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Metaknowledge or meta-knowledge is
knowledge Knowledge is an Declarative knowledge, awareness of facts, a Knowledge by acquaintance, familiarity with individuals and situations, or a Procedural knowledge, practical skill. Knowledge of facts, also called propositional knowledge, is oft ...
about knowledge. Some authors divide meta-knowledge into orders: * ''zero order meta-knowledge'' is knowledge whose domain is not knowledge (and hence zero order meta-knowledge is not meta-knowledge ''per se'') * ''first order meta-knowledge'' is knowledge whose domain is zero order meta-knowledge * ''second order meta-knowledge'' is knowledge whose domain is first order meta-knowledge * most generally, n + 1 order meta-knowledge is knowledge whose domain is n order meta-knowledge. Other authors call zero order meta-knowledge ''first order knowledge'', and call first order meta-knowledge ''second order knowledge''; meta-knowledge is also known as higher order knowledge.Pedersen, Nikolaj Jl Linding, and Christoph Kelp. "Second-Order Knowledge." ''The Routledge Companion to Epistemology''. Routledge, 2010. 586-596. Meta-knowledge is a fundamental conceptual instrument in such research and scientific domains as,
knowledge engineering Knowledge engineering (KE) refers to all aspects involved in knowledge-based systems. Background Expert systems One of the first examples of an expert system was MYCIN, an application to perform medical diagnosis. In the MYCIN example, the ...
,
knowledge management Knowledge management (KM) is the set of procedures for producing, disseminating, utilizing, and overseeing an organization's knowledge and data. It alludes to a multidisciplinary strategy that maximizes knowledge utilization to accomplish organ ...
, and others dealing with study and operations on knowledge, seen as a unified
object Object may refer to: General meanings * Object (philosophy), a thing, being, or concept ** Object (abstract), an object which does not exist at any particular time or place ** Physical object, an identifiable collection of matter * Goal, an a ...
/entities, abstracted from local conceptualizations and terminologies. Examples of the first-level individual meta-knowledge are methods of planning, modeling, tagging, learning and every modification of a
domain knowledge Domain knowledge is knowledge of a specific discipline or field in contrast to general (or domain-independent) knowledge. The term is often used in reference to a more general discipline—for example, in describing a software engineer who has ge ...
. Indeed, universal meta-knowledge frameworks have to be valid for the organization of meta-levels of individual meta-knowledge. Meta-knowledge may be automatically harvested from electronic publication archives, to reveal patterns in research, relationships between researchers and institutions and to identify contradictory results.


See also

* Epistemic logic * Macropædia *
Metacognition Metacognition is an awareness of one's thought processes and an understanding of the patterns behind them. The term comes from the root word ''Meta (prefix), meta'', meaning "beyond", or "on top of".Metcalfe, J., & Shimamura, A. P. (1994). ''Metac ...
* Metalearning *
Metaprogramming Metaprogramming is a computer programming technique in which computer programs have the ability to treat other programs as their data. It means that a program can be designed to read, generate, analyse, or transform other programs, and even modi ...
(in
computer science Computer science is the study of computation, information, and automation. Computer science spans Theoretical computer science, theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, and information theory) to Applied science, ...
) * Metahistory (concept) * '' Metahistory'', a book by Hayden White * Meta-philosophy * Meta-epistemology *
Metalogic Metalogic is the metatheory of logic. Whereas ''logic'' studies how logical systems can be used to construct valid and sound arguments, metalogic studies the properties of logical systems. Logic concerns the truths that may be derived using a lo ...
*
Metamathematics Metamathematics is the study of mathematics itself using mathematical methods. This study produces metatheory, metatheories, which are Mathematical theory, mathematical theories about other mathematical theories. Emphasis on metamathematics (and ...
*
Metaphysics Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality. It is traditionally seen as the study of mind-independent features of the world, but some theorists view it as an inquiry into the conceptual framework of ...
*
Meta-ethics In metaphilosophy and ethics, metaethics is the study of the nature, scope, ground, and meaning of moral judgment, ethical belief, or values. It is one of the three branches of ethics generally studied by philosophers, the others being normativ ...
*
Meta-ontology Metaontology or meta-ontology is the study of the field of inquiry known as ontology. The goal of meta-ontology is to clarify what ontology is about and how to interpret the meaning (philosophy), meaning of ontological claims. Different meta-ontol ...
*
Metatheory A metatheory or meta-theory is a theory on a subject matter that is a theory in itself. Analyses or descriptions of an existing theory would be considered meta-theories. For mathematics and mathematical logic, a metatheory is a mathematical theo ...
*
Metadata Metadata (or metainformation) is "data that provides information about other data", but not the content of the data itself, such as the text of a message or the image itself. There are many distinct types of metadata, including: * Descriptive ...


References


External links


Knowledge Interchange Format Reference Manual
Chapter 7: Metaknowledge,
Stanford University Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University, is a Private university, private research university in Stanford, California, United States. It was founded in 1885 by railroad magnate Leland Stanford (the eighth ...

A Survey of Cognitive and Agent Architectures:
Meta-knowledge,
University of Michigan The University of Michigan (U-M, U of M, or Michigan) is a public university, public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest institution of higher education in the state. The University of Mi ...
Knowledge Concepts in epistemology {{epistemology-stub sv:Metakunskap