was a Japanese philosopher,

literary critic Literary criticism (or literary studies) is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often influenced by literary theory, which is the philosophical discussion of literature's goals and methods. Th ...

scholar A scholar is a person who pursues academic and intellectual activities, particularly academics who apply their intellectualism into expertise in an area of study. A scholar can also be an academic, who works as a professor, teacher, or research ...

and

university professor Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from Latin as a "person who professes". Professors ...

. He was an esteemed student of Nishida Kitarō and a prominent member of the

Kyoto School The is the name given to the Japanese philosophical movement centered at Kyoto University that assimilated Western philosophy and religious ideas and used them to reformulate religious and moral insights unique to the East Asian cultural tradit ...

. Miki was a prolific academic and social critic of his time. He also had tense relations with both and the Imperial government at various stages of his career.

Biography

Miki was born on January 5, 1897 in Isseimura, Hyōgo (now part of

Tatsuno, Hyōgo is a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 74,414 in 31119 households and a population density of 6200 persons per km². The total area of the city is . The city's name is spelled "たつの," using hirag ...

). He was the eldest son of Miki Eikichi, a farmer, and his wife Shin, and was raised a devout Pure Land Buddhist. In 1910, Miki entered secondary school and went on to excel in various oratory competitions. He was admitted into the First Higher School in September 1914, where in his third year he formed a society for reading philosophical texts in Japanese. The works of Nishida Kitarō and

Abe Jirō Abe or ABE may refer to: People and fictional characters * Shinzo Abe (1954–2022), former Prime Minister of Japan * Abe (given name), a list of people and fictional characters with the given name or nickname * Abe (surname), a list of people ...

had strong influence on his choice to pursue studies in philosophy. In 1917 he met with Nishida and the following September registed in the Philosophy Department of the Faculty of Literature of

Kyoto Imperial University , mottoeng = Freedom of academic culture , established = , type = Public (National) , endowment = ¥ 316 billion (2.4 billion USD) , faculty = 3,480 (Teaching Staff) , administrative_staff = 3,978 (Total Staff) , students = 22 ...

. He began studying under Nishida and

Hatano Seiichi was a Japanese philosopher, best known for his work in the philosophy of religion dealing mostly with western religion and also western philosophical thoughts in theological aspects of Christianity. Biography Hatano was born in Matsumoto in ...

, then in 1918 also under

Tanabe Hajime was a Japanese philosopher of science, particularly of mathematics and physics. In 1947 he became a member of the Japan Academy, and in 1950 he received the Order of Cultural Merit. Tanabe was a key member of what has become known in the Wes ...

. Miki wrote a wealth of poetry during this time. After graduating in 1920, Miki spent three months training in the

Japanese Imperial Army The was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor ...

, 10th Infantry Division, before returning to Kyoto Imperial University as a graduate student. While studying philosophy of history he began working as a lecturer at Ryūkoku University and Ōtani University. In 1922 he travelled to

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),, is a country in Central Europe. It is the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the sou ...

on scholarship where he studied under

Heinrich Rickert Heinrich John Rickert (; 25 May 1863 – 25 July 1936) was a German philosopher, one of the leading neo-Kantians. Life Rickert was born in Danzig, Prussia (now Gdańsk, Poland) to the journalist and later politician Heinrich Edwin Rickert and ...

Heidelberg Heidelberg (; Palatine German language, Palatine German: ''Heidlberg'') is a city in the States of Germany, German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany. As of the 2016 census, its population was 159,914 ...

. Miki was in contact with over fifteen other Japanese students during his stay, including Hani Gorō,

Amano Teiyū is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: *, tattoo artist , Brazil , SP *, manga artist * Eugene Amano, a Filipino-born NFL player *, physicist, inventor of blue LED light, 2014 Nobel laureate *, Japanese baseball player ...

and

Kuki Shūzō Kuki can refer to: Locations * Kuki, Isfahan, a village in Isfahan Province, Iran * Kuki, Saitama, a city in Japan Peoples and culture * Kuki, or Thadou people, an ethnic tribe native to northeastern India (also Burma, where they are called '' ...

. In 1923 he moved to

Marburg Marburg ( or ) is a university town in the German federal state (''Bundesland'') of Hesse, capital of the Marburg-Biedenkopf district (''Landkreis''). The town area spreads along the valley of the river Lahn and has a population of approx ...

to study under

Martin Heidegger Martin Heidegger (; ; 26 September 188926 May 1976) was a German philosopher who is best known for contributions to phenomenology, hermeneutics, and existentialism. He is among the most important and influential philosophers of the 20th centu ...

, where he studied the works of

Aristotle Aristotle (; grc-gre, Ἀριστοτέλης ''Aristotélēs'', ; 384–322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical Greece, Classical period in Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato, he was the founder of the Peripatet ...

Friedrich Schlegel Karl Wilhelm Friedrich (after 1814: von) Schlegel (; ; 10 March 1772 – 12 January 1829) was a German poet, literary critic, philosopher, philologist, and Indologist. With his older brother, August Wilhelm Schlegel, he was one of the main figure ...

Alexander von Humboldt Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (14 September 17696 May 1859) was a German polymath, geographer, naturalist, explorer, and proponent of Romantic philosophy and science. He was the younger brother of the Prussian minister, ...

, Wilhelm Dilthey,

Friedrich Nietzsche Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; or ; 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, prose poet, cultural critic, philologist, and composer whose work has exerted a profound influence on contemporary philosophy. He began his c ...

and Søren Kierkegaard, among others. In 1924, Miki moved again to

Paris, France Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), ma ...

where he studied the works of

Henri Poincaré Jules Henri Poincaré ( S: stress final syllable ; 29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician, theoretical physicist, engineer, and philosopher of science. He is often described as a polymath, and in mathematics as "The ...

Hippolyte Taine Hippolyte Adolphe Taine (, 21 April 1828 – 5 March 1893) was a French historian, critic and philosopher. He was the chief theoretical influence on French naturalism, a major proponent of sociological positivism and one of the first practitio ...

Ernest Renan Joseph Ernest Renan (; 27 February 18232 October 1892) was a French Orientalist and Semitic scholar, expert of Semitic languages and civilizations, historian of religion, philologist, philosopher, biblical scholar, and critic. He wrote infl ...

and

Blaise Pascal Blaise Pascal ( , , ; ; 19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic writer. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. Pascal's earlies ...

. Miki became a contentious figure upon his return to Japan for his outspokenness and outgoing lifestyle, as well as for a controversial involvement with a widowed older woman. In 1927 he was denied a senior position at Kyoto University and was instead granted professorship at

Hōsei University is a private university based in Tokyo, Japan. The university originated in a school of law, Tōkyō Hōgakusha (, i.e. Tokyo association of law), established in 1880, and the following year renamed Tōkyō Hōgakkō (, i.e. Tokyo school of la ...

Tokyo Tokyo (; ja, 東京, , ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis ( ja, 東京都, label=none, ), is the capital and List of cities in Japan, largest city of Japan. Formerly known as Edo, its metropolitan area () is the most populous in the world, ...

. During this time, Miki promptly engaged with

Marxist theory Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are works in philosophy that are strongly influenced by Karl Marx's materialist approach to theory, or works written by Marxists. Marxist philosophy may be broadly divided into Western Marxism, which drew ...

and developed a substantial influence over Japanese

workers' movement The labour movement or labor movement consists of two main wings: the trade union movement (British English) or labor union movement (American English) on the one hand, and the political labour movement on the other. * The trade union movement ...

s, though did not have communist leanings. He was critical of Marxist views on religion and its limited scope of

natural philosophy Natural philosophy or philosophy of nature (from Latin ''philosophia naturalis'') is the philosophical study of physics, that is, nature and the physical universe. It was dominant before the development of modern science. From the ancient wor ...

in modern natural science. In 1928, he was engaged to Tobata Kimiko and the following year they married. Trouble befell him when money he lent to a friend was used, unbeknown to Miki, to make illegal donations to the

Japanese Communist Party The is a left-wing to far-left political party in Japan. With approximately 270,000 members belonging to 18,000 branches, it is one of the largest non-governing communist parties in the world. The party advocates the establishment of a democ ...

. Being implicated in the development, Miki was arrested in January 1930 and held for six months, leading him to resign his post as professor. The following November, three months after the birth of his eldest daughter, he was sentenced to one year imprisonment but had the sentence deferred. The same year, members of the Puroretaria Kagaku Kenkyūjo (Proletariat Science Research Institute), including

Hattori Shisō is a Japanese surname. Notable people * , mathematician *, Japanese footballer * , Japanese samurai * , Japanese classical composer * , manga artist * , Japanese classical violinist * , Japanese racing driver and journalist * , Japanese bas ...

, decried Miki's academic works after which he sought to further distance himself from

Marxism Marxism is a left-wing to far-left method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand class relations and social conflict and a dialec ...

. While he remained in touch with his mentor, Nishida, and other members of the

, he worked outside mainstream academia, producing popular writings aimed at a wide audience. In 1931, Miki was appointed as a Japanese representative of the International Hegel League. He became a staunch proponent of

academic freedom Academic freedom is a moral and legal concept expressing the conviction that the freedom of inquiry by faculty members is essential to the mission of the academy as well as the principles of academia, and that scholars should have freedom to teac ...

after raising earnest criticisms of

Nazi Germany Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...

and

Japanese militarism refers to the ideology in the Empire of Japan which advocates the belief that militarism should dominate the political and social life of the nation, and the belief that the strength of the military is equal to the strength of a nation. Hist ...

. One or more of his works were banned by the government during this time. Throughout the mid-1930s Miki regained his academic standing, forming strong collaborations with his contemporaries. Most notably he became closely associated with

Jun Tosaka was a Shōwa era Kyoto-trained Japanese intellectual, and teacher. Some identify strands of Marxism in his later philosophy. His criticisms of governments and their war policies caused him to end up in prison on various occasions. Life Jun To ...

, a fellow student of Nishida, and remained in close contact with their mutual teacher. He wrote articles for a conservative newspaper,

Yomiuri Shimbun The (lit. ''Reading-selling Newspaper'' or ''Selling by Reading Newspaper'') is a Japanese newspaper published in Tokyo, Osaka, Fukuoka, and other major Japanese cities. It is one of the five major newspapers in Japan; the other four are ...

, providing commentary on issues of the day. In 1936 his first wife died, after which he would remain unmarried for three years. In the late 1930s he was employed by the Japanese government to give a series of lectures in China and

Manchuria Manchuria is an exonym (derived from the endo demonym "Manchu") for a historical and geographic region in Northeast Asia encompassing the entirety of present-day Northeast China (Inner Manchuria) and parts of the Russian Far East ( Outer ...

. His firm belief that philosophy should lead politics encouraged the political activism of fellow intellectuals, and when offered in 1937, he eagerly accepted the opportunity to head the cultural division of the

Shōwa Kenkyūkai The was a political think tank in the pre-war Empire of Japan. History and background The ''Shōwa Kenkyūkai'' was established in October 1930 as an informal organization led by Ryūnosuke Gotō, with the original intent of reviewing and assessi ...

(Shōwa Research Association), the

brain trust Brain trust was a term that originally described a group of close advisers to a political candidate or incumbent; these were often academics who were prized for their expertise in particular fields. The term is most associated with the group of ad ...

of Prince

Konoe Fumimaro Prince was a Japanese politician and prime minister. During his tenure, he presided over the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 and the breakdown in relations with the United States, which ultimately culminated in Japan's entry into World W ...

Shintaisei is a form of nationalism that asserts the belief that the Japanese are a monolithic nation with a single immutable culture, and promotes the cultural unity of the Japanese. Over the last two centuries, it has encompassed a broad range of ideas a ...

(New Order Movement). During this time Miki conceptualized the

Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere The , also known as the GEACPS, was a concept that was developed in the Empire of Japan and propagated to Asian populations which were occupied by it from 1931 to 1945, and which officially aimed at creating a self-sufficient bloc of Asian peo ...

though felt deeply betrayed by the

Imperial Japanese Army The was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor ...

's misuse of the doctrine, employing it in justifying aggressive expansion in China and

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, south-eastern region of Asia, consistin ...

. Following the collapse of the

in 1940, Miki became isolated and depressed. During this time he continued to collaborate with fellow academics and members of the newly formed Kokumin Gakujutsu Kyōkai (Civilian Academic Society). In 1942 he served one year in the Imperial Army as a military journalist deployed in the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

. His second wife Kobayashi Itoko died in 1944, after which he moved to

Saitama Prefecture is a landlocked prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Saitama Prefecture has a population of 7,338,536 (1 January 2020) and has a geographic area of 3,797 km2 (1,466 sq mi). Saitama Prefecture borders Tochigi Prefectur ...

with his eldest son. In 1945 he was arrested again and charged with sheltering political fugitive and fellow Kyoto School thinker

Takakura Teru ; April 14, 1891 – April 2, 1986 was a Japanese novelist, playwright, politician and central committee member of the Japanese Communist Party from 1950 to 1951. Takakura graduated from Kyoto Imperial University and was a left-wing thinker of ...

. He was imprisoned in Sugamo Prison before being transferred to Toyotama Prison where on September 26, 1945 he died of

nephritis Nephritis is inflammation of the kidneys and may involve the glomeruli, tubules, or interstitial tissue surrounding the glomeruli and tubules. It is one of several different types of nephropathy. Types * Glomerulonephritis is inflammation ...

—40 days after the end of

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

. His death, suggested to be the result of prisoner mistreatment, caused anguish among Japanese intellectuals. Following this, the Allied Occupation pressed to have political prisoners released.

Thought

Satō Nobue, a leading scholar on Miki's body of work, rejects the notion that Miki was a mere follower of

Nishida is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese graphic artist who designed Pikachu *, Japanese business executive *, Japanese footballer * Goro Nishida (1943–2014), Japanese mathematician * Hikaru Nishida (born 197 ...

Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (; ; 27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a German philosopher. He is one of the most important figures in German idealism and one of the founding figures of modern Western philosophy. His influence extends ...

. Instead, Miki can be seen to have an independent and

syncretic Syncretism () is the practice of combining different beliefs and various schools of thought. Syncretism involves the merging or assimilation of several originally discrete traditions, especially in the theology and mythology of religion, thu ...

approach to his work. Shoji Muramoto credits Miki as "the central figure in the Japanese humanistic movement" and the first to author a book "explicitly related to the existentialist tradition written by a Japanese thinker", his 1926 ''Study of the Human Being in Pascal''. Miki himself writes, "one who strives for a good life is either an idealist or a humanist." His adherence to humanism throughout his works however is disputed.

Tradition A tradition is a belief or behavior (folk custom) passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. A component of cultural expressions and folklore, common examples include holidays ...

was a particular preoccupation of Miki's philosophy. In maturing his thought, he came to emphasize that "the philosophy of history is the logic of historical consciousness". His conception of tradition as active, ongoing transmission by human action he contrasts with the immanent evolutionism of Hegelians and conservative traditionalists. In his 1940 essay "On Tradition", he states "a proper understanding of tradition must consist of an emphasis on both the transcendence of tradition and our active attitude toward it." Through this he stresses a unification of

praxis Praxis may refer to: Philosophy and religion * Praxis (process), the process by which a theory, lesson, or skill is enacted, practised, embodied, or realised *Praxis model, a way of doing theology * Praxis (Byzantine Rite), the practice of fai ...

and tradition. Miki's thought also emphasized the nature of certain concepts in

opposition Opposition may refer to: Arts and media * ''Opposition'' (Altars EP), 2011 EP by Christian metalcore band Altars * The Opposition (band), a London post-punk band * '' The Opposition with Jordan Klepper'', a late-night television series on Com ...

, such as spoken and unspoken philosophy, nature and history, subject and object,

logos ''Logos'' (, ; grc, λόγος, lógos, lit=word, discourse, or reason) is a term used in Western philosophy, psychology and rhetoric and refers to the appeal to reason that relies on logic or reason, inductive and deductive reasoning. Aristo ...

and

pathos Pathos (, ; plural: ''pathea'' or ''pathê''; , for " suffering" or "experience") appeals to the emotions and ideals of the audience and elicits feelings that already reside in them. Pathos is a term used most often in rhetoric (in which it is ...

, process and moment, organicism and dialectic, immanence and transcendence, and so on. His philosophy saw

dialectic Dialectic ( grc-gre, διαλεκτική, ''dialektikḗ''; related to dialogue; german: Dialektik), also known as the dialectical method, is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to ...

or the logic of imagination as the process of reconciliation between opposites, with the principal organ of this process being imagination that creates types or forms. In response to the growing

labour movement The labour movement or labor movement consists of two main wings: the trade union movement (British English) or labor union movement (American English) on the one hand, and the political labour movement on the other. * The trade union movement ...

s in Japan during the late 1920s, Miki published three successive books on the subject of

: ''Modern Consciousness and the Materialist View of History'' (1928), ''Preliminary Idea of Social Science'' (1929), and ''Idealist Theory of Form'' (1931). During this time Miki made efforts to distinguish his own philosophy from Marxism, especially following his arrest in 1930, and remained critical of Marxism as a

political ideology An ideology is a set of beliefs or philosophies attributed to a person or group of persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely epistemic, in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones." Formerly applied pr ...

. He had been, for a time, a member of the Proletariat Science Research Institute ��ロレタリア科学研究所prior to his expulsion. Miki would however not broach Marxism again in his later works. Kenn Nakata Steffensen suggests that to consider Miki's work as either

fascist Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultra-nationalist political ideology and movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and the ...

or Marxist is incorrect, stating that it stands in critique of

liberalism Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality and equality before the law."political rationalism, hostility to autocracy, cultural distaste for ...

, Marxism,

nationalism Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the State (polity), state. As a movement, nationalism tends to promote the interests of a particular nation (as in a in-group and out-group, group of peo ...

and

idealism In philosophy, the term idealism identifies and describes metaphysics, metaphysical perspectives which assert that reality is indistinguishable and inseparable from perception and understanding; that reality is a mental construct closely con ...

. Miki developed a reading of Heidegger's early philosophy as essentially being in the tradition of

Christian Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words '' Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρ ...

individualism Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology and social outlook that emphasizes the intrinsic worth of the individual. Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and to value independence and self-relia ...

, reaching back to

Saint Augustine Augustine of Hippo ( , ; la, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Afri ...

and being fundamentally anti-Greek in character. As such, his reading of Heidegger falls with the broad class as

Jean-Paul Sartre Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialist, existentialism (and Phenomenology (philosophy), phenomenology), a French playwright, novelist, screenwriter ...

, in that it ignores the priority Heidegger gives to the

ontological In metaphysics, ontology is the philosophical study of being, as well as related concepts such as existence, becoming, and reality. Ontology addresses questions like how entities are grouped into categories and which of these entities exi ...

question of

Being In metaphysics, ontology is the philosophical study of being, as well as related concepts such as existence, becoming, and reality. Ontology addresses questions like how entities are grouped into categories and which of these entities ...

, in favor of seeing Heidegger's philosophy as an analysis of human

existence Existence is the ability of an entity to interact with reality. In philosophy, it refers to the ontological property of being. Etymology The term ''existence'' comes from Old French ''existence'', from Medieval Latin ''existentia/exsistenti ...

. The German writer

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as tr ...

was influential in his intellectual development.

List of works

Monographs

* ''Study of the Human Being in

Pascal Pascal, Pascal's or PASCAL may refer to: People and fictional characters * Pascal (given name), including a list of people with the name * Pascal (surname), including a list of people and fictional characters with the name ** Blaise Pascal, Frenc ...

'' ��スカルにおける人間の研究(Tokyo:

Iwanami Shoten is a Japanese publishing company based in Tokyo.Louis Frédéric, ''Japan Encyclopedia'', Harvard University Press, 2005, p. 409. Iwanami Shoten was founded in 1913 by Iwanami Shigeo. Its first major publication was Natsume Sōseki's novel '' ...

��波書店 1926). ::Ch. 1 - The Analysis of the Human Being ��間の分析::Ch. 2 - The Wager ��::Ch. 3 - Discourse on the Passion of Love ��の情念に関する説::Ch. 4 - The Three Orders ��つの秩序::Ch. 5 - Method ��法::Ch. 6 - The Religious Interpretation of Life ��教における生の解釈* ''Modern Consciousness and the Materialist View of History'' ��物史観と現代の意識(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1928
. ::Ch. 1 - The Marxian Form of Anthropology ��間学のマルクス的形態::Ch. 2 - Marxism and Materialism ��ルクス主義と唯物論::Ch. 3 - The Philosophies of Pragmatism and Marxism ��ラグマチズムとマルキシズムの哲学::Ch. 4 - Hegel and Marx ��ーゲルとマルクス* ''Preliminary Idea of Social Science'' ��会科学の予備概念(Tokyo: Tettō Sho’in ��塔書院br>1929
. ::Ch. 1 - The Structure of Inquiry ��の構造::Ch. 2 - The Basic Idea of Hermeneutical Phenomenology ��釈学的現象学の基礎概念::Ch. 3 - The Task of Scientific Critique ��学批判の課題::Ch. 4 - Theory, History, Policy ��論歴史政策::Ch. 5 - Organicism and Dialectic ��機体説と弁証法::Ch. 6 - Materialism and Its Actual Form ��物論とその現実形態* ''Problems of the Idealist Philosophy of History'' ��的観念論の諸問題(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1929
. ::Ch. 1 - Critical Philosophy and the Philosophy of History ��判哲学と歴史哲学::Ch. 2 - The Problem of Historical Causality ��史的因果律の問題::Ch. 3 - The Problem of Individuality ��性の問題::Ch. 4 - Dilthey’s Hermeneutics ��ィルタイの解釈学::Ch. 5 - Hegel’s Philosophy of History ��ーゲルの歴史哲学::Ch. 6 - Logical Consciousness during Crisis ��機における論理的意識* ''Idealist Theory of Form'' ��念形態論(Tokyo: Tettō Sho’in ��塔書院br>1931
. ::Ch. 1 - Historicism and History ��史主義と歴史::Ch. 2 - The Structure of Epistemology ��識論の構造::Ch. 3 - Formalist Logic and Dialectic ��式論理学と弁証法::Ch. 4 - Limitation and Progress of the Development of Science ��学の発展の制限とその飛躍::Ch. 5 - The Social Determinateness of Natural Science ��然科学の社会的規定性::Ch. 6 - A Theory of Enlightenment Literature ��蒙文学論::Ch. 7 - Artistic Value and Political Value ��術的価値と政治的価値::Ch. 8 - A Theory of Literary Form ��学形態論* ''Philosophy of History'' ��史哲学(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1932
. ::Ch. 1 - The Idea of History ��史の概念::Ch. 2 - The Historicity of Being ��在の歴史性::Ch. 3 - Historical Development ��史的発展::Ch. 4 - Historical Time ��史的時間::Ch. 5 - The Structure of Views of History ��観の構造::Ch. 6 - Historical Knowledge ��史的認識* ''Position of the Human Being during Crisis'' ��機における人間の立場(Tokyo: Tettō Sho’in ��塔書院br>1933
. ::Ch. 1 - A Philosophical Account of Crisis Consciousness ��機意識の哲学的解明::Ch. 2 - An Ontological Account of the Dialectic ��証法の存在論的解明::Ch. 3 - The Problem of Metaphysics’s Future Prospects ��而上学の将来性の問題::Ch. 4 - A Theory of the Composition of Worldviews ��界観構成の理論::Ch. 5 - The Forms of Social Knowledge ��会的知識の諸形態::Ch. 6 - Ideology and Pathology ��デオロギーとパトロギー::Ch. 7 - The Physiology and Pathology of Literary Criticism ��評の生理と病理::Ch. 8 - Today’s Ethical Problems and Literature ��日の倫理の問題と文学::Ch. 9 - Anxious Thinking and Its Overcoming ��安の思想とその超克* ''Anthropological Theory of Literature'' ��間学的文学論(Tokyo: Kaizōsha ��造社br>1934
. ::Ch. 1 - The Problem of Generations in Literature ��学における世代の問題::Ch. 2 - Literature and the Problem of Neo-Humanism ��オヒューマニズムの問題と文学::Ch. 3 - The Spirit of Rhetoric ��トリックの精神::Ch. 4 - Historical Consciousness and Mythical Consciousness ��史的意識と神話的意識::Ch. 5 - Observations on Poetry and Song ��歌の考察::Ch. 6 - Ethics and the Human Being ��理と人間::Ch. 7 - Heidegger and Philosophy’s Fate ��イデッガーと哲学の運命::Ch. 8 - The Human Being and the State in Spinoza ��ピノザにおける人間と国家::Ch. 9 - Nature and History in Goethe ��ーテにおける自然と歴史* ''Aristotle’s Metaphysics'' ��リストテレス形而上学(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1935
. ::Ch. 1 - The Definition of Learning ��の規定::Ch. 2 - Method ��法::Ch. 3 - The Subject of the ''Metaphysics'' ��而上学の主題::Ch. 4 - Being as Truth ��としての存在::Ch. 5 - The Concept of Existence ��有の概念::Ch. 6 - Potentiality and Actuality ��能性と現実性* ''Times and Morality'' ��代と道徳(Tokyo: Sakuhinsha ��品社 1936). * ''Aristotle'' ��リストテレス(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1938
. :: art of the ''Great Theorists of Education'' [大教育家文庫series.">��教育家文庫.html" ;"title="art of the ''Great Theorists of Education'' [大教育家文庫">art of the ''Great Theorists of Education'' [大教育家文庫series.::Ch. 1 - The Fundamentals of Education [教育の基礎] ::Ch. 2 - The Aim of Education [教育の目的] ::Ch. 3 - Education and Society [教育と社会] ::Ch. 4 - The Educational Curriculum [教育の課程] * ''Socrates'' ��クラテス(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1939
. * ''Records of the Present Age'' ��代の記録(Tokyo: Sakuhinsha ��品社br>1939
. * ''Logic of Imagination'', Vol. 1 ��想力の論理第一(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1939
. ::Ch. 1 - Myth ��話::Ch. 2 - Institution ��度::Ch. 3 - Technology ��術* ''Introduction to Philosophy'' ��学入門(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1940). ::Ch. 1 - The Problem of Knowledge ��識の問題::Ch. 2 - The Problem of Action ��為の問題* ''Notes on Philosophy'', Vol. 1 ��学ノート(Tokyo: Kawade Shobō ��出書房 1941). * ''Learning and Life'' ��問と人生(Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha ��央公論社br>1942
. ::Ch. 1 - A Theory of Learning ��問論::Ch. 2 - A Theory of Reading ��書論::Ch. 3 - A Theory of Being Cultured ��養論::Ch. 4 - On Science ��学について::Ch. 5 - On Eloquence ��弁について::Ch. 6 - The Reconstruction of Intelligence ��性の改造::Ch. 7 - On Shestovian Anxiety ��ェストフ的不安について::Ch. 8 - On the Active Human Being ��動的人間について::Ch. 9 - Nietzsche and Contemporary Thought ��ーチェと現代思想::Ch. 10 - Anxious Thinking and Its Overcoming ��安の思想とその超克:::

ame as Ch. 9 of ''Position'' (1933) above. #REDIRECT AME {{redirect category shell, {{R from other capitalisation{{R from ambiguous page ...

::Ch. 11 - Human Reproduction and the Task of Culture ��間再生と文化の課題::Ch. 12 - The Reconstruction of National Character ��民性の改造::Ch. 13 - To the Youthful Intellectual Class ��年知識層に与う* ''Notes on Philosophy'', Vol. 2 ��哲学ノート(Tokyo: Kawade Shobō ��出書房br>1942
. * ''Reading and Life'' ��書と人生(Tokyo: Oyama Shoten ��山書店br>1942
. L::Ch. 1 - My Youth ��が青春::Ch. 2 - A History of My Reading ��書遍歴::Ch. 3 - How to Study Philosophy ��学はどう学んでゆくか::Ch. 4 - Can Philosophy Be Made Accessible? ��学はやさしくできないか::Ch. 5 - How to Read ��何に読書すべきか::Ch. 6 - The Ethics of Books ��物の倫理::Ch. 7 - The Contempt for Translation ��蔑された翻訳::Ch. 8 - The Objectivity of Dictionaries ��書の客観性::Ch. 9 - Reminiscences of Professor Heidegger ��イデッゲル教授の思い出::Ch. 10 - On Professor Nishida ��田先生のことども::Ch. 11 - Some News from Me ��息一通* ''Philosophy of Technology'' ��術哲学(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1942
. :: riginally published in 1938 as part of the ''Iwanami Kōza: Rinrigaku'' series.::Ch. 1 - The Essence of Technology ��術の本質::Ch. 2 - Technology and Society ��術と社会::Ch. 3 - Technology and Morality ��術と道徳::Ap. 1 - The Principle Behind the Study of Technology ��術学の理念::Ap. 2 - Technology and the New Culture ��術と新文化* ''Methodology of Literary History'' ��学史方法論(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1946). :: riginally published in 1932 as part of the ''Iwanami Kōza: Sekai Bungaku'' series.::Ch. 1 - The Scientific Method ��学的方法::Ch. 2 - Literary Criticism and History ��評と歴史::Ch. 3 - The Psychological Method ��神科学的方法::Ch. 4 - Form and Law ��態と法則::Ch. 5 - Literature and Daily Life ��学と生活* ''Notes on the Theory of Life'' ��生論ノート(Osaka: Sōgensha ��元社 1947). * ''Philosophy of Knowledge'' ��識哲学(Tokyo: Oyama Shoten ��山書店br>1948
. ::Ch. 1 - Being and Truth ��在と真理::Ch. 2 - Intuition and Judgement ��観と判断::Ch. 3 - Subject and Object ��観と客観::Ch. 4 - Knowledge and Life ��識と生::Ch. 5 - Epistemology ��識論::Ap. 1 - Bolzano’s ‘Propositions in Themselves’ ��ルツァーノの「命題自体」::: �Sätze an sich«.::Ap. 2 - Logic and Intuition ��理と直観* ''Logic of Imagination'', Vol. 2 ��想力の論理第二(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1948
. :: ontinued from Vol. 1 above. Unfinished at the time of Miki’s death.::Ch. 4 - Experience ��験* ''Philosophy and Life'' ��学と人生(Tokyo: Kawade Shobō ��出書房 April 1950).

Translations

Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, critic of political economy, and socialist revolutionary. His best-known titles are the 1848 ...

and

Friedrich Engels Friedrich Engels ( ,"Engels"
'' ��イッチェ・イデオロギー(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店br>1930
. *

René Descartes René Descartes ( or ; ; Latinized: Renatus Cartesius; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science. Mathe ...

, ''Meditations'' ��察(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1949).

''Collected Works''

''Collected Works'' ��木清全集 20 vols. (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1966-86). W CW1: * ''Study of the Human Being in Pascal'' ��スカルにおける人間の研究(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1926), reprinted in CW1:1-191. * ''Notes on the Theory of Life'' ��生論ノート(Osaka: Sōgensha ��元社 1947), reprinted in CW1:193-361. * ‘My Youth’ ��が青春(''Miyako Shimbun'' ��新聞 18-19 January 1941), reprinted in RL and CW1:363-7. * ‘A History of My Reading’ ��書遍歴(''Bungei'' ��芸 June 1941-January 1942), reprinted in RL and CW1:369-431. * ‘Some News from Me’ ��息一通(''Shisō'' ��想 March 1924), reprinted in RL and CW1:433-449. * ‘How to Study Philosophy’ ��学はどう学んでゆくか(''Tosho'' ��書 March-May 1941), reprinted in RL and CW1:451-75. * ‘Can Philosophy Be Made Accessible?’ ��学はやさしくできないか(''Tettō'' ��塔 July 1932), reprinted in RL and CW1:477-87. CW3: * ''Modern Consciousness and the Materialist View of History'' ��物史観と現代の意識(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1928), reprinted in CW3:1-155. * ''Preliminary Idea of Social Science'' ��会科学の予備概念(Tokyo: Tettō Sho’in ��塔書院 1929), reprinted in CW3:157-365. * ''Idealist Theory of Form'' ��念形態論(Tokyo: Tettō Sho’in ��塔書院 1931), reprinted in CW3:367-521. CW6: * ''Philosophy of History'' ��史哲学(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1932), reprinted in CW6:1-287. * ‘Outline of Social Science’ ��会科学概論(''Iwanami Kōza: Tetsugaku'' ��波講座哲学 April-August 1932), reprinted in CW6:289-453. CW8: * ''Logic of Imagination'' ��想力の論理(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1939-48), reprinted in CW8:1-509. CW9: * ‘Aristotle’ ��リストテレス(''Iwanami Kōza: Sekai Shichō'' ��波講座世界思潮 March 1929), reprinted in CW9:1-27. * ''Aristotle’s Metaphysics'' ��リストテレス(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1935), reprinted in CW9:29-177. * ''Aristotle'' ��リストテレス(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1938), reprinted in CW9:179-305. * ''Socrates'' ��クラテス(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 1939), reprinted in CW9:307-447.

References

External links

A Chronological List of Miki Koyoshi's Works [三木清著作年譜

''Collected Works'' [三木清全集
at 昭和前期〜思潮〜小文庫 (N.B. The page numbers don't exactly match the published edition, so don't cite this online edition)
''Collected Works'' in Modern Orthography [新仮名新漢字版三木清全集
at 昭和前期〜思潮〜小文庫 (N.B. As above) * * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Miki, Kiyoshi 1897 births 1945 deaths People from Hyōgo Prefecture Kyoto School Kyoto University alumni Japanese philosophers Japanese people who died in prison custody Prisoners who died in Japanese detention 20th-century Japanese philosophers Imperial Japanese Army personnel of World War II Deaths from nephritis