on the Springfield Road, Belfast. In 2021 her commemoration held by the IRSP in Belfast was attended by her son and husband at the time of her death.


Political views

Daly was an advocate of State Socialism based on the nation-state, with government control of credit and industry. She rejected capitalism and free trade on the basis of her belief that free trade was overwhelmingly biased in the favour of the already-developed countries. Daly developed this view from her academic research into 19th-century Ireland and in particular her analysis of the deindustrialising effect of improved transport links. Daly considered the 1916 Easter Rising and the 1917 Russian Revolution to be twin revolutions against the "capitalist world order", and generally held pro-Soviet views. Daly rejected the view that
Ulster Protestants Ulster Protestants are an ethnoreligious group in the Provinces of Ireland, Irish province of Ulster, where they make up about 43.5% of the population. Most Ulster Protestantism in Ireland, Protestants are descendants of settlers who arrived fr ...
form a distinct "nation" within the geography of Ireland, dismissing them as "a product of British colonial manipulation and native collaboration".


References


External links


Straight from the Heart - an interview with Miriam Daly's widower, Jim Daly
accessed 24 April 2008

accessed 24 April 2008

accessed 24 April 2008 {{DEFAULTSORT:Daly, Miriam 1928 births 1980 deaths 1980 murders in the United Kingdom Academics of Queen's University Belfast Alumni of University College Dublin Assassinated Irish politicians Deaths by firearm in Northern Ireland Irish communists Irish National Liberation Army members Irish women's rights activists People educated at Loreto College, St Stephen's Green People from County Kildare People killed by the Ulster Defence Association People murdered in Belfast Politicians from Belfast Women in war in Ireland Women in war 1945–1999 Writers from Belfast Fine Gael politicians Social Democratic and Labour Party politicians Sinn Féin politicians Irish Republican Socialist Party politicians Murder victims from County Kildare European politicians assassinated in the 1980s Politicians assassinated in 1980