Methanosarcinales is an
order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
...
of
Archaea
Archaea ( ) is a Domain (biology), domain of organisms. Traditionally, Archaea only included its Prokaryote, prokaryotic members, but this has since been found to be paraphyletic, as eukaryotes are known to have evolved from archaea. Even thou ...
in the class ''
Methanomicrobia
Methanomicrobia is a class of archaeans in the phylum Methanobacteriota.
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information ...
'', phylum ''
Methanobacteriota
Methanobacteriota is a phylum in the domain Archaea.
Taxonomy
The phylum ''Methanobacteriota'' was introduced to prokaryotic nomenclature in 2023. It contains following classes:
*Archaeoglobi Garrity & Holt (2002)
*Halobacteria Grant ''et al ...
''. The order ''Methanosarcinales'' contains both
methanogen
Methanogens are anaerobic archaea that produce methane as a byproduct of their energy metabolism, i.e., catabolism. Methane production, or methanogenesis, is the only biochemical pathway for Adenosine triphosphate, ATP generation in methanogens. A ...
ic and
methanotroph
Methanotrophs (sometimes called methanophiles) are prokaryotes that metabolize methane as their source of carbon and chemical energy. They are bacteria or archaea, can grow aerobically or anaerobically, and require single-carbon compounds to ...
ic lineages, although the latter have so far no pure culture representatives. Methanotrophic lineages of the order ''Methanosarcinales'' were initially abbreviated as ANME (anaerobic
methanotroph
Methanotrophs (sometimes called methanophiles) are prokaryotes that metabolize methane as their source of carbon and chemical energy. They are bacteria or archaea, can grow aerobically or anaerobically, and require single-carbon compounds to ...
s) to distinguich from aerobic methanotrophic bacteria. Currently, those lineages receive their own names such as Ca. Methanoperedens, Ca. Methanocomedens (ANME-2a), Ca.Methanomarinus (ANME-2b), Ca. Methanogaster (ANME-2c), Ca. Methanovorans (ANME-3). The order contains archaeon with one of the largest genome, ''
Methanosarcina acetivorans'' C2A, genome size 5,75 Mbp.
The organisms placed within the order can be found in freshwater, saltwater, salt-rich sediments, anaerobic digestors, and animal digestive systems. The order consist of mesophiles or moderately thermophillic, neutrophilic or alkaliphilic species with some able to grow at high salt concentrations (genera ''Methanohalobium'' , ''Methanohalophilus'' , and ''Methanosalsum''). Most of the species in the order were isolated or detected in marine and freshawater sediments, soil with only a few specialized lineages adapted to the digestive tract of animals - genera ''
Methanimicrococcus
The genus ''Methanimicrococcus'' was described based on the strain PA (ATCC BAA-276; DSM 13328), isolated from the hindgut of a cockroach, ''Periplaneta americana''. The species was initially named ''Methanomicrococcus blatticola''; however, the ...
'', ''Methanolapillus'', and ''Ca''. Methanofrustulum that can be found in termites/cockroaches, millipedes, and ruminants, respectively.
Most cells have
cell walls
A cell wall is a structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. Primarily, it provides the cell with structural support, shape, protection, and functi ...
that lack
peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan or murein is a unique large macromolecule, a polysaccharide, consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer (sacculus) that surrounds the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. The sugar component consists of alternating ...
and
pseudomurein with notable presence of methanochondroitin in ''Methanosarcina'' genus. As all other methanogens, ''Methanosarcinales'' representatives are strictly anaerobic and utilize
methanogenesis
Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane coupled to energy conservation by microbes known as methanogens. It is the fourth and final stage of anaerobic digestion. Organisms capable of producing methane for energy conservation h ...
pathway as the only path for
ATP production. However, besides common among other methanogens substrates H
2/CO
2, Methanosarcinales characterized by the ability to utilize acetate (aceticlastic methanogenesis), methylated compounds such as methanol or methnylamines (methylotrophic methanogenesis), or even methoxyalted aromatic compounds (methoxydotrophic methanogenesis).
Phylogeny
The order ''Methanosarcinales'' contains the following families (genera comprising each family listed below corresponding family):
Methanosarcinaceae Balch and Wolfe 1981
* ''Methanimicrococcus'' corrig. Sprenger ''et al.'' 2000
* ''Methanococcoides'' Sowers and Ferry 1985
* ''Methanohalobium'' Zhilina and Zavarzin 1988
* ''Methanohalophilus'' Paterek and Smith 1988
* ''Methanolobus'' König and Stetter 1983
* ''Methanomethylovorans'' Lomans ''et al.'' 2004
* ''Methanosalsum'' Boone and Baker 2002
* ''Methanosarcina'' Kluyver and van Niel 1936
Methanotrichaceae Akinyemi ''et al.'' 2021
* ''Methanothrix'' Huser ''et al.'' 1983
Methermicoccaceae Cheng ''et al.'' 2007
* ''Methermicoccus'' Cheng ''et al.'' 2007
See also
*
List of Archaea genera
This article lists the genera of the Archaea. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). However, in the List provided bel ...
References
Further reading
Scientific journals
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Scientific books
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Version 5.0
External links
Archaea taxonomic orders
Euryarchaeota
Long stubs with short prose
{{Euryarchaeota-stub