Mir Sayyid Ali (,

Tabriz Tabriz (; ) is a city in the Central District (Tabriz County), Central District of Tabriz County, in the East Azerbaijan province, East Azerbaijan province of northwestern Iran. It serves as capital of the province, the county, and the distric ...

, 1510 – 1572) was a Persian miniature painter who was a leading artist of

Persian miniature A Persian miniature (Persian language, Persian: نگارگری ایرانی ''negârgari Irâni'') is a small Persian painting on paper, whether a book illustration or a separate work of art intended to be kept in an album of such works called a ...

s before working under the

Mughal dynasty The Mughal dynasty () or the House of Babur (), was a Central Asian dynasty of Turco-Mongol tradition, Turco-Mongol origin that ruled large parts of the Indian subcontinent from the early 16th to the 19th century. The dynasty was a cadet branch ...

in India, where he became one of the artists responsible for developing the style of Mughal painting, under Emperor

Akbar Akbar (Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, – ), popularly known as Akbar the Great, was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expa ...

Family

Born in Tabriz, Mir Sayyid Ali was the son of artist Mir Musavvir. Historian and chronicler Qazi Ahmed said that the son was more talented than his father, but the impact of Mir Musavvir did influence his work.

Early works

Modern research suggests that Mir Sayyid Ali took part in the illustration of the famous ''Shahnameh'' of Shah Tahmasp created in 1525–1548 for Shah Tahmasp I (1514–1576). Two miniatures in it are attributed to Sayyid Ali's. He was also involved in the creation of lavish illustrations for the manuscript of the ''Khamsa of Nizami'' ("Five poems") created by the best artists of the Shah's ''kitabhane'' in 1539–1543 by order of Shah Tahmasp. Of the 14 miniatures his brush is credited with, four among them including " Layla and Majnun", bears the signature of the artist. The period around 1540, contains two remarkable works of the master: a picture of the elegant young man holding a letter disclosed, and a

diptych A diptych (, ) is any object with two flat plates which form a pair, often attached by a hinge. For example, the standard notebook and school exercise book of the ancient world was a diptych consisting of a pair of such plates that contained a ...

(double frontispiece) for the ''Khamsa of Nizami'' with "nomad camp of nomads" on one sheet and "Evening Life Palace" on the other.

Removal from court

In the 1540s, Shah Tahmasp I became increasingly orthodox and grew to reject artistic representations of living creatures. He lost interest in miniatures, and eventually issued an edict banning secular images throughout

Safavid Iran The Guarded Domains of Iran, commonly called Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire, was one of the largest and longest-lasting Iranian empires. It was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. It is often considered the begi ...

. Artists of his court, including Mir Sayyid Ali, dispersed in all directions. Most took refuge at the court of Shah Tahmasp's nephew, Sultan Ibrahim Mirza.

Humayun service

Meanwhile, the Mughal Emperor

Humayun Nasir al-Din Muhammad (6 March 1508 – 27 January 1556), commonly known by his regnal name Humayun (), was the second Mughal emperor, who ruled over territory in what is now Eastern Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Northern India, and Pakistan from ...

after unsuccessful battles with

Sher Shah Suri Sher Shah Suri (born Farid al-Din Khan; 1472 or 1486 – 22 May 1545), also known by his title Sultan Adil (), was the ruler of Bihar from 1530 to 1540, and Sultan of Hindustan from 1540 until his death in 1545. He defeated the Mughal Empire, ...

, lost his throne, and in 1543 arrived in Iran, where Shah Tahmasp gave him a warm welcome and the highest protection. Followed by countless feasts on which Tahmasp persuaded the

Sunni Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam and the largest religious denomination in the world. It holds that Muhammad did not appoint any successor and that his closest companion Abu Bakr () rightfully succeeded him as the caliph of the Mu ...

Humayun to go to the

Shiite Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam. It holds that Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib () as both his political successor (caliph) and as the spiritual leader of the Muslim community (imam). However, his right is understood ...

faith. While Humayun was staying in Tabriz, he became acquainted with the artists, was fascinated by their works, and two of them were invited to come under his service, as he wanted to create a library-like master of Tabriz. These artists were Abd al-Samad and Mir Musavvir. However, for some reason, instead of Mir Musavvir, the service went to his son Mir Sayyid Ali. Humayun did not immediately regain his possessions in the Indian subcontinent. While this struggle took place, it was in a Kabul court. Mir Sayyid Ali arrived there in 1549, lived and worked there for as long as the summer of 1555 Humayun's army defeated in a battle the troops of Sikandar Shah. The Delhi gate was open, and his father Humayun regained the throne. The period of the artist's life in Kabul today carries very few works, among them "Portrait of a young writer". Mir Sayyid Ali is considered a master of the genre of portraiture, but Persian portraits were to a large extent conditioned and idealized character than were significantly different from the Mughal portrait, which was much more naturalistic. However, the "Portrait of a young writer" belongs to the best Persian portrait miniatures. Experts from the Los Angeles Museum believe that this may be a self-portrait of the artist.

Service under Akbar

The Emperor

was succeeded by Emperor

, who was an even more passionate lover of portrait miniatures than his father. Mir Sayyid Ali, along with Abd al-Samad from childhood had taught the art of drawing to the future sultan, and between them established warm relations. Sayyid Ali headed the imperial court art initiatives, and under his leadership began one of the most ambitious projects in the book of world history – the Akbar ''Hamzanama'', an illustrated copy of the Persian epic of Amir Hamza, the uncle of the prophet

Muhammad Muhammad (8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious and political leader and the founder of Islam. Muhammad in Islam, According to Islam, he was a prophet who was divinely inspired to preach and confirm the tawhid, monotheistic teachings of A ...

. The order, which was implemented from 1562 to 1577, was made by Emperor Akbar, and was launched under the leadership of Mir Sayyid Ali. It was completed under the supervision of Abd al-Samad, who took over around 1572. Mir Sayyid Ali may have been replaced for being too slow, as at this point the commission was seven years old and only four of the volumes were complete. Under Samad's direction the remaining ten volumes were completed in another seven years. The book was divided into 14 volumes, each of which contained 100 illustrations, of larger than usual size, in total – 1,400 miniatures. About 140 miniatures of the works have survived, which are scattered in various museums and collections around the world. Both the heads of the imperial court workshop essentially supervised the work of others, and it is uncertain whether Samad painted any of miniatures himself,Beach, 61 though he may have done or corrected much of the underdrawing. But one miniature, "Elijah the prophet rescues drowning Nur ad-Dahr," is credited to Mir Sayyid Ali. Along with the portrait of his father, Mir Musavvir, and the "Wise men, reflecting on the book", this shows his late style. late master.

Legacy

Mir Sayyid Ali remained faithful to the end of the Persian tradition and Akbar, where he worked for an international group of artists who advocated the principles of Persian painting. In his works, one can see the influence of his father's and Sultan Muhammad. His work earned him numerous awards and praise. Vizier of Emperor Akbar I, Abu'l-Fazl, in his ''History of Akbar'' ( Akbarnama) speaks of him the most enthusiastic manner. In al Fadl's the list of the best artists of the era (he counted more than a hundred) Mir Sayyid Ali tied for first place; al Fadl stating: "His art he learned from his father. From the moment he got to the palace, the king's favor beam shone on him. He had distinguished himself by his art ... ". The emperor

gave him the honorary title of "Nadir-ul-Mulk" (The Miracle of the kingdom). Seven years after the start of the large project for a " Hamzanama" that is, approximately in 1569, the artist left the Mughal court, and as a devout Muslim pilgrim went to Mecca. Some researchers believe that he had died during the

Hajj Hajj (; ; also spelled Hadj, Haj or Haji) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims. Hajj is a mandatory religious duty for capable Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetim ...

, while others say that he returned to the court of Akbar and died in 1580.

Gallery

File:A Prince and Page, ca. 1540, Tabriz, British Museum.jpg , A Prince and Page (c. 1540)

British Museum The British Museum is a Museum, public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is the largest in the world. It documents the story of human cu ...

File:Mahiya frees Zambur, Beheads his sleeping guards, and suspends Gharrad in his stead Hamzanama, Harvard Art Museum, Cambridge.jpg , Mahiya frees Zambur, Beheads his sleeping guards, and suspends Gharrad in his stead Hamzanama
Harvard Art Museum File:Mir Sayyid Ali autoportrait.jpg , Self portrait(?) File:Mir_Sayyid_Ali,_Bahram_Gur_Pins_the_Coupling_Onagers,_Folio_from_the_Shahnama_(Book_of_Kings)_of_Shah_Tahmasp_1530-35,_Metmuseum.jpg , Bahram Gur Pins the Coupling Onagers, Folio from the Shahnameh (Book of Kings) of Shah Tahmasp (c. 1530-35), Metmuseum

Notes

References

*Beach, Milo Cleveland, ''Early Mughal painting'', Harvard University Press, 1987, , * Amina Okada. Indian Miniatures Of The Mughal Court. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, N-Y. 1992 * Dr. M. Abdulla Chaghatai. Mir Sayyid Ali Tabrezi. Publisher: Lahore: Kitab khana-i-nauras, 1955 * Dickson M.B. / Welch S.C. The Houghton Shahnameh. vol.1-2, Cambridge, Mass. 1981