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The microviridins are a class of serine
The microviridins are a class of serine protease inhibitors
Protease inhibitors (PIs) are medications that act by interfering with enzymes that cleave proteins. Some of the most well known are antiviral drugs widely used to treat HIV/AIDS and hepatitis C. These protease inhibitors prevent viral repli ...
produced by various genera of cyanobacteria. Recent genome mining has shown that the biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for microviridin biosynthesis is much more prevalent, found in many species of Pseudomonadota
Pseudomonadota (synonym Proteobacteria) is a major phylum of Gram-negative bacteria. The renaming of phyla in 2021 remains controversial among microbiologists, many of whom continue to use the earlier names of long standing in the literature. The ...
(formerly Proteobacteria) and Bacteriodota (formerly Bacteriodetes).
Microviridins are members of the RiPP Ripp may refer to:
As a surname
* Andrew Ripp, American singer-songwriter
* Artie Ripp, American music industry executive
* Hans-Jürgen Ripp, American politician
* Keith Ripp, German association football player
Other
* ''Friend Ripp'', a 1923 Ge ...
family of natural products.
The first microviridin was isolated from ''Microcystis
''Microcystis'' is a genus of freshwater cyanobacteria that includes the harmful algal bloom-forming '' Microcystis aeruginosa''. Many members of a ''Microcystis'' community can produce neurotoxins and hepatotoxins, such as microcystin and cy ...
viridis'' (NIES-102) and its structure was reported in 1990.
Microviridins are characterized by a tricyclic depsipeptide A depsipeptide is a peptide in which one or more of its amide, -C(O)NHR-, groups are replaced by the corresponding ester, -C(O)OR, Many depsipeptides have both peptide and ester linkages. Elimination of the N–H group in a peptide structure results ...
structure resulting from the enzymatic activity of two dedicated ATP-grasp ligases, which form two lactone and one lactam rings in the core region of the precursor peptide.
Toxicity
Microviridin J has been found to disrupt molting in the invertebrate ''Daphnia pulicaria
''Daphnia pulicaria'' is a species of freshwater crustaceans found within the genus of ''Daphnia,'' which are often called "water fleas," and they are commonly used as model organisms for scientific research Like other species of ''Daphnia'', the ...
'', probably as a result of its protease inhibitory effects
See also
*Cyanotoxin
Cyanotoxins are toxins produced by cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae). Cyanobacteria are found almost everywhere, but particularly in lakes and in the ocean where, under high concentration of phosphorus conditions, they reproduce exp ...
*Cyanopeptolin Cyanopeptolins (CPs) are a class of oligopeptides produced by Microcystis and Planktothrix algae strains, and can be neurotoxic. The production of cyanopeptolins occurs through nonribosomal peptides synthases (NRPS).
Chemistry
CPs are, in general ...
References
External links
* * *http://aem.asm.org/content/76/11/3568.short {{Cyanotoxins Serine protease inhibitors Cyanotoxins