Teresa Milanollo (full name Domenica Maria Teresa; 1827–1904) and her younger sister, Maria Milanollo (1832–1848), were Italian violin-playing

child prodigies A child prodigy is, technically, a child under the age of 10 who produces meaningful work in some domain at the level of an adult expert. The term is also applied more broadly to describe young people who are extraordinarily talented in some f ...

who toured Europe extensively to great acclaim in the 1840s. After Maria died at age 16, Teresa, who was also a composer, had a long

solo Solo or SOLO may refer to: Arts and entertainment Characters * Han Solo, a ''Star Wars'' character * Jacen Solo, a Jedi in the non-canonical ''Star Wars Legends'' continuity * Kylo Ren (Ben Solo), a ''Star Wars'' character * Napoleon Solo, fr ...

career. The name "Milanollo" has been perpetuated by the

regimental march A march, as a musical genre, is a piece of music with a strong regular rhythm which in origin was expressly written for marching to and most frequently performed by a military band. In mood, marches range from the moving death march in Wagner's ...

of the Life Guards,

Coldstream Guards The Coldstream Guards is the oldest continuously serving regular regiment in the British Army. As part of the Household Division, one of its principal roles is the protection of the Monarchy of the United Kingdom, monarchy; due to this, it often ...

and

Governor General's Foot Guards The Governor General's Foot Guards (GGFG) is the senior reserve infantry regiment in the Canadian Army. Located in Ottawa at the Cartier Square Drill Hall, the regiment is a Primary Reserve infantry unit, and the members are part-time soldiers. ...

, written in their honour by their contemporary J.V. Hamm. The Teatro Milanollo in their native Savigliano was named for the sisters. Taught violin in infancy by Ferrero, Caldera, and Morra, Teresa made her concert debut in her native Savigliano aged nine. In 1836 she moved to Paris with her family. She toured Britain, France, the Netherlands and Belgium, sometimes with her virtuoso tutors, Lafont, subsequently Habeneck and later still, de Bériot. She eventually became her sister Maria's first and only violin coach. From 1838 to 1848, the Milanollo sisters toured throughout France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and England, charming royal courts and such composers as Johann Strauss the Elder,

Berlioz Louis-Hector Berlioz (11 December 1803 – 8 March 1869) was a French Romantic music, Romantic composer and conductor. His output includes orchestral works such as the ''Symphonie fantastique'' and ''Harold en Italie, Harold in Italy'' ...

Liszt Franz Liszt (22 October 1811 – 31 July 1886) was a Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor and teacher of the Romantic period. With a diverse body of work spanning more than six decades, he is considered to be one of the most pro ...

, Chopin and

Meyerbeer Giacomo Meyerbeer (born Jakob Liebmann Meyer Beer; 5 September 1791 – 2 May 1864) was a German opera composer, "the most frequently performed opera composer during the nineteenth century, linking Mozart and Wagner". With his 1831 opera ''Ro ...

. Their nicknames, "Mademoiselle Staccato" (Maria) and "Mademoiselle Adagio" (Teresa) reflected their contrasting personalities; the more solemn Teresa was acknowledged as the genius of the two. After Maria Milanollo's untimely death in 1848, Teresa continued performing

, establishing a system of "Concerts aux Pauvres" (charitable concerts). She retired in 1857 on marriage and died in Paris in 1904. Although Teresa Milanollo was a pioneer among women violinists, her own musical compositions are now largely forgotten. Three of her violins survive today, a 1728

Stradivarius A Stradivarius is one of the string instruments, such as violins, violas, cellos, and guitars, crafted by members of the Stradivari family, particularly Antonio Stradivari (Latin: Antonius Stradivarius), in Cremona, Italy, during the late 17th ...

(the "Milanollo-Dragonetti") played by Paganini and bequeathed to Teresa by

Domenico Dragonetti Domenico Carlo Maria Dragonetti (7 April 1763 – 16 April 1846) was an Italian double bass virtuoso and composer with a 3 string double bass. He stayed for thirty years in his hometown of Venice, Italy and worked at the opera buffa, Opera Buffa, ...

, a c. 1680 Ruggieri small violin (the "Milanollo") the property of her younger sister Maria, auctionied by Tarisio in April 2010, and a 1703 Stradivarius (the "Milanollo-Hembert").

Biography of the Milanollo sisters

The Milanollo sisters, were a pair of violin-playing prodigies who toured Europe to great acclaim during the 1840s.

Early years

Birth, parentage, and their father's profession

They were among thirteen childrenF.J. Fétis,''Biographie Universelle des Musiciens'', 2nd ed, Vol. 6 (Paris: Librairie de Firmin Didot Frères, Fils et Cie., 1864), pp. 139-141) born in

Savigliano Savigliano () is a of Piedmont, Northern Italy, in the Province of Cuneo, about south of Turin by rail. It is home to ironworks, foundries, locomotive works (once owned by Fiat Ferroviaria, now by Alstom) and silk manufactures, as well as sugar ...

Piedmont Piedmont ( ; ; ) is one of the 20 regions of Italy, located in the northwest Italy, Northwest of the country. It borders the Liguria region to the south, the Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna regions to the east, and the Aosta Valley region to the ...

, to Giuseppe Antonio Milanollo and his wife Antonina (''née'' Rizzo) of

Mondovì Mondovì (; , ) is a town and ''comune'' (township) in Piedmont, northern Italy, about from Turin. The area around it is known as the Monregalese. The town, located on the Monte Regale hill, is divided into several '' rioni'' (ancient quart ...

,.Piero Faustini, "Milanollo," in ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'', vol. 74 (2010)
Accessed 26 December 2011 Born on 18 August 1827. Teresa was almost five years older than Maria (born 18 June 1832).A Ehrlich, trans. and ed. Robin H Legge
''Celebrated Violinists, Past and Present''
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1906), pp 169-70. (Chapter 62). Accessed 26 December 2011. Although Giuseppe Milanollo's profession is usually given as a "manufacturer of silk-spinning machines", he was identified by a contemporary musical critic as a "

luthier A luthier ( ; ) is a craftsperson who builds or repairs string instruments. Etymology The word ' is originally French and comes from ''luth'', the French word for "lute". The term was originally used for makers of lutes, but it came to be ...

", i.e., a maker of stringed instruments.Henri Blanchard, ''Revue de Gazette Musicale de Paris'' no. 28 (11 April 1841), p. 222, reviewing the Milanollo sisters' concert in Paris of 5 April 1841.

Teresa Milanollo's training in Turin and first concerts

The profession of

is consistent with Giuseppe's making for Teresa a little violin of white wood and giving her basic harmony lessons. This was in response to her persistent demands for a violin of her own after first displaying musical interest at the age of four. On leaving a church after a funeral ceremony in honour of King

Charles Felix of Sardinia Charles Felix (; 6 April 1765 – 27 April 1831) was the King of Sardinia and ruler of the Savoyard states from 12 March 1821 until his death in 1831. He was the last male-line member of the House of Savoy that started with Victor Amadeus I ...

, Giuseppe had asked her if she had prayed. "No, father," she replied, "I did nothing but listen to the violin."reprint on Song of the Lark website of "Women Violinists of the Victorian Era,"
author unknown, from the February or March 1899 edition of ''

The Lady’s Realm ''The'' is a grammatical article in English, denoting nouns that are already or about to be mentioned, under discussion, implied or otherwise presumed familiar to listeners, readers, or speakers. It is the definite article in English. ''The' ...

,'' author unknown, from the February or March 1899 edition of ''The Lady’s Realm.'' London: Hutchinson, 1899. Accessed 26 December 2011. Giuseppe placed Teresa under the tuition of Giovanni Ferrero, based locally in Savigliano. Aged eight, Teresa was taken to

Turin Turin ( , ; ; , then ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital from 1861 to 1865. The city is main ...

to study with Giovanni Morra and Mauro Caldera. Shortly following her concert debut in the oratory of a convent of Savigliano, she performed in

on 17 April 1836 and then other cities in Piedmont to great admiration. To support Teresa's blossoming career, the Milanollo family departed later in 1836 for France, travelling on foot and by mule, to play in the Musard concerts in

Marseilles Marseille (; ; see below) is a city in southern France, the prefecture of the department of Bouches-du-Rhône and of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Situated in the Provence region, it is located on the coast of the Mediterranean S ...

. "There is little doubt," wrote Henry Lahee, "that the success of Teresa Milanollo gave the first great impulse toward the study of the violin by women."Henry C Lahee, "Famous Violinists of Today and Yesterday"
Accessed 26 June 2011.

1836–37: Marseilles, Paris and touring the Netherlands with Lafont

After a stop in

Nice Nice ( ; ) is a city in and the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France. The Nice agglomeration extends far beyond the administrative city limits, with a population of nearly one millionRue de Noailles in

, then on to the Grand-Théâtre. From there, the Milanollo family travelled on to

Paris Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...

with a letter of introduction to the celebrated violinist

Charles Philippe Lafont Charles Philippe Lafont (1 December 178123 August 1839) was a French violinist and composer. He has been characterized as one of the most eminent violinists of the French school.See Family Tree, under External links Biography Born in Paris, he re ...

, who now became her teacher. In Paris she performed some concerts at the

Opéra Comique ''Opéra comique'' (; plural: ''opéras comiques'') is a genre of French opera that contains spoken dialogue and arias. It emerged from the popular ''opéras comiques en vaudevilles'' of the Théâtre de la foire, Fair Theatres of St Germain and S ...

. At the end of 1836, she went with Lafont for a tour of

Belgium Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. Situated in a coastal lowland region known as the Low Countries, it is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeas ...

and the

Netherlands , Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...

. They performed together in a benefit concert on 10 December in the Hôtel de Ville, Brussels. From 18 to 30 January 1837, Teresa starred in five concerts in

Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , ; ; ) is the capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, largest city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It has a population of 933,680 in June 2024 within the city proper, 1,457,018 in the City Re ...

, from where she was summoned to entertain at the royal court in

The Hague The Hague ( ) is the capital city of the South Holland province of the Netherlands. With a population of over half a million, it is the third-largest city in the Netherlands. Situated on the west coast facing the North Sea, The Hague is the c ...

. During March and April she played concerts in, among others,

Utrecht Utrecht ( ; ; ) is the List of cities in the Netherlands by province, fourth-largest city of the Netherlands, as well as the capital and the most populous city of the Provinces of the Netherlands, province of Utrecht (province), Utrecht. The ...

Delft Delft () is a List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city and Municipalities of the Netherlands, municipality in the Provinces of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, Netherlands. It is located between Rotterdam, to the southeast, ...

Rotterdam Rotterdam ( , ; ; ) is the second-largest List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city in the Netherlands after the national capital of Amsterdam. It is in the Provinces of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, part of the North S ...

and

again.

1837–38: London — study with Mori, a mismanaged UK tour, and concerts for Strauss the Elder

Following the Netherlands tour, nine-year-old Teresa moved in 1837 with her family to

London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...

, where her brother Augustus was born. There she took lessons with

Nicolas Mori Nicolas Mori (24 January 1796 – 14 June 1839) was an Anglo-Italian violinist, music publisher and conductor. Once regarded as the finest violinist in Europe, Mori was somewhat overshadowed by the rise of Paganini. Life Born in London, the so ...

and Auguste Tolbecque. Mori duetted with her on a

sinfonia concertante Sinfonia concertante (; also called ''symphonie concertante'') is an orchestral work, normally in several movements, in which one or more solo instruments contrast with the full orchestra.Collins: ''Encyclopedia of Music'', William Collins Sons & ...

in a series of concerts which she gave from 30 May onwards at

Covent Garden Theatre The Royal Opera House (ROH) is a theatre in Covent Garden, central London. The building is often referred to as simply Covent Garden, after a previous use of the site. The ROH is the main home of The Royal Opera, The Royal Ballet, and the Orch ...

. On 30 June 1837, Teresa appeared at the King's Theatre in the Haymarket alongside her young colleague and contemporary, the German A. Moeser. (The King's Theatre, the second on this site, eventually became

Her Majesty's Theatre His Majesty's Theatre is a West End theatre situated in the Haymarket, London, Haymarket in the City of Westminster, London. The building, designed by Charles J. Phipps, was constructed in 1897 for the actor-manager Herbert Beerbohm Tree, who ...

, where ''

Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera may refer to: Novel * ''The Phantom of the Opera'' (novel), 1910 novel by Gaston Leroux Characters * Erik (''The Phantom of the Opera''), the title character of the novel and its adaptations Theatre * ''Phantom of t ...

'' has enjoyed a long run in London.) A French harpist,

Nicolas-Charles Bochsa Robert-Nicolas-Charles Bochsa (; 9 August 1789 – 6 January 1856) was a French harpist and composer. His relationship with Anna Bishop was popularly thought to have inspired that of Svengali and Trilby in George du Maurier's 1894 novel ''Tril ...

, at the time taking refuge in London to avoid prosecution for fraud and forgery, volunteered his services as manager to Teresa. Unfortunately, he pocketed the earnings due to Teresa and her family from the September–October UK tour of forty concerts he organized, which took in

Liverpool Liverpool is a port City status in the United Kingdom, city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. It is situated on the eastern side of the River Mersey, Mersey Estuary, near the Irish Sea, north-west of London. With a population ...

and many venues in the South West and

Wales Wales ( ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by the Irish Sea to the north and west, England to the England–Wales border, east, the Bristol Channel to the south, and the Celtic ...

. On Wednesday, 11 April 1838, Teresa Milanollo entertained the 22nd Anniversary of the Theatrical Fund of the

. The glittering dinner, which raised £1,000, was also the occasion to announce, "to loud and general cheering", that

Queen Victoria Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria, her death in January 1901. Her reign of 63 year ...

, recently crowned, had agreed to be Patroness of the Fund.Simon Henry Gage
''The Theatrical Observer and, Daily bills of the Play,''(Volume 1838 v.1 no.5003-5104:(Jan 1,1838-Apr 30,1838))
London: C. Harris, p. 38 of 50. Accessed 25 December 2012. It took place at the Freemasons' Tavern on Queen Street. The theatrical chronicler Simon Henry Gage described a "large room completely filled and the gallery exhibited a bright phalanx of beauty", and hailed the performance of "that wonderful girl, Milanollo". Teresa 's father succeeded in bringing her to the attention of Johann Strauss the Elder, in whose concerts she performed from May 1838 onwards. She played in London's prestigious

Hanover Square Rooms The Hanover Square Rooms or the Queen's Concert Rooms were assembly rooms established, principally for musical performances, on the corner of Hanover Square, London, England, by Sir John Gallini in partnership with Johann Christian Bach and Ca ...

with young pianist Ellen May on 9 June.

1838–1840: Return to France, first performances and tours with Maria, and study with Habeneck

Teresa and Maria Milanollo by Josef Kriehuber

After the eleven-year-old Teresa returned to France in mid-1838 she began teaching violin to her little sister Maria, then aged six. By 19 June 1838, they performed their first official performance together. The unprecedented appearance of two female violinists "constituted a new feature of the concert-room"Emil Naumann, ''The History of Music,'' vol. 5 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press
Accessed 26 December 2012 and "created a sensation" which led to the sisters' eventual "worldwide fame". Now Teresa embarked on a triumphant tour of Northern France, including

Lille Lille (, ; ; ; ; ) is a city in the northern part of France, within French Flanders. Positioned along the Deûle river, near France's border with Belgium, it is the capital of the Hauts-de-France Regions of France, region, the Prefectures in F ...

(November),

Rouen Rouen (, ; or ) is a city on the River Seine, in northwestern France. It is in the prefecture of Regions of France, region of Normandy (administrative region), Normandy and the Departments of France, department of Seine-Maritime. Formerly one ...

(in a concert with

Amédée Méreaux Jean-Amédée Lefroid de Méreaux (18 September 1802 – 25 April 1874) was a French composer, pianist, piano teacher, musicologist and music critic. He is best-known for his ''60 Grandes Études'', Op. 63. Family background Amédée Méreaux cam ...

) and Normandy, lasting until the beginning of 1839. She played a further seven concerts in Rouen in April. From early 1840 Teresa, increasingly accompanied by Maria, performed in other places in France. There were six concerts in April in

Nantes Nantes (, ; ; or ; ) is a city in the Loire-Atlantique department of France on the Loire, from the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic coast. The city is the List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, sixth largest in France, with a pop ...

, where, at that time, the first biography of the two gifted sisters was printed. They were now aged thirteen and eight. Writing in 1897, Alice Diehl identifies Teresa as the inspirational pioneer among female violinists: Their father Giuseppe, always soliciting optimal learning and artistic opportunities for the girls, placed Teresa during summer 1840 under the tutelage of François-Antoine Habeneck, the Director of the Société des Concerts du Conservatoire (the main orchestra in

Bordeaux Bordeaux ( ; ; Gascon language, Gascon ; ) is a city on the river Garonne in the Gironde Departments of France, department, southwestern France. A port city, it is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the Prefectures in F ...

), and first violin in the orchestra and conductor of the Opera. Between October and December 1840, the young sisters performed with great success in 12 concerts in Bordeaux, and a further eight concerts in

Orléans Orléans (,"Orleans"
(US) and

1841–1845: Success and glittering tours

During these years, aged fourteen and nine in 1841, the Milanollo sisters performed not only for the crowned heads of Europe, but also for – and sometimes with – the composers

, Chopin,

, and

Bordeaux Conservatory concert, 18 April 1841 — the making of Teresa's reputation

Teresa Milanollo by Marie-Alexandre Alophe

On 5 April, the two sisters appeared together in the recently built

Salle des Concerts Herz The Salle des Concerts Herz, usually referred to simply as the Salle Herz, was a concert hall in Paris, located at 48, rue de la Victoire. It was built in 1838 by the French pianist-composer Henri Herz. The hall was used for public performances. ...

. That concert was approached with a mixture of "scorn and boredom" by the critic Henri Blanchard, who pronounced it a "splendidly happy" occasion afterwards. However, it was the Bordeaux Conservatory concert of 18 April 1841, attended by the composer

, which sealed the 14-year-old Teresa's reputation, and proved to be a turning point in her career. "In the opinion of all the critics of that time, and notably of Berlioz, her success was immense, and it was this appearance that definitely crowned her reputation." Apparently, Habeneck "made her play his Grand Polonaise in C". Shortly afterwards, Berlioz himself reviewed the concert in ''La Revue et Gazette Musicale de Paris'' (25 April 1841). He attributed the enormous success of the performance not to Teresa's precociousness but to her exquisite musical qualities, such as tonal precision and cleanliness, rhythmic liveliness and regularity, and felicitous placement of the most difficult high notes. Her interpretative skills were also praised. On 15 May Teresa performed in the presence of

Frédéric Chopin Frédéric François Chopin (born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic period who wrote primarily for Piano solo, solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown ...

George Sand Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin de Francueil (; 1 July 1804 – 8 June 1876), best known by her pen name George Sand (), was a French novelist, memoirist and journalist. Being more renowned than either Victor Hugo or Honoré de Balz ...

and

Friedrich Kalkbrenner Friedrich Wilhelm Michael Kalkbrenner (7 November 1785 – 10 June 1849), also known as ''Frédéric Kalkbrenner'', was a pianist, composer, piano teacher and piano manufacturer. German by birth, Kalkbrenner studied at the Conservatoire de Paris ...

. Following these acclaimed performances King Louis Philippe III invited the sisters to play for the royal family in his castle at

Neuilly Neuilly-sur-Seine (; 'Neuilly-on-Seine'), also known simply as Neuilly, is an urban commune in the Hauts-de-Seine department just west of Paris in France. Immediately adjacent to the city, north of the Bois de Boulogne, the area is composed of ...

(3 June). The sisters were by now inseparable. The younger sister, Maria, had been studying with Teresa since 1838, who was her first and only teacher.

1841–42: Tuition with de Bériot; touring Northern France and Belgium

Embarking with Maria on another long tour of northern France, in

Boulogne Boulogne-sur-Mer (; ; ; or ''Bononia''), often called just Boulogne (, ), is a coastal city in Hauts-de-France, Northern France. It is a Subprefectures in France, sub-prefecture of the Departments of France, department of Pas-de-Calais. Boul ...

Teresa met de Bériot, who took her on as a student in

Brussels Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) is a Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium#Regions, region of Belgium comprising #Municipalit ...

. De Bériot taught her "the masterly bowing of the school of

Viotti Giovanni Battista Viotti (12 May 1755 – 3 March 1824) was an Italian violinist whose virtuosity was famed and whose work as a composer featured a prominent violin and an appealing lyrical tunefulness. He was also a director of French and Italia ...

and

Pierre Baillot Pierre Marie François de Sales Baillot (; 1 October 1771 – 15 September 1842) was a French violinist and composer born in Passy. He studied the violin under Giovanni Battista Viotti and taught at the Conservatoire de Paris together with Pierr ...

" and faultless intonation. (Many years later, under her married name of Parmentier, Teresa credited de Bériot with having “completed her artistic education".) The Milanollo sisters played throughout Belgium in

Antwerp Antwerp (; ; ) is a City status in Belgium, city and a Municipalities of Belgium, municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is the capital and largest city of Antwerp Province, and the third-largest city in Belgium by area at , after ...

, Liege and

until April 1842, then again in Northern France in the summer. At that time, Teresa performed frequently with the young Belgian pianist Édouard Gregoir.

1842–43: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and back to their native Piedmont

That September, they began a long tour of

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

Aachen Aachen is the List of cities in North Rhine-Westphalia by population, 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia and the List of cities in Germany by population, 27th-largest city of Germany, with around 261,000 inhabitants. Aachen is locat ...

. A month later, in

Cologne Cologne ( ; ; ) is the largest city of the States of Germany, German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the List of cities in Germany by population, fourth-most populous city of Germany with nearly 1.1 million inhabitants in the city pr ...

, in the palace of Brühl the sisters had the honour of performing together with

Franz Liszt Franz Liszt (22 October 1811 – 31 July 1886) was a Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor and teacher of the Romantic music, Romantic period. With a diverse List of compositions by Franz Liszt, body of work spanning more than six ...

before King

Frederick William IV of Prussia Frederick William IV (; 15 October 1795 – 2 January 1861), the eldest son and successor of Frederick William III of Prussia, was King of Prussia from 7 June 1840 until his death on 2 January 1861. Also referred to as the "romanticist on the th ...

and

William II of the Netherlands William II (; English: William Frederick George Louis; 6 December 1792 – 17 March 1849), known as Koning Willem de Tweede or Koning Willem II in the Netherlands, was King of the Netherlands, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Duke of Limburg. Wi ...

. While in

Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main () is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Hesse. Its 773,068 inhabitants as of 2022 make it the List of cities in Germany by population, fifth-most populous city in Germany. Located in the forela ...

, during December, where they performed 13 concerts, another younger brother Joseph, was born; the Milanollo sisters then toured to

Düsseldorf Düsseldorf is the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous state of Germany. It is the second-largest city in the state after Cologne and the List of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants, seventh-largest city ...

, and other cities including

Stuttgart Stuttgart (; ; Swabian German, Swabian: ; Alemannic German, Alemannic: ; Italian language, Italian: ; ) is the capital city, capital and List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population, largest city of the States of Germany, German state of ...

and

Karlsruhe Karlsruhe ( ; ; ; South Franconian German, South Franconian: ''Kallsruh'') is the List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population, third-largest city of the States of Germany, German state of Baden-Württemberg, after its capital Stuttgart a ...

throughout the spring of 1843 On 24 April the Milanollo sisters gave their first concert in the Saal der Gesellschaft für Musikfreunde in Vienna, and followed it with 24 more.Eric A. Blackall, ''Adalbert Stifter: A Critical Study'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1948)
Accessed 5 January 2013. They "took Vienna by storm" under the patronage of Empress

Maria Anna of Savoy Maria Anna of Savoy (; 19 September 1803 – 4 May 1884) was Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary (see Grand title of the Empress of Austria) by marriage to Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria. Born into the House of Savoy, she was the penultimate ...

, receiving audience sponsorship of more than 50,000 guilders. The nicknames given them by the public reflect their contrasting personalities: Teresa, more sombre and serious, was dubbed "Mademoiselle Adagio", and Maria, more cheery and outgoing, "Mademoiselle Staccato".

Otto Nicolai Carl Otto Ehrenfried Nicolai (9 June 1810 – 11 May 1849) was a German composer, conductor, and one of the founders of the Vienna Philharmonic. Nicolai is best known for his operatic version of Shakespeare's comedy ''The Merry Wives of Wi ...

, the celebrated composer and orchestra conductor, compared them to "angels of the violin"."Amis et Passionés" du Père Lachaise
cemetery, accessed 26 June 2011. After performances in many cities in the

Austro-Hungarian Empire Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military and diplomatic alliance, it consist ...

, the tour reached

Trieste Trieste ( , ; ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital and largest city of the Regions of Italy#Autonomous regions with special statute, autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, as well as of the Province of Trieste, ...

in August, and then regained their native Piedmont, from which they had been absent for six years. They played a benefit concert in Turin, but also in Savigliano and other places, and finally performed at the royal castle of

Govone Govone (Gon or Govon ) is an Italian town of 2,294 inhabitants in the province of Cuneo in Piedmont. It is part of the historical region of Roero and is located on the border with the province of Asti, about halfway between the cities of Alba a ...

, in the presence of Queen Maria Theresa of Habsburg and Tuscany. Between 6–30 November the sisters completed 8 concerts in

La Scala La Scala (, , ; officially , ) is a historic opera house in Milan, Milan, Italy. The theatre was inaugurated on 3 August 1778 and was originally known as (, which previously was Santa Maria della Scala, Milan, a church). The premiere performa ...

Milan Milan ( , , ; ) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, the largest city in Italy by urban area and the List of cities in Italy, second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of nea ...

, and in December 1843 performed in

Venice Venice ( ; ; , formerly ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are li ...

after concerts in

Verona Verona ( ; ; or ) is a city on the Adige, River Adige in Veneto, Italy, with 255,131 inhabitants. It is one of the seven provincial capitals of the region, and is the largest city Comune, municipality in the region and in Northeast Italy, nor ...

and

Padua Padua ( ) is a city and ''comune'' (municipality) in Veneto, northern Italy, and the capital of the province of Padua. The city lies on the banks of the river Bacchiglione, west of Venice and southeast of Vicenza, and has a population of 20 ...

. They also played a concert in

in December, on their way back to the

1844–45: In Austria-Hungary, to Belgium and the Netherlands, and Britain again

From January 1844, the two violinists performed in

Prague Prague ( ; ) is the capital and List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic, largest city of the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia. Prague, located on the Vltava River, has a population of about 1.4 million, while its P ...

Leipzig Leipzig (, ; ; Upper Saxon: ; ) is the most populous city in the States of Germany, German state of Saxony. The city has a population of 628,718 inhabitants as of 2023. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, eighth-largest city in Ge ...

and

Dresden Dresden (; ; Upper Saxon German, Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; , ) is the capital city of the States of Germany, German state of Saxony and its second most populous city after Leipzig. It is the List of cities in Germany by population, 12th most p ...

. In

Berlin Berlin ( ; ) is the Capital of Germany, capital and largest city of Germany, by both area and List of cities in Germany by population, population. With 3.7 million inhabitants, it has the List of cities in the European Union by population withi ...

, they gave twelve concerts in March and April and played at the king's court, accompanied by

Giacomo Meyerbeer Giacomo Meyerbeer (born Jakob Liebmann Meyer Beer; 5 September 1791 – 2 May 1864) was a German opera composer, "the most frequently performed opera composer during the nineteenth century, linking Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Mozart and Richard Wa ...

. They then held many concerts in several other German cities, ten of them in

Hamburg Hamburg (, ; ), officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg,. is the List of cities in Germany by population, second-largest city in Germany after Berlin and List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, 7th-lar ...

alone. A return to Brussels gave Teresa the opportunity to study with HF Kufferath. Winter 1844 was spent concertising throughout Belgium, and New Year 1845 saw 17 performances in Amsterdam. Then, after briefly touring Northern France, the Milanollos performed in Britain in summer 1845, including in the presence of

Last tours, settling in Malzéville and Maria's death

From early 1845 until 1847, the young sisters continued touring, visiting Rhine provinces, Bavaria, and principal cities in Switzerland and in Central France. They reached Nancy in July 1847 and settled there, buying a property in

Malzéville Malzéville () is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in north-eastern France. Population Points of interest * Arboretum de l'Abiétinée See also * Communes of the Meurthe-et-Moselle department The following is a list of the ...

. In December 1847 they were again invited to

Lyon Lyon (Franco-Provençal: ''Liyon'') is a city in France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of the French Alps, southeast of Paris, north of Marseille, southwest of Geneva, Switzerland, north ...

, where they played ten concerts. The

February revolution of 1848 The French Revolution of 1848 (), also known as the February Revolution (), was a period of civil unrest in France, in February 1848, that led to the collapse of the July Monarchy and the foundation of the French Second Republic. It sparked t ...

broke out, scuppering the Milanollos sisters' engagement for 15 concerts at the

Opéra This is a glossary list of opera genres, giving alternative names. "Opera" is an Italian word (short for "opera in musica"); it was not at first ''commonly'' used in Italy (or in other countries) to refer to the genre of particular works. Most co ...

. They took refuge at Malzéville, but after a few months Maria became ill and died in Paris on 21 October 1848 of

consumption Consumption may refer to: * Eating *Resource consumption *Tuberculosis, an infectious disease, historically known as consumption * Consumer (food chain), receipt of energy by consuming other organisms * Consumption (economics), the purchasing of n ...

. She was sixteen years old.

Maria Milanollo

Maria Milanollo was born in Savigliano, close to Turin, on 19 July 1832. Until her untimely death in Paris (21 October 1848), she played in concerts with her sister Teresa, who was almost five years her senior (born in Savigliano 29 August 1827). They enjoyed brilliant success in concerts in France, Germany, the Netherlands, and England. From the beginning Teresa was Maria's violin teacher, but, says Piero Faustini, Maria must certainly have derived benefit from the teaching of Teresa's many virtuoso instructors. Her official debut was on her sixth birthday in Paris in a concert where Teresa took the lead, but within a couple of years Maria became a virtually inseparable partner. Most of her life was taken up with long European tours, interrupted by the fatal deterioration in her health after a concert in

Arlon Arlon (; ; ; ) is a City status in Belgium, city and Municipalities in Belgium, municipality of Wallonia, and the capital of the Luxembourg (Belgium), province of Luxembourg in the Ardennes, Belgium. With a population of just over 28,000, it ...

on 22 July 1848. Teresa was generally conceded to be the more gifted. The critic Henri Blanchard wrote in the ''Revue de Gazette Musicale de Paris'':

''Certainement Maria Milanollo est un phénomène musical; mais ce n'est qu'un délicieux joujou, une contrefaçon, une gentille imitation qui procède de Teresa Milanollo déjà grande artiste; et cependant Maria avec sa figure large, régulière, avec son grand œil bleu an regard assuré, semble encore plus sûre de l'avenir que sa sœur.''

("Certainly, Maria Milanollo is a musical phenomenon; but it is nothing more than a delicious toy, a forgery, a gentle imitation which proceeds from Teresa Milanollo, already a great artist; and nevertheless, Maria, with her large, regular build, with her big blue eyes and their assured look, seems even more sure of the future than her sister.")

However, Maria's technique, according to Piero Faustini, despite lacking a truly individual style, often equalled Teresa's. In specific aspects, like articulating staccato notes, or executing clusters of notes in quick time, and in general expressions of brilliance or lightheartedness, she was unanimously considered superior, even to Teresa.

Teresa Milanollo's subsequent solo career

After a period of mourning for Maria, during the next few years Teresa played only for charity. She established a series of concerts known as the "Concerts aux Pauvres". This was carried out

in nearly all the chief cities of France. Part of the receipts of these concerts was used for the benefit of the poor. Her plan was to follow up the first concert with a second, at which the audience consisted of poor school-children and their parents, to whom she played in her most fascinating manner, and, at the conclusion of her performance, money, food, and clothing, purchased with the receipts of the previous concerts, were distributed.

In 1852 she resumed touring in France, Switzerland, Germany, and Austria. Apparently her "improved performance" excited even more interest than before, and from 1853 to 1856 she was in the "zenith of her powers". Once, her skirt caught fire when she walked too close to the footlights during a concert in Aix-la-Chapelle. She calmly set down her violin, extinguished the flames, and continued performing.

Concerts in Colmar, 16 and 23 January 1851

Teresa was 23 when she gave a sellout concert in

Colmar Colmar (; ; or ) is a city and commune in the Haut-Rhin department and Alsace region of north-eastern France. The third-largest commune in Alsace (after Strasbourg and Mulhouse), it is the seat of the prefecture of the Haut-Rhin department ...

, in

Alsace Alsace (, ; ) is a cultural region and a territorial collectivity in the Grand Est administrative region of northeastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine, next to Germany and Switzerland. In January 2021, it had a population of 1,9 ...

, on 16 January 1851. A second one was organised for the 23rd. Gabriel Bräuner's article "''Quand Colmar acceuillit la violiniste Teresa Milanollo''" ("When Colmar welcomed the violinist Teresa Milanollo") describes the raptures of the critics of the ''Glaneur du Haut-Rhin'', who compared her to Paganini. One known as G.F. praised her "''langage si parfait, si simple que tous comprennent, parce qu'il va jusqu'au coeur.''" ("Language so perfect, so simple that all understand it, because it goes straight to the heart.") Another, H. Paraf, admired her mastery

''de pincements de cordes, de coups d'ongle, de glissés, de sons harmoniques et de chants entrelacés sur double et triple corde. C'est un enchantement que d'entendre tour à tour, puis à la fois, soupirer, geindre, murmurer puis rire de notes plaintives, stridentes, grondeuses, langoureuses, ironiques ou passionnées, échos de mille voix qui se croisent, s'interrompent, déconcertent, s'attaquent et se confondent dans le pêle.''

("plucking of strings, striking with the fingernails, glissandos, harmonic sounds and melodies interlaced on double and triple strings. It's an enchantment to hear, whether alternately or simultaneously, sighing, moaning, murmuring then laughing, notes plaintive, strident, growling, langourous, ironic or passionate, echoes of a thousand voices which cross, interrupt each other, disconcert, tackle and mingle in the confusion.")Gabriel Bräuner, "Quand Colmar accueillit la violiniste Teresa Milanollo"
Accessed 5 January 2013.

To close the concert, Teresa played her own composition, a fantasy on

Marlborough Marlborough or the Marlborough may refer to: Places Australia * Marlborough, Queensland * Principality of Marlborough, a short-lived micronation in 1993 * Marlborough Highway, Tasmania; Malborough was an historic name for the place at the sou ...

. Another critic in the ''Glaneur'' claimed that her violin possessed "''une âme vivante''" ("a living soul"). She could barely carry the bouquets which fell at her feet.

Marriage and retirement, 1857–1878

Teresa is said to have given her last commercial public concert in Nancy on 16 April 1857 at the age of twenty-nine, and "later that day, married a military engineer and amateur musician named Theodore Parmentier" at the church of Saint Martin, Malzéville.''Malzéville Votre Ville'' no. 13, September 2010
Accessed 5 January 2013. Their reception, attended by "''quantité «d’uniformes engalonnés d’or»''" (many officers in gold-trimmed uniforms), was held in the garden of a house in the street of Chanoine Boulanger. At the time of their marriage, Captain Parmentier was '' aide-de-camp'' to General Niel, with whom he took part in the

Siege of Sebastopol A siege () . is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or by well-prepared assault. Siege warfare (also called siegecrafts or poliorcetics) is a form of constant, low-intensity conflict characte ...

during the

Crimean War The Crimean War was fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the Second French Empire, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and the Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861), Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont fro ...

. Parmentier later became a general. Marriage signalled Teresa's retirement from a concert career. The couple took a house in Paris and lived there until October 1859, when they followed General Niel to Toulouse. From 1857 to 1878 she, as a soldier’s wife, "followed the fortunes of her husband", sporadically performing for charity in cities where her husband was stationed, even travelling as far as

Constantine, Algeria Constantine (), also spelled Qacentina or Kasantina, is the capital of Constantine Province in northeastern Algeria. During Roman times it was called Cirta and was renamed "Constantina" in honour of Emperor Constantine the Great. Located somewh ...

. On 15 July 1860 a performance of Teresa's ''Ave Maria'' (Op. 2) was given at Mulhouse, by a choir of 800 male voices. The charitable motive became more urgent after Teresa's mother Antonia died in 1869, with the aggravated needs of the poor during the 1870

Franco-Prussian War The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia. Lasting from 19 July 1870 to 28 Janua ...

. Excluding charity concerts, Teresa's very last public concert was in Paris, in 1872.

Later years, 1878–1904

Following the death of her father, Giuseppe Milanollo, on 27 February 1878, according to a contemporary account written in 1899,

the gallant General who is “Grand Officier de la Légion d’Honneur”, and his gifted and famous wife, have resided quietly in Paris; but, generous and accessible as ever, Madame Parmentier is still to be met by a fortunate few in select musical and social circles of the French capital.

Teresa Milanollo died on 25 October 1904,entry in Baltzell's ''Dictionary of Musicians.''
W. G. Baltzell. Published in Boston by Oliver Ditson Company, 1911. Retrieved 4 January 2011. aged seventy-seven. The two sisters were buried at the

Père Lachaise A name suffix in the Western English-language naming tradition, follows a person's surname (last name) and provides additional information about the person. Post-nominal letters indicate that the individual holds a position, educational degree, a ...

cemetery. Teresa Milanollo donated many of the keepsakes and documents of her and her sister’s artistic career to the native town Savigliano. Nowadays these objects are displayed in the city museum "Antonino Olmo", in a dedicated room.

Compositions

Teresa Milanollo's works, largely forgotten today, include: *''Ave Maria'' *''Chorus for male quartet'' *''Fantaisie élegiaque for violin'' (1853; written in memory of her sister and co-violinist, Maria) *''Two romances'' *''Transcriptions and variations for violin and pianoforte'' In 2016, the CD "musica immortale" by violinist Valentina Busso and pianist Eliana Grasso, containing 7 of Milanollo's compositions was released by Musica Viva records.

The Milanollo violins

Teresa Milanollo's violins included a 1728

and a c. 1680 Ruggieri,The "Milanollo violin", from the Cozio website
. Accessed 25 December 2012. which had belonged to Paganini. It was sold in April 2010 by

Tarisio Auctions Tarisio is the world's largest seller of fine stringed instruments and bows. Founded in 1999 as an auction house that specializes in string instruments and bows, Tarisio now has locations in New York, London and Berlin and serves a global clientel ...

. A book about Teresa's Ruggieri violin entitled ''Antonius and Hieronymus Amati, Die 'Maria Milanollo'' was published by Albert Berr,

Bad Wiessee Bad Wiessee (Central Bavarian: ''Bad Wiessä'') is a Municipalities of Germany, municipality in the Miesbach (district), district of Miesbach in Upper Bavaria in Germany. Since 1922, it has been a spa town and located on the western shore of the ...

, in 1950. Of the 1728 Stradivarius, its owner

had written in his will: "I bequeath this violin, which was played by Paganini, to Teresa Milanollo." Teresa's "Dragonetti-Milanollo" violin has been

played Played may refer to: * ''Played'' (album), a 1987 album * ''Played'' (film), a 2006 film * ''Played'' (TV series), a 2013 TV series See also * Plaid (disambiguation) * Play (disambiguation) * Player (disambiguation) Player may refer to: ...

since 2004 by

Corey Cerovsek Corey Cerovsek (born 24 April 1972) is a Canadian violinist, pianist, and mathematician. At age 12, he was the youngest student to receive a gold medal from the Royal Conservatory of Music. In 1992, Cerovsek was the recipient of the Virginia-Par ...

, and formerly by Paganini and in 1794 by

. The small Ruggieri violin, the "Milanollo" violin, had formerly belonged to her sister Maria. The interior of the upper part of the instrument is inscribed with Maria's initials, "M.M." A second Stradivarius was sold to Giuseppe Milanollo in 1841 and used by Teresa for more than five years, being resold by her father in 1851. It is known as "Milanollo-Hembert", and played today by Matteo Fedeli.

Milanollo Theatre, Savigliano (Civico Teatro Milanollo)

Designed by Maurizio Eula, the theatre was originally proposed in 1834 and completed in 1836.Teatro Milanollo, on Piedmont information website
Accessed 9 January 2013. It was inaugurated with a performance of the opera ''The Exile from Rome'', by

Donizetti Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (29 November 1797 – 8 April 1848) was an Italian Romantic composer, best known for his almost 70 operas. Along with Gioachino Rossini and Vincenzo Bellini, he was a leading composer of the ''bel canto'' opera ...

. Outside, on the elegant

cornice In architecture, a cornice (from the Italian ''cornice'' meaning "ledge") is generally any horizontal decorative Moulding (decorative), moulding that crowns a building or furniture element—for example, the cornice over a door or window, ar ...

forming the base of the

attic An attic (sometimes referred to as a '' loft'') is a space found directly below the pitched roof of a house or other building. It is also known as a ''sky parlor'' or a garret. Because they fill the space between the ceiling of a building's t ...

is a Latin epigraph expressing the building's dedication to two of the

Muses In ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, mythology, the Muses (, ) were the Artistic inspiration, inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts. They were considered the source of the knowledge embodied in the poetry, lyric p ...

A group of friends, having collected the money, (erected) in 1835 this theatre to
Melpomene Melpomene (; ) is the Muse of tragedy in Greek mythology. She is described as the daughter of Zeus and Mnemosyne (and therefore of power and memory) along with the other Muses, and she is often portrayed with a tragic theatrical mask. Etymolog ...
and Talia, with the aim of embellishing and enhancing the souls of the people.

The Milanollo Theatre has been described as “a delicate miniature" of the

Palazzo Carignano Palazzo Carignano is a historical building in the centre of Turin, Italy, which houses the Museum of the Risorgimento. It was a private residence of the Princes of Carignano, after whom it is named. Its rounded façade is different from other f ...

in Turin. The Neoclassically inspired construction features a façade with statues portraying Comedy and Tragedy and a group with the Genius of Glory crowning Music and Poetry. There are floral

bas-relief Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term ''relief'' is from the Latin verb , to raise (). To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that th ...

s and round inserts containing portraits of the tragedian

Vittorio Alfieri Count Vittorio Amedeo Alfieri (, also , ; 16 January 17498 October 1803) was an Italians, Italian dramatist and poet, considered the "founder of Italian tragedy." He wrote nineteen tragedies, sonnets, satires, and a notable autobiography. Early l ...

and the poet and

opera seria ''Opera seria'' (; plural: ''opere serie''; usually called ''dramma per musica'' or ''melodramma serio'') is an Italian musical term which refers to the noble and "serious" style of Italian opera that predominated in Europe from the 1710s to abou ...

librettist

Metastasio Pietro Antonio Domenico Trapassi (3 January 1698 – 12 April 1782), better known by his pseudonym of Pietro Metastasio (), was an Italian poet and librettist, considered the most important writer of ''opera seria'' libretti. Early life Met ...

. The auditorium, decorated with stuccoes and gold, houses 350 spectators in three circles – stalls, gallery and "gods". The painting of

Mount Parnassus Mount Parnassus (; , ''Parnassós'') is a mountain range of central Greece that is, and historically has been, especially valuable to the Greek nation and the earlier Greek city-states for many reasons. In peace, it offers scenic views of the c ...

on the curtain is by Angelo Moja. On the ceiling, a

fresco Fresco ( or frescoes) is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the painting become ...

by Pietro Ayres depicts

Psyche Psyche (''Psyché'' in French) is the Greek term for "soul" ( ψυχή). Psyche or La Psyché may also refer to: Psychology * Psyche (psychology), the totality of the human mind, conscious and unconscious * ''Psyche'', an 1846 book about the unc ...

and

Apollo Apollo is one of the Twelve Olympians, Olympian deities in Ancient Greek religion, ancient Greek and Ancient Roman religion, Roman religion and Greek mythology, Greek and Roman mythology. Apollo has been recognized as a god of archery, mu ...

."Theatre Milanollo" entry in "Brief history of Savigliano"
. Accessed 9 January 2013. In 1899, the theatre was re-dedicated to the Milanollo sisters.

The Coldstream march — "Milanollo"

The tune of "Milanollo" was written by the 19th-century German composer for the Italian violinist virtuoso sisters and child prodigies, Teresa and Maria Milanollo. They introduced it to England in 1845 in the course of their extensive European tours. In the 1880s it was officially authorised, along with all regimental marches, by the

War Office The War Office has referred to several British government organisations throughout history, all relating to the army. It was a department of the British Government responsible for the administration of the British Army between 1857 and 1964, at ...

"History of Military Music," by Colin Dean
Accessed 26 December 2011. as a regimental march for the

. The Coldstream Guards adopted the march under the title "Milanollo" and the official arrangement was authorised in 1882.''World Book of Military Music and Musicians.''
Accessed 10 April 2013. From 1907 to 1936 it was known as "The Coldstream March", and republished under that title in 1925. The current arrangement was written by one of the Coldstream Guards' former Directors of Music, John Mackenzie Rogan, and it is known today as "The Coldstream March – Milanollo". Other regiments that adopted it include the Life Guards, the

Suffolk Regiment The Suffolk Regiment was an infantry regiment Line infantry, of the line in the British Army with a history dating back to 1685. It saw service for three centuries, participating in many wars and conflicts, including the World War I, First and ...

, and the

References

External links

*
a print of the Milanollo sisters

a print of the Milanollo sisters on the Tarisio blog

website of the ''Amis et Passionnés du Père-Lachaise'' (Friends of the Père-Lachaise cemetery), with a print of the Milanollo sisters

Photo of the Dragonetti-Milanollo violin

La tomba delle sorelle Milanollo a Père Lachaise – Rimembranze provinciali a Parigi (by Luigi Botta)

photo of the interior of the Milanollo Theatre in Savigliano

sheet music of the "Milanollo" march by J.V. Hamm

Extensive biography in an encyclopedia of the Sophie Drinker Institut (Germany)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Milanollo, Teresa and Maria Italian women classical composers Composers for violin Italian Romantic composers Italian classical composers Italian classical violinists Child classical musicians Italian military marches British military marches Theatres in Italy People from the Province of Cuneo Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery 19th-century Italian classical composers 19th-century classical violinists 19th-century Italian violinists Italian women classical violinists 19th-century women composers 19th-century deaths from tuberculosis Tuberculosis deaths in France