Mining In British Columbia

British Columbia ( B.C.) is the third largest Canadian province by population and fourth largest provincial economy. Like other provinces in the Canadian federation, B.C. consists of both private and public institutions. However, as Canada's westernmost province, located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains, B.C. has unique economic characteristics that distinguish it from much of the rest of Canada.

Economic Geography

Geography has played a significant role in the province's economic development. B.C.’s location on Canada's west coast puts it at the commercial crossroads of the Asia-Pacific region and North America.

B.C. is geographically characterized by mountainous topography along with substantial areas of lowlands and plateaus. Though less than 5% of B.C.’s land is arable due to mostly mountainous terrain, the province is agriculturally rich. This can be attributed to relatively mild weather along the Pacific Northwestern coast and in various sheltered valleys.

There are eight economic regions within B.C. This includes: the Cariboo
Kootenay
Lower Mainland/Southwest, Nechako
North CoastNortheast
Vancouver Island and Coast, and Thompson/Okanagan region. In addition to the many towns and cities in these regions, the province is home to over 200 First Nations.

According to the 2021 census, 85% of the population is classified as urban and is highly concentrated along B.C.’s southern coast. Around 60% of B.C.’s population resides in the Mainland/Southwest region which includes the City of Vancouver. West of the Lower Mainland across the Strait of Georgia lies Vancouver Island, which encompasses approximately 20% of the population, including Victoria, the provincial capital.

While service-based industries dominate its cities, resource-based sectors—principally forestry, agriculture, natural gas and mining, figure prominently as economic activities in less urbanized areas.

Economic History

Indigenous peoples have lived in the area now known as B.C. for more than 10,000 years, where economic activities centred around fishing, hunting and food gathering. The area was home to thousands of Indigenous peoples when European explorers began to visit in the 1750s. However, the area was difficult for early Europeans to reach, so it was the last part of North America to be explored.

It was not until the first half of the 19th century that the Hudson's Bay Company expanded to the west of the Rocky Mountains and established trading outposts. The company traded with Indigenous tribes for sea otter pelts and animal furs. In 1849, Vancouver Island was colonized by the British and a lease was granted to the Hudson's Bay Company giving it exclusive trading rights on Vancouver Island. Soon after, the Gold Rush attracted tens of thousands of people to the interior areas of the province. B.C. remained a British colony until 1871 when it became a province of Canada. In 1885, the Canadian Pacific Railway was completed, linking the country from east to west. The railway increased trade and the movement of people and resources from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Around the turn of the 20th century, entrepreneurs came to B.C. to develop the province's vast natural resources and agricultural potential, ushering a period of rapid economic expansion and population growth. Major dams were built to support a growing electrical grid and the Trans-Canada Highway was completed, allowing for easier movement of goods and services. As population increased, it became concentrated around the ports in the southwest part of the province. Management and financial activities related to resource development remained in these coastal cities during this time, including Vancouver. Consumer-goods manufacturing also began in southwestern cities, due in part, to the high cost of transporting manufactured goods from eastern Canada and the US at the time.

British Columbia has historically been a resource-dominated economy centred on the forest industry, with fluctuating importance in mining, farming and natural gas. About 60% of British Columbia is forested, accounting for approximately 19.5% of the forested land in Canada. Today however, B.C.'s economy is more diverse, with service industries accounting for the largest portion (75%) of the province's gross domestic product (GDP). Over the past several decades, employment in resource industries has fallen steadily as a percentage of employment, and new job growth has occurred mostly in the construction, real estate, leasing and rental, and the retail/service sectors.

Key Economic Indicators

''Sources:''

2023 B.C. Financial and Economy Review, Government of British Columbia
'

Statistics Canada Table: 36-10-0222-01 Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, provincial, territorial, annual
'

Economic Infrastructure

Transportation

Air

B.C. has six international airports, including: Victoria ( YYJ), Vancouver ( YVR), Kelowna ( YLW), Abbotsford ( YXX), Cranbrook ( YXC) and Prince George International Airports ( YXS).

Railways, Highways and Roads

British Columbia is the only gateway on the west coast of the Americas served by three continental Class 1 railways (Canadian National, Canadian Pacific, and BNSF), connecting ports on the Atlantic, Pacific and Gulf coasts to key markets throughout Canada, the United States and Mexico. British Columbia has six railways crossings into the United States.

An extensive all-weather provincial highway and railway network makes transporting goods and services to North American markets seamless and reliable. B.C.'s well-maintained highway system allows efficient trucking across Canada and easy access to interstate highways in the United States. Computerized traffic management and integrated rail-truck terminals ensure effective freight transfer.

Sea

The Port of Vancouver is Canada's largest port and the third largest port in North America; it is responsible for Canada's trade with more than 170 world economies. The ports of Vancouver and Prince Rupert, which are ice-free year-round, are Asia's closest ports of entry on the west coast of North America—saving shippers more than two days travel time as compared to other west coast ports.

Energy

More than 98% of the electricity generated in British Columbia comes from clean or renewable resources. Electricity rates in British Columbia are also among the lowest in North America.

British Columbia also has an abundance of natural gas, estimated at over 2,900 trillion cubic feet of marketable shale gas reserves. For more than 50 years B.C. has ranked second only to Alberta in natural gas production in Canada. In recent years, B.C. has begun to expand natural gas export capacity to markets beyond North America in the form of liquefied natural gas (LNG) that can be shipped to Asia.

In 2018, the Government of British Columbia launched CleanBC, a plan to reduce emissions, advance the clean tech sector and grow B.C.’s low-carbon economy.

Communications and Networks

British Columbia has the highest rate of broadband and overall Internet connectivity in Canada. An extensive fiber-optic network and LTE services span the province. However, due to predominantly mountainous terrain, many sparsely populated areas of the province offer no cellphone or internet services.An advanced communications infrastructure also provides telephone, broadcasting, cable, wireless and other information services.

Health and Education

B.C.’s education system includes 25 public post-secondary institutions with 165 campuses, satellites or learning centres, including 6 research universities. There are also 350 private career training institutions with more than 50,000 students attending yearly. British Columbia's trades training system currently serves more than 38,000 apprentices. The quality of education in British Columbia is considered very high and Canada has the highest proportion of working-age adults who have been through higher education among developed countries in the world.

The B.C. Ministry of Health is a provincial government body responsible for the administration of British Columbia's public health system. The ministry works with health authorities, health care providers, agencies and other organizations to guide and enhance the province's health services. The quality of healthcare in British Columbia is relatively similar to other Canadian provinces. In Canada, public health insurance is available to all eligible Canadian citizens and permanent residents who can apply for provincial health coverage. In B.C., public health insurance is called the Medical Services Plan (MSP) and is managed by the Ministry of Health.

Government and Institutions

Canada, and in turn, British Columbia's system of government, is based on the British parliamentary model. Exclusive legislative powers are delineated between federal and provincial levels of government as defined by the Constitution of Canada. Municipal powers are delegated by each respective provincial legislature.

Legal tender used in B.C. is the Canadian Dollar, managed at the federal level by the Bank of Canada, which is also responsible for oversight of the Canadian financial system, including banking and monetary policies.

The B.C. government's annual budget is tabled for debate and vote in the provincial legislature every year in February. The Budget and Fiscal Plan is the main budget document that outlines the Province's three-year fiscal plan, including economic outlook, revenues, spending, tax measures, risks forecast and assumptions. The fiscal year runs from April to March. Healthcare, education and social development programs have historically been the largest B.C. government expenditures.

British Columbia's general corporate income tax rate is 12%. When combined with the federal rate, B.C. businesses pay a general corporate income tax rate of 27%. B.C. has the lowest provincial personal income taxes in Canada for single individuals earning up to $125,000 (CAD). The sales tax rate for purchased retail goods in B.C. is 7% (PST). Both goods and services are also subject to a federal goods and services tax of 5% (GST).

B.C. has one of the highest credit ratings among Canadian provinces, reflecting a strong balance sheet and depth and diversity of a fiscally stable economy. Agencies such as Moody's, Standard and Poor's, and Fitch rate B.C.’s debt as AAA and stable. As of March 2019, total provincial government debt stood at $66.0 (CAD) billion – representing 22.3% of B.C.’s nominal GDP.

Trade and Investment

Trade Agreements

Companies with operations in British Columbia enjoy duty-free access to the world's largest marketplaces in Asia, North America and Europe thanks to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans Pacific Partnership ( CPTPP), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Canada-EU Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). In 2018, Canada, the US and Mexico negotiated a new trade agreement to supersede NAFTA, the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA, also known as USMCA) which currently awaits ratification by governments of Canada and the United States.

Domestically, British Columbia, is a member of the New West Partnership Trade Agreement, which creates a single economic region encompassing British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba: a marketplace of more than 11 million people and a GDP of more than $700 billion.

Exports

British Columbia is an important hub for goods shipped to and from Asia, and as a result, B.C.’s export markets are more diversified than Canada and other provinces. While Canada typically sees over three-quarters of exports flow to the US, this market accounts for just over half of British Columbia exports. Other key markets for the province include China (15%), Japan (11%) and other Asian countries (12%). The diversification of sectors and markets reduces the vulnerability of the B.C. provincial economy from sector-specific or trading partner-specific negative impacts.

Foreign Direct Investment

B.C. relies on foreign direct investment ( FDI) to help drive economic growth. FDI enhances the ability of businesses and countries to expand capacity, resulting in more economic activity, more jobs, new sources of tax revenue, and gains in income. From 2012 to 2016, B.C. ranked second only to the province of Ontario in attracting FDI in Canada.

In 2019
half of inward FDI in Canada
came from the United States. Investments from Asia have increased and now account for 10% of FDI in Canada, significantly weighted in the energy and natural resource sectors.

The B.C. provincial government promotes exports and FDI through a physica
network of trade and investment offices
around the world and throug
digital engagement.

Labour Force

Th
Province is home to a diverse and skilled workforce
characterized as being:

* Highly educated, with more than 60% having taken post-secondary education and well over a quarter possessing a university degree.
* Flexible, with more than 80% employed in service industries, including a quarter in professional, educational and business support services.
*Multilingual, with more than 400,000 British Columbia workers identifying one of the Chinese dialects as their first language. Another 139,000 have Punjabi as their first language. 52,000 identify themselves as speaking Korean.

Over the next decade, demand for workers is expected to surpass supply in B.C. Several industries are expected to offer particularly strong job opportunities:

* Green technology, digital media and life sciences,
* Traditional industries such as natural resources,
* Service industries, including healthcare, high-tech and retail sales.

The mandatory minimum wage in B.C. is $17.40 an hour as of June 2024 and is set to rise incrementally in coming years.

While the province attracts a healthy inflow of immigrants to help grow its labour force through government programs, attracting and retaining skilled workplace resources in cities with very high housing costs, poses a challenge for many B.C. businesses.

Economic Well-being

Due to a stable, sustainable economy, British Columbia compares favourably when evaluating key livability statistics. A temperate climate, cosmopolitan and culturally diverse cities, social stability, high-quality health care and education, and an abundant natural environment result in a quality of life and economic well-being that attract people to B.C. from around the world.

The Mercer Human Resource Consulting Group's 2019 Quality of Living Survey ranks Vancouver first in North America and third out of 231 cities worldwide. The Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU), an affiliate of the Economist, consistently ranks Vancouver as one of the most livable cities in the world; in 2018, the top city in the Americas and fifth globally. The EIU's rankings of 140 cities are based on stability, health care, culture, environment, education and infrastructure.

While B.C. is known globally for maintaining a high standard of living and being among the best places to live and work, the cost of living, and specifically housing affordability in Vancouver is exceptionally challenging. Even though Vancouver is often ranked as the most expensive city in Canada to live due to the high cost of housing, it is still relatively modest when compared on a global scale to other major urban centres in respect to overall cost of living factors.

Sectors

B.C.’
economy is diversified
which is reflected by
broad range of sectors
that encompass its economy and largest corporations.

There were a total of 501,300 businesses in B.C. in 2017; of these, 98% were small businesses with fewer than 50 employees. Further, 83% of businesses in B.C. employed fewer than five employees, and 60% were self-employed individuals with no paid help.

In 2016, close to 6,900 B.C. businesses exported goods to destinations outside of Canada. Of these, over 5,900 (or 86%) were small businesses that shipped approximately $18 billion worth of goods to international destinations, making up 43% of the total value of goods exported from the province, with an average export value per business of just over $3 million.

The total value o
B.C.'s merchandise exports
reached $64.4 billion in 2022, up more than $10 billion from the previous year

Aerospace

British Columbia's aerospace industry holds a significant place in Canada, encompassin
approximately 200 companies that collectively generate $2.5 billion in annual revenue.

The B.C. aerospace sector is diverse an
globally competitive
offering a wide range of specialized products and services. Key areas include:

* Training and Education: Providing opportunities for pilots, air traffic controllers, and aircraft maintenance personnel
* Maintenance and Repair: Offering comprehensive services for both fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft, serving military and commercial customers.
* Manufacturing and Design: Home to leading-edge companies producing essential components for the global aerospace industry
* Advanced Technologies: Specializing in aerospace communications, systems integration, and user interface design
* Space and Remote Sensing: Contributing to cutting-edge developments in space technology and earth observation.

This robust ecosystem positions B.C. as a key player in both North American and global aerospace supply chains, with companies spread across the province and concentrated primarily in Greater Vancouver, the Fraser Valley, the Okanagan Valley, and Vancouver Island

Agriculture and Seafood

B.C. is ripe with opportunity in agriculture, food and beverage with its varied terrain, long coastline and temperate climate. With a focus on sustainability, safety, quality and innovation gas, B.C. has one of the most diverse agriculture, seafood and food processing industries in Canada
exporting hundreds of agrifood and seafood products.

There are approximately 2,800 food and beverage processing companies in B.C. employing over 32,000 people in 2017, generating $9.8 billion in revenues and $3.9 billion in exports.

Major crops are (including those bound for ), strawberries and .

The represents growers in the province.

The (formerly the Fraser Valley Strawberry Growers Association) represents strawberry growers, a small number of about 48 in the Fraser Valley. BCSGA's offices are in Abbotsford.

Clean Energy

B.C. is rich i
natural resources
that contribute to the development and utilization of clean energy. These resources support various forms of renewable and low-carbon energy production, including:

* Low-carbon hydrogen
* Biofuels
* Renewable natural gas
* Biomass
* Renewable electricity
* Geothermal energy
* Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS)

One of B.C.'s significant infrastructure advantages is its electricity grid, which can provide nearly 100% zero-emissions electricity. The province's abundant, clean, and cost-effective
hydroelectric power supply
offers an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels.

The provincial government has implemented th
CleanBC Roadmap to 2030
a comprehensive plan aimed at reducing emissions by 40% by the year 2030. This plan includes accelerated and expanded actions across eight key pathways. Through this initiative, British Columbia aims to transition towards a cleaner, more sustainable energy future while leveraging its natural resources and existing clean energy infrastructure.

Clean Technology

B.C.’s well-established and thriving clean tech sector is leading the way in researching, developing and commercializin
innovative clean tech solutions
B.C. is home to more than 270 clean technology companies and is a leading centre for scientific innovation. Fields of innovation include:

* Hydrogen and fuel cells—Particularly for applications beyond transportation—from the smallest mobile devices to telecommunications stations.
* Clean transportation—Developing plug-in electric, fuel cell and natural gas engines.
* Energy management and efficiency technologies, such as smart measurement, monitoring and controls that power intelligent energy use.
* Renewable energy technology based on the development, testing and use of natural resources.
* Water and waste resource management technologies that turn wastewater and solid waste into drinking water, clean energy and marketable materials.
Notable clean technology companies in B.C. including Ballard Power Systems, Methanex, General Fusion, MineSense, Corvus Energy, Awesense, Carbon Engineering, and Powertech Labs.

Forestry

With an advantageous location with port access on Canada’s West Coast, British Columbia’s (B.C.) roots in forestry run deep
B.C. is one of the world’s largest exporters of wood products
– from wood pellets to pulp to biofuels. The province has earned a global reputation for sustainable forest practices with more forests certified environmentally sustainable than any comparable jurisdiction in the world.

Almost 60% of British Columbia's land base is productive forest land, providing rich, diverse and abundant wood fibre. The B.C. forest industry is characterized by:

* Vast timber supplies – British Columbia has 55 million hectares of productive forests that provide diverse and abundant wood fiber. These forests contain roughly 11 billion cubic metres of timber. However, in recent years, a pine beetle outbreak and large forest fires have resulted in low timber supply and caused numerous challenges for the industry.
* Varied tree species – Tree species in B.C. forests are primarily coniferous or softwood, including Douglas fir, western hemlock, Pacific silver fir, western red cedar, lodgepole pine and interior spruce.
* A land tenure system – Most of B.C. land is publicly owned. Th
provincial government issues land tenures
giving companies the right to harvest in exchange for fees and management responsibilities.
* Varied wood products – Commodity products, including standard dimensional lumber, pulp, paper, and panel boards, and wood pellets.
* A growing value-added sector – Small and medium-sized firms produce a wide range of value-added products, such as treated lumber, engineered wood products, shakes and shingles
mass timber
posts, poles, log and timber-frame homes, mouldings, and other finished or semi-finished products.

Information and Communications Technology (ICT)

Due north of Silicon Valley and Seattle, British Columbia (B.C.) has grown into a thriving innovation hotspot, with more than 11,000 tech companies, including Microsoft, Hootsuite, Intel, Samsung, Slack and Salesforce.
Technology clusters in Vancouver, Victoria and Kelowna
attract major global companies and start-ups alike, pursuing advances in software, cloud and quantum computing, information technology, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), telecommunications and electronics manufacturing.

The University of British Columbia (UBC)—ranked second in Canada in both computer science and engineering—holds dozens of Canada Research Chairs and has produce
approximately 200 spin-off companies

B.C. is also home t
Canada's Digital Technology Supercluster
a collaborative effort of over 200 organizations, including some of Canada's biggest names in health care, telecommunications, natural resources, computing and transportation.

Digital Media and Entertainment

B.C. is a key player in the global creative economy with industry leaders in digital media, film, television, visual effects, animation and post-production. The province is one of the world’s top video game and AR/VR centres and has been called Hollywood North. For decades due to the scale and sophistication of its full-service film and TV production capacity. With an attractive mix of artistic and technical talent, B.C. creators produce award-winning content enjoyed by global audiences. Over16
video game development studios
including EA (Electronic Arts) and Relic Entertainment (Sega) reside in the province. Virtual Reality firms, including Microsoft, Cloudhead Games and Archiact, are developing practical tools to enhance education, health care, and other sectors.

Life Sciences

British Columbia is alive with scientific innovation and features one of the fastest growing life sciences sectors in Canada, home to approximately 1,300 companies. The number o
life sciences businesses based in the province grew by 26.5% between 2018 and 2021
The sector is characterized by a supportive and cohesive ecosystem of talent, partnerships, infrastructure and investment.

Key areas where British Columbia is producing products and services include HIV-AIDS, oncology and genomics fields. Leading companies include STEMCELL Technologies, Zymeworks, AbCellera Biologics, Starfish Medical, Kardium, Amgen and Xenon Pharmaceuticals with specialization in drugs and pharmaceuticals, medical devices and research, testing and medical laboratories.

Mining and Critical Minerals

British Columbia has over 150 years of mining history. B.C.’s abundant mountains and river valleys contain a variety o
minerals in global demand
including copper, gold, molybdenum, silver, aggregates, industrial minerals and other mining products. B.C. is Canada's only producer of molybdenum ores and concentrates ($110 million in exports).

As global demand for the minerals and metals needed for transitioning to a low-carbon future increases, British Columbia is at the forefront, with more than 1,100 global exploration and mining companies headquartered in Vancouver. B.C. mining companies have adopted high tech and clean tech solutions to support innovative and responsible mineral exploration. The mining industry continues to grow in environmentally sustainable and socially responsible ways to meet global demand. In 2017:

* British Columbia's mineral and coal exports were worth nearly $9 billion (CAD).
* B.C. exported $2.6 billion worth of copper ores and concentrates as Canada's largest copper producer.
* B.C. is Canada's only producer of molybdenum ores and concentrates ($110 million in exports).

Natural Gas

British Columbia's natural gas resources are estimated at ove
2,900 trillion cubic feet
of gas-in-place, far exceeding domestic use needs by several hundred years. Natural gas extraction has taken place in B.C. since the early 1950s. Th
northeast region of the province
is where most natural gas resources can be found – in areas such as the Horn River Basin, the Montney Basin, the Liard Basin and the Cordova Embayment. There are also more tha
50,000 kilometres of existing pipelines
in British Columbia – gathering pipelines, transmission pipelines and the pipelines that deliver natural gas to customers.

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) – a shippable form of natural gas – saw usage double globally between 2000 and 2010. Th
LNG Canada
joint venture under development, involving Shell, Petronas, PetroChina, Mitsubishi and KOGAS, based in Kitimat, is the first terminal in B.C. to come onstream with a large-scale LNG export capacity by th
middle of 2025
Smaller scale LNG exports are planned for Fortis BC's Tilbury Island facility in Delta and by Woodfibre LNG in Squamish, owned by Pacific Oil & Gas.

Marine and Ocean Technology

As
Pacific gateway with more than 25,000 kilometers of coastline
British Columbia (B.C.) has a rich history in the marine sector with 130 years of shipbuilding, refit, repair, maintenance and supply-chain activities.

B.C. is at the forefront of marine technology, from establishing one of the world’s first and largest undersea digital observatories to developing deep water submersibles and remotely operated vehicles
More than 1,000 marine companies are headquartered in B.C.
in areas such as:

* Ship design, building and repair
* Acoustics systems and equipment
* Marine security
* Imaging technology
* Instrumentation and information systems
* Communications
* Platforms and vehicles
* Ocean energy

Tourism

Tourism is one of British Columbia's leading economic sectors and is significant in every region of the province. Tourism generated $18 billion (CAD) in revenues in 2017, contributing 10% to GDP. In 2015, tourism employed 127,700 British Columbians. There were nearly 19,000 tourism-related business establishments operating in the province during 2015, including over 400 Indigenous businesses offering authentic cultural experiences.

Accommodation and food services generated over one-third (35.5%) of total tourism revenue in 2015. Transportation services accounted for nearly a third (32.0%) and retail services accounted for more than a quarter (26.3%) of total tourism revenue.

References

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