Michael Hartl is an American physicist, author, and entrepreneur.
He is best known as the creator of the ''Ruby on Rails Tutorial'',
founder of Tau Day,
and author of ''The Tau Manifesto'',
in which he proposes replacing
pi () with
tau
Tau (; uppercase Τ, lowercase τ or \boldsymbol\tau; ) is the nineteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the voiceless alveolar plosive, voiceless dental or alveolar plosive . In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 300 ...
().
Education
In the 1990s, Hartl attended
Harvard University
Harvard University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, the History of the Puritans in North America, Puritan clergyma ...
for his undergraduate studies, graduating with a bachelor's degree in physics.
Hartl obtained his
PhD
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, DPhil; or ) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of graduate study and original research. The name of the deg ...
in Physics from the
California Institute of Technology
The California Institute of Technology (branded as Caltech) is a private research university in Pasadena, California, United States. The university is responsible for many modern scientific advancements and is among a small group of institutes ...
(Caltech) in 2003, where he researched
black hole
A black hole is a massive, compact astronomical object so dense that its gravity prevents anything from escaping, even light. Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass will form a black hole. Th ...
dynamics. His dissertation was titled ''Dynamics of Spinning Compact Binaries in General Relativity''.
Career

After finishing his PhD, Hartl served as Caltech's editor on a corrected and expanded version of ''
The Feynman Lectures on Physics
''The Feynman Lectures on Physics'' is a physics textbook based on a great number of lectures by Richard Feynman, a Nobel laureate who has sometimes been called "The Great Explainer". The lectures were presented before undergraduate students ...
'' at the request of
Kip Thorne
Kip Stephen Thorne (born June 1, 1940) is an American theoretical physicist and writer known for his contributions in gravitational physics and astrophysics. Along with Rainer Weiss and Barry C. Barish, he was awarded the 2017 Nobel Pri ...
.
Explaining in the preface why he chose Hartl for the task, Thorne noted that "Hartl understand physics deeply, he is among the most meticulous physicists I have known, and like
Feynman
Richard Phillips Feynman (; May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist. He is best known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of t ...
he is an outstanding pedagogue."
Thorne also noted that Hartl is the only Caltech graduate student to be granted a "lifetime achievement award for excellence in teaching" by Caltech's undergraduates.
As an entrepreneur, Hartl participated in the
Y Combinator
Y Combinator, LLC (YC) is an American technology startup accelerator and venture capital firm launched in March 2005 which has been used to launch more than 5,000 companies. The accelerator program started in Boston and Mountain View, Californi ...
program in 2008.
In 2010, he published the first edition of the ''Ruby on Rails Tutorial'' book
and screencasts,
which teach
web development
Web development is the work involved in developing a website for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private network). Web development can range from developing a simple single static page of plain text to complex web applications, ...
using the
Ruby on Rails
Ruby on Rails (simplified as Rails) is a server-side web application framework written in Ruby under the MIT License. Rails is a model–view–controller (MVC) framework, providing default structures for a database, a web service, and web pa ...
web application framework. The ''Ruby on Rails Tutorial'' quickly became both a critical and commercial success,
eventually going through seven editions.
In 2011, Hartl received a Ruby Hero Award for his service to the
Ruby
Ruby is a pinkish-red-to-blood-red-colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum ( aluminium oxide). Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapph ...
community, with the citation mentioning both the ''Ruby on Rails Tutorial'' and his first book, ''RailsSpace''.
In 2013, Wikipedia co-founder
Jimmy Wales
Jimmy Donal Wales (born August 7, 1966), also known as Jimbo Wales, is an American List of Internet entrepreneurs, Internet entrepreneur and former Trader (finance), financial trader. He is a Founders of Wikipedia, co-founder of the non-profi ...
described the ''Ruby on Rails Tutorial'' as his "favorite book."
Hartl later co-founded the online education company Learn Enough to expand on the ''Ruby on Rails Tutorial'', adding tutorials on other computer technologies and including online courses.
In partnership with
Pearson Education
Pearson Education, known since 2011 as simply Pearson, is the educational publishing and services subsidiary of the international corporation Pearson plc. The subsidiary was formed in 1998, when Pearson plc acquired Simon & Schuster's educatio ...
, Hartl authored or co-authored five books published under the brand Learn Enough to Be Dangerous.
Learn Enough was acquired by a tech private equity group in 2022.
''The Tau Manifesto''

In 2010, Hartl published ''The Tau Manifesto'', in which he proposed using the Greek letter
tau
Tau (; uppercase Τ, lowercase τ or \boldsymbol\tau; ) is the nineteenth letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the voiceless alveolar plosive, voiceless dental or alveolar plosive . In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 300 ...
to represent the circle constant ,
the first time tau was publicly proposed for this purpose.
''The Tau Manifesto'' proved popular,
and a revised edition was published in 2019,
followed by a print edition in 2021.
As of 2022, ''The Tau Manifesto'' had been translated into seven different languages.
With the initial publication of ''The Tau Manifesto'' in 2010, Hartl founded Tau Day as a mathematical celebration and to promote adoption of the new constant.
Observed annually on
June 28
Events Pre-1600
*1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha, Kerbogha of Mosul at the Battle of Antioch (1098), battle of Antioch.
*1360 – Muhammed VI, Sultan of Granada, Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid dynasty, Nas ...
, or 6/28 (in analogy with the celebration of
Pi Day
Pi Day is an annual celebration of the mathematical constant (pi). Pi Day is observed on March 14 (the 3rd month) since 3, 1, and 4 are the first three significant figures of , and was first celebrated in the United States. It was founded i ...
on 3/14),
Tau Day has become a widely celebrated mathematical holiday.
Hartl's constant has also seen significant adoption, including support for tau in the official Google calculator
and inclusion in programming languages such as
Microsoft.NET,
Java
Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea (a part of Pacific Ocean) to the north. With a population of 156.9 million people (including Madura) in mid 2024, proje ...
,
Rust
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture. Rust consists of hydrous iron(III) oxides (Fe2O3·nH2O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH) ...
,
and
Python
Python may refer to:
Snakes
* Pythonidae, a family of nonvenomous snakes found in Africa, Asia, and Australia
** ''Python'' (genus), a genus of Pythonidae found in Africa and Asia
* Python (mythology), a mythical serpent
Computing
* Python (prog ...
.
Notable supporters of tau and Tau Day include
MIT
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Established in 1861, MIT has played a significant role in the development of many areas of modern technology and sc ...
,
SLMath,
Vi Hart
Victoria "Vi" Hart ( ; born 1988) is an American mathematician and former YouTuber. They describe themself as a "recreational mathemusician" and are well-known for creating mathematical videos on YouTube and popularizing mathematics. Hart found ...
,
Vitalik Buterin
Vitaly Dmitrievich Buterin (; born 31 January 1994), better known as Vitalik Buterin (), is a Canadian computer programmer and co-founder of Ethereum. Buterin became involved with cryptocurrency early in its inception, co-founding ''Bitcoin Ma ...
,
and
Elon Musk
Elon Reeve Musk ( ; born June 28, 1971) is a businessman. He is known for his leadership of Tesla, SpaceX, X (formerly Twitter), and the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE). Musk has been considered the wealthiest person in th ...
(who named one of his children after the constant
).
Selected publications
Scientific articles
*
*
*
*
Books
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
References
External links
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hartl, Michael
Living people
21st-century American mathematicians
California Institute of Technology alumni
Computational physicists
American computer programmers
Harvard College alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)