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Minuscule 13 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), ε 368 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a Greek
minuscule Letter case is the distinction between the letters that are in larger uppercase or capitals (more formally ''majuscule'') and smaller lowercase (more formally '' minuscule'') in the written representation of certain languages. The writing system ...
manuscript A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand or typewritten, as opposed to mechanically printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way. More recently, the term has ...
of the
New Testament The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus in Christianity, Jesus, as well as events relating to Christianity in the 1st century, first-century Christianit ...
, containing the four
Gospels Gospel originally meant the Christian message (" the gospel"), but in the second century AD the term (, from which the English word originated as a calque) came to be used also for the books in which the message was reported. In this sen ...
. Using the study of comparative writing styles (
palaeography Palaeography (American and British English spelling differences#ae and oe, UK) or paleography (American and British English spelling differences#ae and oe, US) (ultimately from , , 'old', and , , 'to write') is the study and academic disciplin ...
), it has been dated to the 13th century. The manuscript has some missing pages. The text of the manuscript is important for New Testament textual criticism. It has several
marginalia Marginalia (or apostils) are marks made in the margin (typography), margins of a book or other document. They may be scribbles, comments, gloss (annotation), glosses (annotations), critiques, doodles, drolleries, or illuminated manuscript, ...
(notes in the margins), and was adapted for liturgical use.


Description

The manuscript is a codex (forerunner to the modern
book A book is a structured presentation of recorded information, primarily verbal and graphical, through a medium. Originally physical, electronic books and audiobooks are now existent. Physical books are objects that contain printed material, ...
), containing the text of the four
Gospel Gospel originally meant the Christianity, Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the second century Anno domino, AD the term (, from which the English word originated as a calque) came to be used also for the books in which the message w ...
s on 170 parchment leaves (), with some
gaps Gaps is a member of the Montana group of Patience games, where the goal is to arrange all the cards in suit from Deuce (a Two card) to King. Other solitaire games in this family include Spaces, Addiction, Vacancies, Clown Solitaire, Paganini, ...
(missing
Matt Matt may refer to: *Matt (name), people with the given name ''Matt'' or Matthew, meaning "gift from God", or the surname Matt *In British English, of a surface: having a non-glossy finish, see gloss (material appearance) *Matt, Switzerland, a mu ...
1:1-2:20; 26:33-52; 27:26-28:9;
Mark Mark may refer to: In the Bible * Mark the Evangelist (5–68), traditionally ascribed author of the Gospel of Mark * Gospel of Mark, one of the four canonical gospels and one of the three synoptic gospels Currencies * Mark (currency), a currenc ...
1:20-45;
John John is a common English name and surname: * John (given name) * John (surname) John may also refer to: New Testament Works * Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John * First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John * Second E ...
16:19-17:11; 21:2-25). The text is written in two columns per page, 28-30 lines per page, in
minuscule Letter case is the distinction between the letters that are in larger uppercase or capitals (more formally ''majuscule'') and smaller lowercase (more formally '' minuscule'') in the written representation of certain languages. The writing system ...
letters. The binder incorrectly placed the pages containing after , and those containing after . According to biblical scholar and textual critic Frederick H. A. Scrivener "it is not correctly written". The text is divided according to the 'chapters' ( / ''kephalaia''), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their titles ( / ''titloi'') at the top of the pages. There is also another division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections (in Mark 234 sections, the last in 16:9). It has no references to the
Eusebian Canons Eusebian canons, Eusebian sections or Eusebian apparatus, also known as Ammonian sections, are the system of dividing the four Gospels used between late antiquity and the Middle Ages. The divisions into Chapters and verses of the Bible, chapters ...
. According to classicist
William Hugh Ferrar William Hugh Ferrar (1826–1871), a Latinist, was an Irish classical scholar at Trinity College Dublin. In 1868, Ferrar discovered that four medieval manuscripts. Namely minuscules 13, 69, 124, and 346, were closely related texts. They are d ...
, it has 1523 errors of itacisms and another errors, but not more than in other manuscripts of that time. The letter
omicron Omicron (, ; uppercase Ο, lowercase ο, ) is the fifteenth letter of the Greek alphabet. This letter is derived from the Phoenician letter ayin: . In classical Greek, omicron represented the close-mid back rounded vowel in contrast to '' o ...
() is frequently written for the letter
omega Omega (, ; uppercase Ω, lowercase ω; Ancient Greek ὦ, later ὦ μέγα, Modern Greek ωμέγα) is the twenty-fourth and last letter in the Greek alphabet. In the Greek numerals, Greek numeric system/isopsephy (gematria), it has a value ...
(); the diphthong is once written for
upsilon Upsilon (, ; uppercase Υ, lowercase υ; ''ýpsilon'' ) or ypsilon is the twentieth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, has a value of 400. It is derived from the phoenician alphabet, Phoenician Waw (letter), waw ...
() (in Matthew 25:9). The copyist has sometimes omitted words due to carelessness, with even parts of words omitted ( for ) Nu-moveable is usually included, however in four places it is omitted causing
hiatus Hiatus may refer to: * Hiatus (anatomy), a natural fissure in a structure * Hiatus (stratigraphy), a discontinuity in the age of strata in stratigraphy *''Hiatus'', a genus of picture-winged flies with sole member species '' Hiatus fulvipes'' * G ...
. The manuscript contains the
nomina sacra In Christian scribal practice, (singular: , Latin for 'sacred name') is the abbreviation of several frequently occurring divine names or titles, especially in Greek manuscripts of the Bible. A consists of two or more letters from the original w ...
(special names/words considered sacred in
Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion, which states that Jesus in Christianity, Jesus is the Son of God (Christianity), Son of God and Resurrection of Jesus, rose from the dead after his Crucifixion of Jesus, crucifixion, whose ...
- usually the first and last letters of the name/word in question are written, followed by an overline; sometimes other letters from within the word are used as well), which are employed throughout (the following list is for
nominative In grammar, the nominative case ( abbreviated ), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or (in Latin and formal variants of E ...
case (subject) forms): ( / ''Jesus''); ( / ''Lord''); ( / ''Christ''; once for / ''useful''); ( / ''David''); ( / ''Israel''); ( / ''Jerusalem''); ( / ''heaven''); ( / ''man''); ( / ''saviour''); ( / ''father''); ( / ''mother''); ( / ''spirit''); ( / ''cross''). It contains tables of the chapters before each Gospel, lectionary markings in the margin for liturgical use,
Synaxarion Synaxarion or Synexarion (plurals Synaxaria, Synexaria; , from συνάγειν, ''synagein'', "to bring together"; cf. etymology of '' synaxis'' and ''synagogue''; Latin: ''Synaxarium'', ''Synexarium''; ; Ge'ez: ሲናክሳሪየም(ስንክ� ...
,
Menologion A menologium (, pl. menologia), also known by other names, is any collection of information arranged according to the days of a month, usually a set of such collections for all the months of the year. In particular, it is used for ancient Roman ...
, and subscriptions at the end of each Gospel. Numbers of phrases ( / ''rhemata'') are given in the subscriptions, and numbers of lines ( στιχοι / ''stichoi''). The subscription to Matthew states that Matthew was written in Hebrew eight years after our Lord's Ascension, and contained 2522 and 2560 ; the subscription to Mark states Mark was written in Latin ten years after the Ascension with 1675 and 1604 ; the subscription to Luke states Luke was written in Greek fifteen years after the Ascension with 3803 and 2750 stichoi; and the subscription to John states John was written thirty two years after the Ascension with 1838 . The text of ''Adultery pericopa'' (John 7:53–8:11) follows after
Luke Luke may refer to: People and fictional characters * Luke (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters with the name * Luke (surname), including a list of people with the name * Luke the Evangelist, author of the Gospel of Luk ...
21:38. The text of Matthew 16:2b–3 (''signs of the times'') is omitted. Luke 22:43-44 (''Christ's agony at Gethsemane'') is placed after Matthew 26:39.


Text

The Greek text of the codex is considered to be a representative of the
Caesarean text-type In textual criticism of the New Testament, Caesarean text-type is the term proposed by certain scholars to denote a consistent pattern of variant readings that is claimed to be apparent in certain Koine Greek manuscripts of the four Gospels, but ...
. The text-types are groups of different manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups, which are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: Alexandrian,
Western Western may refer to: Places *Western, Nebraska, a village in the US *Western, New York, a town in the US *Western Creek, Tasmania, a locality in Australia *Western Junction, Tasmania, a locality in Australia *Western world, countries that id ...
, and
Byzantine The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived the events that caused the fall of the Western Roman E ...
. It belongs to the textual family known as
family 13 Family 13, also known as the Ferrar Group (''ƒ'', von Soden calls the group I), is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, dating from the 11th to the 15th centuries, which share a distinctive pattern of variant readings. All are thought to derive ...
, or ''Ferrar group''. This textual relationship to
Family 13 Family 13, also known as the Ferrar Group (''ƒ'', von Soden calls the group I), is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, dating from the 11th to the 15th centuries, which share a distinctive pattern of variant readings. All are thought to derive ...
was confirmed by the
Claremont Profile Method The Claremont Profile Method is a method for classifying ancient manuscripts of the Bible. It was elaborated by Ernest Cadman Colwell and his students. Professor Frederik Wisse attempted to establish an accurate and rapid procedure for the classi ...
(a specific analysis method of textual data). According to New Testament scholars
Kurt Aland Kurt Aland (28 March 1915 – 13 April 1994) was a German theologian and Biblical studies, biblical scholar who specialized in New Testament textual criticism. He founded the ''Institute for New Testament Textual Research, Institut für neutest ...
and
Barbara Aland Barbara Aland (née Ehlers, 12 April 1937 – 10 November 2024) was a German theologian and professor of New Testament Research and Church History at the University of Münster until 2002. She was internationally recognized for her work on the ' ...
, it contains readings which agree with the Byzantine text 150 times as opposed to the reconstructed text of the original New Testament, readings with original against the Byzantine 31 times, and readings which agree with both 71 times. It has also 54 independent or distinctive readings. Kurt Aland placed the text of the codex in Category III of his New Testament manuscript text classification system. Category III manuscripts are described as having "a small but not a negligible proportion of early readings, with a considerable encroachment of yzantinereadings, and significant readings from other sources as yet unidentified." The manuscripts of the ''Ferrar group'' were derived from an uncial ancestor once located in southern Italy (
Calabria Calabria is a Regions of Italy, region in Southern Italy. It is a peninsula bordered by the region Basilicata to the north, the Ionian Sea to the east, the Strait of Messina to the southwest, which separates it from Sicily, and the Tyrrhenian S ...
) or
Sicily Sicily (Italian language, Italian and ), officially the Sicilian Region (), is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy, regions of Italy. With 4. ...
in the 7th century. In Matthew 1:16 it reads ω μνηστευθεισα παρθενος, Μαριαμ εγεννησεν Ιησουν τον λεγομενον Χριστον (''to whom was betrothed a virgin, Mary, begat Jesus, the one called Messiah''), as also witnessed by
Codex Koridethi Codex Koridethi, also named ''Codex Coridethianus'', is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament Gospels, written on parchment. It is designated by the siglum Θ or 038 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and as ε0 ...
, the Curetonian Syriac, and the rest of the manuscripts of
Family 13 Family 13, also known as the Ferrar Group (''ƒ'', von Soden calls the group I), is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, dating from the 11th to the 15th centuries, which share a distinctive pattern of variant readings. All are thought to derive ...
. In John 12:5 it reads διακοσιων (''two hundred'') for τριακοσιων (''three hundred'') along with other manuscripts of family 13 and family 1424.


History

It is believed the manuscript was written in
Calabria Calabria is a Regions of Italy, region in Southern Italy. It is a peninsula bordered by the region Basilicata to the north, the Ionian Sea to the east, the Strait of Messina to the southwest, which separates it from Sicily, and the Tyrrhenian S ...
or
Sicily Sicily (Italian language, Italian and ), officially the Sicilian Region (), is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy, regions of Italy. With 4. ...
. It was in private hands, and belonged to Archbishop of
Reims Reims ( ; ; also spelled Rheims in English) is the most populous city in the French Departments of France, department of Marne (department), Marne, and the List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, 12th most populous city in Fran ...
,
Charles Maurice Le Tellier Charles Maurice Le Tellier (1642 in Turin – 1710 in Reims) was a French Archbishop of Reims. The son of Michel Le Tellier and brother of François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, both ministers of Louis XIV, he studied for the Church, w ...
(1671–1710) (along with codices 10, 11). It was originally collated by the Abbé de Louvois for scholar
Ludolph Kuster Ludolph may refer to: * Ludolph of Ratzeburg (died 1250), Bishop of Ratzeburg and saint * Ludolph of Saxony (c. 1295–1378), German ecclesiastical writer * Ludolph Berkemeier (1864–1930), Dutch painter * Ludolph Christian Treviranus (1779–1864 ...
, who used it in his edition of theologian John Mill's edition of the Greek New Testament, ''Novum Testamentum'' (variants cited as ''Paris 6''). It was subsequently collated by biblical scholar and textual critic
Johann Jakob Wettstein Johann Jakob Wettstein (also Wetstein; 5 March 1693 – 23 March 1754) was a Swiss theologian, best known as a New Testament critic. Biography Youth and study Johann Jakob Wettstein was born in Basel. Among his tutors in theology was Samuel We ...
, who gave it the number 13. (This number is still in use.) It has also been collated by textual critic
Johann Jakob Griesbach Johann Jakob Griesbach (4 January 1745 – 24 March 1812) was a German biblical textual critic. Griesbach's fame rests upon his work in New Testament criticism, in which he inaugurated a new epoch. His solution to the synoptic problem bears his nam ...
, used by professor
Andrew Birch Andreas Birch (November 6, 1758 – October 25, 1829) was a professor from Copenhagen.Fr. NielsenBiografii 1. ''Dansk biografisk leksikon'', edited by C.F. Bricka, 2. volume, page 280, Gyldendal, 1887–1905 Birch was sent in 1781–1783 by the k ...
for his edition of the Greek New Testament, studied again by
Paulin Martin Jean-Pierre-Paulin MartinSometimes referred to as Jean P.P. Martin. (20 July 1840 at Lacam-d'Ourcet, Lot – 14 January 1890 at Amélie-les-Bains, Pyrénées-Orientales), often referred to as Abbé Paulin Martin, or simply Abbé Martin or ...
, and by Ferrar, and biblical scholar
J. Rendel Harris James Rendel Harris (27 January 1852 in Plymouth, Devon – 1 March 1941) was an English biblical scholar and curator of manuscripts, who was instrumental in bringing back to light many Syriac Scriptures and other early documents. His contacts ...
.
J. Rendel Harris James Rendel Harris (27 January 1852 in Plymouth, Devon – 1 March 1941) was an English biblical scholar and curator of manuscripts, who was instrumental in bringing back to light many Syriac Scriptures and other early documents. His contacts ...
, ''On the Origin of the Ferrar Group. A lecture on the genealogical relations New Testament mss.'', (Cambridge, 1893)
Biblical scholar
C. R. Gregory C. or c. may refer to: * Century, sometimes abbreviated as ''c.'' or ''C.'', a period of 100 years * Letter C, the third letter in the alphabet. * Cent (currency), abbreviated ''c.'' or ''¢'', a monetary unit that equals of the basic unit of man ...
saw the manuscript in 1884. Griesbach highly esteemed the text of this manuscript.Constantin von Tischendorf
''Novum Testamentum Graece. Editio Septima''
Lipsiae 1859, p. CXCV.
Though it was collated in 1868 by Ferrar, it was published posthumously by
T. K. Abbott Reverend Thomas Kingsmill Abbott (26 March 1829 – 18 December 1913) was an Irish scholar and educator. Biography Abbott was born in Dublin and was educated at Trinity College. He was elected a scholar in 1848, graduated in 1851 as a senior ...
in the book '' A Collation of Four Important Manuscripts of the Gospels''. Ferrar regarded codices 13, 69, 124,
346 Year 346 ( CCCXLVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. In the Roman Empire, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Constantius and Claudius (or, less frequently, year 1099 ''Ab urbe condita''). The denominati ...
as transcripts of the same archetype. Biblical scholar
Kirsopp Lake Kirsopp Lake (7 April 187210 November 1946) was an English New Testament Biblical scholar, scholar, Church history, Church historian, Palaeography#Greek Palaeography, Greek palaeographer, and Winn Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Harvard ...
built upon Ferrar's conclusions, and used the manuscript for an edition of the
Gospel of Mark The Gospel of Mark is the second of the four canonical Gospels and one of the three synoptic Gospels, synoptic Gospels. It tells of the ministry of Jesus from baptism of Jesus, his baptism by John the Baptist to his death, the Burial of Jesus, ...
in Greek, reconstructing an archetype for the manuscripts which came to be known as the Ferrar Group or Family 13. The codex is located now at the
Bibliothèque nationale de France The (; BnF) is the national library of France, located in Paris on two main sites, ''Richelieu'' and ''François-Mitterrand''. It is the national repository of all that is published in France. Some of its extensive collections, including bo ...
(Gr. 50) at
Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
.


See also

*
List of New Testament minuscules The list of New_Testament_minuscule, New Testament Minuscules ordered by Gregory–Aland index number is divided into three sections: * List of New Testament minuscules (1–1000) * List of New Testament minuscules (1001–2000) * List of New Test ...
*
Family 13 Family 13, also known as the Ferrar Group (''ƒ'', von Soden calls the group I), is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, dating from the 11th to the 15th centuries, which share a distinctive pattern of variant readings. All are thought to derive ...
*
Textual criticism Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants, or different versions, of either manuscripts (mss) or of printed books. Such texts may rang ...


References


Further reading

* J. Geerlings, ''Family 13 and EFGH'', appendix A of Studies and Documents XIX (Salt Lake City, 1961).


External links


Minuscule 13
at the ''Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism''
Online images of Minuscule 13
( Digital Microfilm) at the
CSNTM The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts (CSNTM) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization whose mission is to digitally preserve Greek New Testament manuscripts. Toward that end, CSNTM takes digital photographs of manuscripts at institu ...
.
Online images of Minuscule 13
( Digital Microfilm) at the Gallica – The BnF digital library. {{DEFAULTSORT:Minuscule 0013 Greek New Testament minuscules 13th-century biblical manuscripts Bibliothèque nationale de France collections Family 13