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The ''Mietshäuser Syndikat'' (, abbreviated to MHS) is a cooperative, non-commercial
The MHS was founded in 1992 in
The MHS has two legal entities, an association (''e. V.'') and an LLC (''GmbH''). The association is the sole shareholder of the LLC; it is only possible to join the association. Members of the MHS include every accepted ''Hausverein'', other associations and private individuals. The MHS holds general assemblies 3 or 4 times a year at which point ''Hausprojekte'' and their respective ''Hausvereine'' are considered for membership. Decisions are made by Consensus decision-making, consensus.
Once a ''Hausverein'' is accepted into the MHS, a ''Haus GmbH'' () is created. The ''Haus GmbH'' owns the future property the living collective will inhabit and effectively ensures it will not be Reprivatization, reprivatized. The foundation of the ''GmbH'' requires €25,000 starting capital, of which ~49% is attributed to the MHS (''GmbH'') and 51% to the ''Hausverein''. The statute of the ''Haus GmbH'' gives the ''Hausverein'' near total autonomy on the use and development of the house, with the MHS having its voting rights limited to decisions affecting the sale or legal transfer of the property, or changes to the ''Haus GmbH'' articles of organization. On such topics, where both shareholders can vote, a majority is required and despite the difference in initial contribution, the MHS and ''Hausverein'' each have one, equal vote. This means both parties must mutually consent: either party can veto, and the MHS make clear they will veto any attempt at privatization.
Once the ''Haus'' ''GmbH'' is established, it raises money with direct loans from ''Hausverein'' members, their families and friends, and the MHS, with the rest coming from bank mortgage loans. As of November 2020, 170 million euros was tied up in MHS projects, with ~54% being bank loans, ~39% being direct loans and ~7 % being starting capital.
''Le Clip'' was founded in 2010 to adapt the MHS model for people in France.
''Genossenschaft Mietshäuser'' MHS () was founded in 2014 in Switzerland. After discussing with similar initiatives in Switzerland, they chose to use the ''Genossenschaft'' (Cooperative) form in their model instead of the ''GmbH'' (LLC) to relate to a tradition of cooperatives in their country since the LLC offered no additional advantages in Switzerland.
''HabiTAT'' was also founded in 2014 in Austria, transferring the legal structure of the MHS into the Austrian legal frame.
''Sdílené domy'' () was founded in 2015 as a MHS inspired organization for the Czech Republic.
''VrijCoop'' () was founded in 2017 in the Netherlands, translating the MHS model to the Dutch situation. In place of the ''GmbH'' (LLC), ''VrijCoop'' uses the ''vereniging'' (association).
Radical Routes, a secondary cooperative networking British housing cooperatives, published a report in 2014 reflecting on weaknesses within their model such as Carpetbagger, carpet bagging where established co-ops significantly reduce their rent or, rarely, sell their property for private gain. In it they consider the ''Mietshäuser Syndikat'' model to have provably solved that issue.
archplus.net: ''Mietshäuser Syndikat. Eine Alternative zum Eigentumsprinzip''
by Bernhard Hummel, Arch+ Nr. 201/202 * badische-zeitung.de 14 February 2018, Simone Lutz
''Ein Plan, 100 Hausprojekte''
* ''Commons – Für eine neue Politik jenseits von Markt und Staat'', Stefan Rost
band1.dieweltdercommons.de: ''Das Mietshäuser Syndikat''
by Anna-Sophie Schneider Spiegel.de 20 February 2018
''Die Unbestechlichen''
by Harald Schumann, Tagesspiegel.de 8 November 2013
Immobilienmodell in Berlin Nie mehr verkaufen
by Robin Wille Der Spiegel 23 December 2019
''Das ist unser Haus''
(Infofilm), Vimeo, vimeo.com, 25 November 2016
Ohne Moos nix los
(Documentary from Terra xpress, Terra X ab Minute 9:50), 3 January 2022 {{Authority control Housing cooperatives in Germany Cooperative federations Organizations established in 1999 Non-profit organisations based in Baden-Württemberg Freiburg im Breisgau Squatters Syndicalism Direct action Direct democracy
joint venture
A joint venture (JV) is a business entity created by two or more parties, generally characterized by shared ownership, shared returns and risks, and shared governance. Companies typically pursue joint ventures for one of four reasons: to acce ...
in Germany that helps communities acquire long-term affordable living space via a legal, collective property
Collective ownership is the ownership of property by all members of a group. The breadth or narrowness of the group can range from a whole society to a set of coworkers in a particular enterprise (such as one collective farm). In the latter (nar ...
arrangement. As of September 2022, there are 177 ''Hausprojekte'' ( intentional communities of a roughly housing cooperative form) within the MHS, with 17 further initiatives looking for suitable property.
Development
The MHS was founded in 1992 in Freiburg im Breisgau
Freiburg im Breisgau (; abbreviated as Freiburg i. Br. or Freiburg i. B.; Low Alemannic: ''Friburg im Brisgau''), commonly referred to as Freiburg, is an independent city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. With a population of about 230,000 (as o ...
by former squatters
Squatting is the action of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied area of land or a building, usually residential, that the squatter does not own, rent or otherwise have lawful permission to use. The United Nations estimated in 2003 that there ...
. As of September 2022, there are 177 MHS projects with over 3,800 residents and over 150,000 m2 of living space collectively: 17 accepted initiatives look for suitable property. The smallest object is a family house for 4 and the biggest is a former barracks of 4 buildings for 265. A regional coordination group for Tübingen
Tübingen (, , Swabian: ''Dibenga'') is a traditional university city in central Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated south of the state capital, Stuttgart, and developed on both sides of the Neckar and Ammer rivers. about one in thre ...
was grounded in 2007, with further coordination groups for Bayern, Berlin-Brandenburg, Bremen, Dresden, Hamburg, Gießen, Leipzig, Marburg and Nordrhein-Westfalen developing since then.
After a 5-year break, ''Synapse'', the newspaper of the MHS, resumed print in 2011. The first issue was published in 2001.
Currently the MHS is working towards founding a 'syndicate foundation' (''Syndikatstiftung'').
General structure
A group of people wishing to create a ''Hausprojekt'' within the MHS first form a legal association for their future living collective called a ''Hausverein'' (lit. 'House association') using the Eingetragener Verein, ''Verein'' form (abbreviated ''e. V.'') This provides a legal basis for their collective organization and financing and is a requirement for joining the MHS. Further requirements include accepting a legal obligation to contribute to the MHS solidarity fund and a commitment to provide Mutual aid (organization theory), mutual aid to other ''Hausprojekte'' in future. With free assistance from the MHS, the ''Hausverein'' creates a general concept including financial plan before applying for membership to the MHS.
The MHS has two legal entities, an association (''e. V.'') and an LLC (''GmbH''). The association is the sole shareholder of the LLC; it is only possible to join the association. Members of the MHS include every accepted ''Hausverein'', other associations and private individuals. The MHS holds general assemblies 3 or 4 times a year at which point ''Hausprojekte'' and their respective ''Hausvereine'' are considered for membership. Decisions are made by Consensus decision-making, consensus.
Once a ''Hausverein'' is accepted into the MHS, a ''Haus GmbH'' () is created. The ''Haus GmbH'' owns the future property the living collective will inhabit and effectively ensures it will not be Reprivatization, reprivatized. The foundation of the ''GmbH'' requires €25,000 starting capital, of which ~49% is attributed to the MHS (''GmbH'') and 51% to the ''Hausverein''. The statute of the ''Haus GmbH'' gives the ''Hausverein'' near total autonomy on the use and development of the house, with the MHS having its voting rights limited to decisions affecting the sale or legal transfer of the property, or changes to the ''Haus GmbH'' articles of organization. On such topics, where both shareholders can vote, a majority is required and despite the difference in initial contribution, the MHS and ''Hausverein'' each have one, equal vote. This means both parties must mutually consent: either party can veto, and the MHS make clear they will veto any attempt at privatization.
Once the ''Haus'' ''GmbH'' is established, it raises money with direct loans from ''Hausverein'' members, their families and friends, and the MHS, with the rest coming from bank mortgage loans. As of November 2020, 170 million euros was tied up in MHS projects, with ~54% being bank loans, ~39% being direct loans and ~7 % being starting capital.
Reception
Sustainability and sufficiency
Silke Helfrich and David Bollier consider the MHS an exemplary way of defending collective rights. An academic article claimed it is a means to reduce poverty and social inequality, supported by a report from BTU Cottbus which states that MHS projects pay significantly less rent than average. For Nir Barak, the projects are an expression of a broadly applied citizen engagement. Enrico Schönberg sees the potential for mechanisms in the MHS concept to be transferred into the societal realm. Judith Very finds the MHS to be a functioning combination of Anarchism, anarchist, Direct democracy, direct democratic and Marxism, Marxist approaches that has situated itself alongside the dominant perception of a "uniform capitalism". Bettina Barthel describes the use of the limited company by the MHS to decommercialize living space as "legal hacking". The MHS is for Ivo Balmer and Tobias Benet a success model. Kenton Card argues for the consideration of state funding to escalate the spread of the model. The ''Stadtbodenstiftung Berlin'' (), a Community Land Trust, describes the MHS as being idealogically aligned.Risks for investors
There are risks for possibles investors: to finance the projects, a significant deposit is necessary which the ''Hausvereine'' and ''Haus-GmbH'' typically don't have. Banks require a deposit as additional security when issuing mortgage loan, mortgages. The ''Haus-GmbH'' gather the required money from private individuals as deliberately low-interest, Subordination (finance), subordinated loans. In the case of ''Haus-GmbH'' insolvency, these private loans are paid back secondarily after the bank loans, thus they carry risk for their entire duration. The MHS informs about one case of insolvency in 2010 on its homepage, and advises distributing larger loans across multiple projects to reduce risk. Stiftung Warentest, a German consumer organisation, recommended in one publication to only invest manageable sums of money, and that investment is not suited for purely financial reasons due to the risk relative to (low) returns.Attacks on the project
Two attempted arson attacks were targeted against a MHS project on Jagowstraße 15 in Berlin Spandau within two weeks in 2021. Due to previously noticed Nazism, Nazi-related graffiti, state security and the criminal court of Berlin took up the investigation. A year later, a structure in the backyard of another project in Berlin, Grünberger Straße 73 was burnt down. In Hesse, several projects were the target of arson attacks, too.Influence
''Le Clip'' was founded in 2010 to adapt the MHS model for people in France.
''Genossenschaft Mietshäuser'' MHS () was founded in 2014 in Switzerland. After discussing with similar initiatives in Switzerland, they chose to use the ''Genossenschaft'' (Cooperative) form in their model instead of the ''GmbH'' (LLC) to relate to a tradition of cooperatives in their country since the LLC offered no additional advantages in Switzerland.
''HabiTAT'' was also founded in 2014 in Austria, transferring the legal structure of the MHS into the Austrian legal frame.
''Sdílené domy'' () was founded in 2015 as a MHS inspired organization for the Czech Republic.
''VrijCoop'' () was founded in 2017 in the Netherlands, translating the MHS model to the Dutch situation. In place of the ''GmbH'' (LLC), ''VrijCoop'' uses the ''vereniging'' (association).
Radical Routes, a secondary cooperative networking British housing cooperatives, published a report in 2014 reflecting on weaknesses within their model such as Carpetbagger, carpet bagging where established co-ops significantly reduce their rent or, rarely, sell their property for private gain. In it they consider the ''Mietshäuser Syndikat'' model to have provably solved that issue.
References
External links
archplus.net: ''Mietshäuser Syndikat. Eine Alternative zum Eigentumsprinzip''
by Bernhard Hummel, Arch+ Nr. 201/202 * badische-zeitung.de 14 February 2018, Simone Lutz
''Ein Plan, 100 Hausprojekte''
* ''Commons – Für eine neue Politik jenseits von Markt und Staat'', Stefan Rost
band1.dieweltdercommons.de: ''Das Mietshäuser Syndikat''
by Anna-Sophie Schneider Spiegel.de 20 February 2018
''Die Unbestechlichen''
by Harald Schumann, Tagesspiegel.de 8 November 2013
Immobilienmodell in Berlin Nie mehr verkaufen
by Robin Wille Der Spiegel 23 December 2019
''Das ist unser Haus''
(Infofilm), Vimeo, vimeo.com, 25 November 2016
Ohne Moos nix los
(Documentary from Terra xpress, Terra X ab Minute 9:50), 3 January 2022 {{Authority control Housing cooperatives in Germany Cooperative federations Organizations established in 1999 Non-profit organisations based in Baden-Württemberg Freiburg im Breisgau Squatters Syndicalism Direct action Direct democracy